Internet Service Providers Research Articles

A Network Calculus Model for SFC Realization and Traffic Bounds Estimation in Data Centers

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a promising technology that can transform how internet service providers deliver their services. However, recent studies have identified several challenges in adopting NFV. Two key challenges are central to the operation and capacity planning of NFV Data Centers (DCs): (i) Service Function Chain (SFC) realization —determining if a new request with a known profile can be accommodated—and (ii) Network Function Virtualization (NFV) traffic bounds estimation —estimating the total traffic that a data center can handle considering all service requests and their performance constraints. To address these challenges, we propose a model that leverages stochastic network calculus to effectively dimension an NFV DC while ensuring delay and availability bounds for all service requests. Our theoretical model provides a mathematical framework to assess the realization of a single SFC request without delving into the specifics of the realization process. We utilize established availability-aware Virtual Network Function (VNF) placement patterns to obtain traffic bounds essential to planning data center capacity. We analyze NFV data center traffic under various scenarios over a Fat-tree DC topology. The results demonstrate that data center capacity is significantly influenced by the VNF placement strategy. Additionally, for data centers hosting latency-sensitive services, Service Level Objective (SLO) constraints on availability and delay are crucial in determining the number of such requests that can be accommodated.

Mending the Fabric: the Contentious, Collaborative Work of Repairing Broadband Maps

In 2011, the United Nations declared Internet access to be a basic human right. Achieving universal Internet access has been a longstanding goal of governments around the world. In the United States (US), provision depends primarily on decisions made by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) driven essentially by commercial market concerns. To encourage deployment in underserved regions, the US federal government has recently allocated unprecedented funding, with distributions guided by the information in broadband maps, spatial representations of current Internet access and quality published by the Federal Communication Commission. Yet, these maps are known to be inaccurate, especially for populations that are marginalized, such as tribal and rural residents. We are interested in the collaborative and contentious efforts to repair the data contained in broadband maps, and particularly by the efforts of citizen groups and local government to counter claims made by ISPs. In this paper, we study these efforts via interviews of 14 individuals involved in various local and regional roles, in policy, IT, advocacy, and research. We draw upon frameworks of repair and of data activism to ask who does this work and why; what tangible and intangible tools are brought to bear; and how the structural context simultaneously empowers and burdens repair workers. In doing so, we make three contributions: (i) we critique the process and system for broadband map repair for the burdens it places on historically marginalized groups to demonstrate how they have been left out of expansion and how their experiences are otherwise silent in official records; (ii) we bring together analytical concepts from repair and data arenas to examine repair work that is substantially shaped by socio, political, and economic context; and (iii) we illustrate how viewing broadband data workers as activists reveals the inadequacy of current tools and the opportunity for better support for their long-term, contextualized, and mediated efforts.

A Review Paper on IPv4 and IPv6: A Comprehensive Survey

Even though more customers are regularly coming to the Internet, IPv4 addresses have been reduced by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and have been deactivated in domain name registries (RIRs). IPv6, being the sole important next-generation Internet protocol, has yet to be fully developed and deployed, owing to the lack of a scheme that might address the transfer of IPv4 resources to IPv6 networks as well as collective communication between the two incompatible protocols. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4) addresses have been reported as being on the verge of collapsing, while the next generation Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is being identified on a regular basis. Among other advantages, IPv6 provides a significantly wider address space, better address design, and more security. IPv6 distribution necessitates a thorough and meticulous setup in order to avoid network disturbance and reap the benefits of IPv6. Because of the problems with IPv4, IPv6 is currently becoming increasingly popular among organizations, businesses, and Internet Service Providers (ISP). This paper we will explores the evolution of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), its key features, challenges, and limitations, and examines how Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses these issues. Additionally, we will highlight the key differences between the two protocols and discuss the transition process from IPv4 to IPv6.

Perilaku Cyberbullying Pada Emerging Adulthood: Peran Kontrol Diri dan Regulasi Emosi

Technological advancements have significantly impacted their users, including negative effects such as cyberbullying. According to a survey by the Association of Internet Service Providers in Indonesia (APJII), internet users are predominantly from the early adulthood age group, with West Java ranking second in highest internet penetration among the Indonesian islands. This study aims to determine whether self-control and emotion regulation influence cyberbullying behavior among emerging adults in West Java. The research employs a quantitative method with a causal design. The study includes 385 respondents selected through convenience sampling. Researchers utilized three standardized scales: the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and Cyberbullying Perpetration (CBP). Data analysis was conducted using multiple regression analysis (T-test and F-test) with SPSS version 25.0 for Windows. The research findings show a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating that self-control and emotion regulation have a significant influence on cyberbullying behavior. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted while the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected, meaning that self-control and emotion regulation indeed influence cyberbullying behavior among emerging adults in West Java, contributing 18.5% to the variance. Individuals in emerging adulthood are encouraged to strengthen their self-control and emotion regulation to reduce cyberbullying behavior, thereby creating a healthier and safer online environment.

Comparison of Moving Average and Exponential Smoothing Methods for Estimating the Number of Internet Service Disruptions

Fairly tight competition in telecommunication business requires companies to continue improving the quality of their services, including handling network problems or customer complaints. However, the amount of disturbance that occurs is often unpredictable. Indeed, this condition will impact the allocation of resources and budget for handling customer disturbances in the following period, with uncertainty. This research aims to apply the moving average (MA) and single exponential smoothing (SES) forecasting methods to predict the number of internet service disruptions. The case study used in this paper is an internet service provider company with service coverage in the northern part of Surabaya. The number of disturbances data was collected from January 2022 to May 2022, with 18,453 data in total. The disturbances can be divided into five types: physical, mass, logical, PSB/migration, and others. Forecasting is carried out using the MA method with a period of three months. Meanwhile, forecasting using the SES method was carried out by first determining the alpha value that produces the smallest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value. The analysis results show that both forecasting methods are relatively effective and efficient in estimating the number of disturbances. Forecasting performance testing was carried out by measuring the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values. The results of forecasting performance measurements show that the SES method is much better than MA for all types of disturbance data, with MAPE values ​​below 2%.

Proposed enhanced gap analysis model for information systems sector (ISSERVQUAL)

Orientation: Gap analysis in the information system (IS) sector is difficult to assess.Research purpose: A gap analysis model based on SERVQUAL is proposed to assess the gaps in IS services.Motivation for the study: During coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been an extensive use of distant learning and virtual meeting applications. Yet, there is no well-documented way to evaluate the IS service provided.Research design, approach and method: The proposed model adds a performance dimension covering the main characteristics of IS services. The model is tested on the internet service providers in Egypt as a case study. A questionnaire for the proposed model is developed, validated and distributed.Main findings: The questionnaire is statistically analysed to find whether there is statistical difference between the expectation and the perception for each factor. Then the data are tested to find whether the gender of the respondents, internet service provider and the status of whether the respondent pays for the service themself have a significant effect on the gap scores or not. Finally, an ordinal regression fit is introduced to estimate the overall satisfaction of the customers based on their gap score.Practical/managerial implications: Despite SERVQUAL being an adequate tool to analyse the gaps for different services, it needs some adaptation to fit different services. One important drawback of SERVQUAL analysis for the IS sector is that the dimensions of SERVQUAL do not fully cover the customer expectations in the IS sector.Contribution/value-add: This paper attempts to fill this gap in the literature by introducing the ‘ISSERVQUAL’ model.

Bandwidth Management with Mikrotik OS Routers Using the Per Connection Queue Method

Services that use the Internet as Business Cafe, Online Games, education, defense and security, online businesses, e-mail service providers, and others will experience barriers in carrying out their activities. Often problems arise in internet service providers are setting up or managing broadband. The implementation of broadband management is aimed at optimizing the bandwidth available to provide broadband guarantees for Internet users, such as network congestion (through traffic) and unstable broadband received by Internet service providers (ISPs). Bandwidth management in Mikrotik with the PCQ (Per Connection Queue) method, basically, uses queue methods for the bandwidth balance used on multiple clients. The main purpose of this method is to automatically and unevenly share bandwidth sharing, with a simple turn-line if only one subscriber actively uses another temporary bandwidth will be in the standby position, then the subscriber can use maximum bandwidth which is available, but if another customer is active, then the maximum bandwidth can be used by both customers who have maximum width / 2, if there are subscribers at the same time active, each will receive the maximum bandwidth allowance / all clients, so will not be a fair wide-ranging distribution for all customers.

Internet Service Provision in Tanzania: An Examination of User Satisfaction, Package Pricing, and Service Challenges

This study examines the dynamics connected to the provision of internet service in Tanzania. Specifically, the study seeks to systematically analyse user perceptions service quality across different ISPs and identify the factors influencing their preferences and choice of ISPs. Two theoretical models, the Service Quality Theory (SERVQUAL) and the Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) were applied to guide the study. A qualitative single case study design was used, with more than 800 user-generated comments extracted from a celebrity’s Instagram post. Data were analysed using sentiment analysis, qualitative and quantitative techniques. Our results show that while users acknowledge improvements in reliability of network, still inconsistencies remain, particularly in specific zones of Dar es Salaam and rural areas. T-CONNECT is perceived as having the most reliable network compared to other ISPs. Speed consistency remains a critical issue for all ISPs, with T-CONNECT seen as the most stable, whereas SKT-TZ and TZ-NET struggle, especially during peak hours. SKY-TZ, TZ-NET and TZ-LINK face coverage challenges, especially in rural areas due to infrastructure constraints. Moreover, the study highlights a high demand for reliable service, a push for fiber-optic infrastructure, and a cautious but optimistic outlook on 5G. Generally, the findings reveal that customers’ perceptions of internet service quality are influenced by network quality, and customer service and technical support. Challenges such as connectivity and network issues, pricing transparency and service plans, and customer support significantly affect user satisfaction and ISPs competitiveness. The contribution of this paper stems from its use of advanced NLP methods to examine user sentiments toward Tanzania’s ISPs from Instagram data, to provide insights and comprehensive understanding to industry practitioners and policymakers in promoting a more sustainable future for the industry.

Personal Identity Proofing for E-Commerce: A Case Study of Online Service Users in the Republic of Korea

The rapid expansion of non-face-to-face e-commerce services in the Korea has significantly increased the importance of personal identity proofing (PIP) for verifying users in online transactions, such as payments, refunds, membership registrations, and access to age-restricted products. Currently, personal identity proofing agencies (PIPAs) indiscriminately provide all of a user’s personal information to internet service providers (ISPs), leading to substantial privacy concerns and preventing users from selectively disclosing only the necessary information. The objective of this paper is to enhance the safety, convenience, and security of PIP services by proposing a method that empowers users to control the personal information they disclose while enabling digital identity integration for both online and offline applications. To achieve this, an extensive overview and analysis of the current PIP systems in Korea is presented, including methods. The strengths and weaknesses of these systems are critically examined, revealing limitations in privacy protection, user convenience, and security. Based on this analysis, a new method is proposed that introduces differentiated levels of PIP means according to authentication strength, allowing for the minimal necessary disclosure of personal information. The proposed method aims to improve the stability and reliability of the PIP service environment by addressing current privacy concerns and enhancing user control over personal information. This approach can be applied to e-commerce services in Korea and other countries facing similar challenges, contributing to the development of safer and more reliable online services.

The Method of Diversity-Based Ensuring the Reliability of the Router in the IIoT System

The architecture of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system assumes the presence of a router as the main subsystem, which will allow connecting the subsystems into a single network and connecting them to the equipment of the Internet service provider. Failure of the router can lead to downtime of industrial equipment and the whole workshop at the industrial enterprise, and to the failure of the IIoT system as a whole. Control processing units of industrial routers (RCPU) are complex microprocessor systems (MS). Violation of their operability can be caused by both hardware (HW) and software (SW) failures. Therefore, to increase the reliability of RCPU it is reasonable to use such methods of reliability assurance as HW redundancy (duplication of processors with comparison of results), as well as the use of modern means of control and diagnostics. However, the number of HW and SW failures in RCPUs, is still quite high. In this connection, the solution of issues related to the development of methods for ensuring high reliability of RCPU is of great urgency. This paper proposes a method of ensuring the reliability of RCPU using SW diversity on the basis of priority series. The method let to choose the variant of redundancy of HW and the number of versions of SW as diversity in RCPU.

Willingness to pay for broadband: A case study of Wisconsin

As broadband expansion efforts in the U.S. continue with historic investments, consumer demand for residential broadband services is of first-order importance. Several past broadband willingness to pay studies estimate the value of broadband to be low, compared to the current national average cost of internet subscriptions being around $65 per month. Additional estimates of household's willingness to pay for broadband are needed to provide more insight into how much households value these services and what type of support would be most efficient in increasing broadband adoption to close the digital divide. These estimates are helpful for policymakers, internet service providers, and community leaders working on broadband subsidy programs, trying to bring ISPs to communities, and setting service prices. Using choice experiment data from a 2022 broadband survey in Wisconsin, I find households are willing to pay $45-$334 per month to go from not having internet at home to having speeds between 25 Mbps and 1,000 Mbps and are willing to pay $10-$38 for greater reliability, depending on household income level. While consumers are willing to pay more for speed than reliability, the value consumers place on speed is diminishing. Connection is valuable to people, but getting connected at a much faster speed is not seen as worth a lot more. These estimates suggest households place a high value on home internet and are willing to pay at least, if not more, than prices already available on the market in many places.

The Role of Virtualization Technology to Increase Operational Cost Efficiency of Indonesian SMEs: Case Study of Internet Service Providers

This research investigates the role of virtualization technology in enhancing operational cost efficiency for Indonesian Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), specifically Internet Service Providers (ISPs). A quantitative approach, utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) version 2.0, was employed to analyze data collected from 68 respondents representing 216 Indonesian SME ISPs. The study focused on the relationship between virtualization technology planning, adaptation capability, server consolidation services, and operational cost effectiveness. The findings demonstrate that adaptability to virtualization technology is the most significant factor influencing operational cost efficiency. Effective implementation requires careful planning and a proactive approach to adapting to the technology's demands. Server consolidation services play a crucial role in optimizing resource utilization and reducing costs while virtualization technology offers substantial benefits, SMEs should carefully assess their specific needs and resources before implementation. Factors such as infrastructure, skills, and business objectives should be evaluated to ensure successful adoption and maximize cost savings. This research provides a foundation for further exploration into the impact of virtualization technology on SMEs. Future studies could investigate the applicability of these findings in different contexts, such as other industry sectors or regions. Additionally, examining the long-term effects of virtualization technology adoption and the potential for scalability could offer valuable insights. Further research could also focus on the challenges and opportunities associated with virtualization technology adoption in SMEs with varying sizes and resources.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk dan Kepuasan Pelayanan terhadap Minat Berlangganan Internet Service Provider

This study aims to determine the effect of product quality and service satisfaction on interest in subscribing to Internet Service Providers (Case Study on AMNET Subnet in Tridaya Sakti Village, Sasak Tiga Village). This research applies a type of quantitative research. This research technique is a probability sampling method,where everyone who is a member of the population has the same opportunity to become a respondent. While the sample selection is based on random sampling technique, which is simple random. The sample in this study was 60 respondents. The population in this study are respondents who have bought products or who use AMNET internet services as many as 150 in Tridaya Sakti Village, Sasak Tiga Village, South Tambun District, Bekasi Regency. This research analysis is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 25 for Windows software. Data collected using questionnaires distributed via Google Form, interview, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that Product Quality has a partial effect on Subscription Interest. Service Satisfaction has a partial effect on Subscription Interest. Product Quality and Service Satisfaction simultaneously affect Subscription Interest.

Efficient load balancer for local internet service providers based on operation research

Load balancing in internet services acts as a reverse proxy to distribute network bandwidth or application traffic across multiple servers. To decrease the internet route cost and to make the network intermediate devices more intelligent distance, number of hops, bandwidth capacity, equipment maintenance, power consumption ...etc must be considered. .. The aim is for the devices to have self-decision: acting upon data found in the network and transport layer protocols (Internet Protocol IP, Transmission Control Protocol TCP, File Transfer Protocol FTP, User Datagram Protocol UDP), and delivering the services to the secondary internet (wireless or optical fibers) ISPs. To achieve this target, the use of an operation research algorithm, such as linear programming, has been proposed to solve the problem of minimizing transport and distribution costs by developing and overcoming the transmission load cost of the path selection. The proposed EWRRLB (Efficient Weighted Round Robin Load Balancer) will assign different costs to each internet connection based not only on its capacity or priority but also on the cost of transmission paths. This allows load balancers to allocate the best economic path and the share of the bandwidth to certain connections.

Implementation of Load Balancing Using the PCC (Per Connection Classifier) Method on Computer Networks to Improve Responsiveness

Dependence on a single ISP can lead to the risk of internet disconnection, necessitating a solution to enhance network performance and responsiveness. This research explores the implementation of load balancing using the Per Connection Classifier (PCC) method to improve the responsiveness of computer networks utilizing three ISPs (Internet Service Providers). The test results indicate that the PCC method across the three ISPs can increase throughput by 9.32 Mbps, reduce delay by 43.54 ms, and decrease jitter by 74.17 ms while packet loss remains stable at 0.0%. Additionally, the recursive gateway failover technique in PCC load balancing demonstrates a significant increase in throughput up to 83.3 Mbps, a reduction in delay by 0.27 ms, and a reduction in jitter by 1.15 ms. Packet loss remains stable at 0.0% under varying ISP conditions. Moreover, a comparison between the PCC and PBR methods with the least connection algorithm shows that both methods effectively enhance network responsiveness, with the PCC method exhibiting superior performance in throughput.

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE: THE CASE FOR REFORM TO KAZAKHSTAN’S COPYRIGHT LAWS

Background: The rapid digitalisation of copyrighted materials and the creation of new digital products pose significant challenges to copyright law in the era of globalisation. Digitisation has revolutionised access to information by converting it into a digital format, thus making it easier for anyone who surfs the internet to reproduce and share data. However, new technologies have also resulted in illegal activities such as online copyright infringement. That being the case, the development of digital technologies requires new relevant approaches and provisions from the national copyright law of Kazakhstan to handle copyright infringement on the internet. It could be argued that the current legislation cannot handle legal issues related to copyright, especially the responsibility of internet service providers (ISPs) for the violation of the copyright. This article aims to identify shortcomings in the legal regulation of ISPs in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to offer recommendations for improving legislation in this area. The novelty of the paper lies in Kazakhstan’s legislation, lacking regulation on the legal status of ISPs and their role in protecting copyright on the internet. By comparing Kazakh legislative developments with practices in the US, UK, and Ukraine, the paper provides insights into potential reforms for better handling digital copyright infringement. Methods: This paper applies several research methods, including systemic, comparative legal, and historical legal analysis. The primary focus is on examining the legislation and case law of the US, UK and Ukraine regarding copyright issues to enhance Kazakhstan’s existing legislative framework. Results and conclusions: This article argues that national acts of Kazakhstan on copyright were obsolete before the advancement of digital technologies and therefore, need to be updated to keep pace with modern technologies.

Choosing of Telecommunications Equipment Suppliers Based on the Choquet Integral and Fuzzy Measure Variance Minimization

Telecommunications equipment suppliers play an important role in the functioning of corporations with large-scale distributed computer networks such as system integrators, Internet service providers and others. An important condition of sustainable development for these companies is effective and reasonable decision making concerning the choice of suppliers. At the same time, the amount of information to be considered in many industries for making decisions has grown several times. In accordance with the above, decision making support systems for the reliable choice of suppliers started to be developed. At the same time, the approaches to designing such systems possess some disadvantages. In order to overcome these disadvantages this article suggests an approach to decision making support for choosing telecommunication equipment suppliers based on the Choquet Integral and minimization of fuzzy measure variance. It deals with the task of criteria normalization, fuzzy measure identification, gives examples of expert estimations for criteria and also the results of supplier assessments based on which the decision is made.

Transmitting stories of the longest revolution. Notes from Italy

ABSTRACT Building on a digitally mediated autoethnography within a contemporary Italian feminist movement, the paper analyses the transformations of feminist media practices in Italy since the start of the 20th century. If during the 1960s and 1970s Italian feminism reached its higher visibility as one of the largest in Europe, since the 1980s, it continued to operate in submerged ways through the creation of feminist bookshops, publishing companies, women’s archives and centres while engaging with practices, ideologies and texts that were circulating transnationally. Since the early 1990s Italian feminist groups started engaging with digital technologies, creating new virtual spaces of dialogue, an autonomous internet service provider, an alternative search engine, digital literacy programmes and practical laboratories. Over the past two decades, the online space became the privileged sphere for activists to challenge the hegemonic gender discourse, debate topics otherwise suppressed or misrepresented by traditional media and create a record of struggle. Expanding from a conceptualization of feminist activism as a process of transit, in this paper, I analyse how feminist media practices gradually transformed, shaped by historical and contextual specificities.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE INFORMAL SECTOR DURING AND POST-COVID 19 ERAS: STATUS, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

COVID 19 is one of the major disasters that significantly disrupted the socio-economic statuses of various businesses and nations at large. The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which COVID 19 affected financial inclusion in Zimbabwe. The quantitative research methodology and the purposive sampling technique were employed. Data was collected using in-depth and focus discussion group interviews from 35 participants. Data was analysed using thematic data analysis approach. Barred people in rural areas from accessing financial services which directly and indirectly increased the magnitude of poverty among people running informal businesses. Financial inclusion, is a key driver to poverty reduction; hence the negative impact of on financial inclusion significantly propels poverty in societies. Digitalizing financial services is one of the strategies which can be utilized to promote financial inclusion in the post- era. Financial institutions should use technology in financial services, so that those in rural areas do not incur transport and logistical costs for accessing financial services. Digital finance and other various financial innovations should be used to achieve financial inclusion in rural areas. Policies that encourage the delivery of formal financial services in rural areas should be developed. Governments should consider granting subsidy to providers of financial services so that they can offer basic financial services at low cost to the excluded population. Thus, governments ought to commit themselves to the delivery of accessible, affordable, appropriate and cost-effective financial services to unserved or underserved households. The study provides managers of financial institutions with various techniques of providing financial services to the informal sector in the post- eras in rural areas. It also provides managers with information pertaining to the risks in providing financial services in post-pandemic era in rural areas. Managers of internet service providers has a role in making sure that the rural folk have access to the facility so that digital banking systems become realizable.

Protecting Our Innocence: Addressing Child Pornography in India

The internet has revolutionised educational methodologies and facilitated day-to-day learning experiences. It has also unveiled its darker facets, including the proliferation of child abuse in various forms, such as trafficking, prostitution and kidnapping. Amidst these atrocities, child pornography emerges as one of the most abhorrent manifestations of exploitation, inflicting severe physical and psychological harm upon its victims. In India, where the protection of children is paramount, stringent legal measures have been enacted to address this issue. This paper provides an analysis of the critical landscape of child pornography in the digital age, examining the multifaceted challenges it presents and the proactive measures undertaken by governmental and non-governmental entities. Through an exploration of the legal framework, landmark cases regarding child abuse in India, and initiatives aimed at child protection, the paper investigates the role of internet service providers in combating the dissemination of child sexual abuse material (CSAM). Furthermore, the importance of international cooperation in addressing this grave issue is emphasised. It is crucial to protect our children from this harmful practice; it is necessary to ban the practice of child pornography and protect their fundamental rights.