Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching Research Articles

Service-aware LSP selection with fuzzy based packet scheduling scheme for non-real time traffics

An essential solution is available in Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS), which solve the problems faced by present-day networks: speed, scalability, quality-of-service (QoS) management, and traffic engineering. This paper is an extension of work on Fuzzy based Packet Scheduling Algorithm (FPSA) combined with Packets Processing Algorithm (PPA) in an Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) networks. This will make provision for an intelligent service to the Label Switched Path (LSP) in MPLS networks. Several research work have been proposed on the MPLS Traffic Engineering. However, it is still imperative to further research on the effect of bandwidth increment on the core network using different mechanisms such as the analytical model of MPLS, expert-based packet scheduling algorithm for MPLS QoS support. Since MPLS is not able to provide intelligent routing, it is necessary to propose an intelligent expert system of FPSA combined with PPA. And analytical model of packet forwarding in the MPLS network would be given to provide suitable solution to traffic congestion and reliable services. Furthermore, the network model created using Network Simulator (NS 2), which carries non-real time application such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) with bandwidth variations. The results obtained from trace files are interpreted by AWK script and used for the further analysis.

Comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broadband penetration in a heterogeneous network morphology

In the bid to bring about a solution to the nagging problem associated with the provision of ubiquitous broadband access, Next Generation Network (NGN) popularly referred to as Long Term Evolution (LTE) network with appropriate network integration technique is recommended as solution. Currently, Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) is the transport technique in LTE backbone infrastructure. This technique, however, suffers significantly in the event of failure of IP path resulting in delay and packet loss budgets across the network.The resultant effect is degradation in users’ quality of service (QoS) experience with real-time services. A competitive alternative is the Internet Protocol /Asynchronous Transfer Mode (IP/ATM). This transport technique provides great dynamism in the allocation of bandwidth and supports varying requests of multimedia connections with diverse QoS requirements. This paper, therefore, seeks to evaluate the performance of these two transport techniques in a bid to establish the extent to which the latter technique ameliorates the aforementioned challenges suffered by the previous technique. Results from the simulation show that the IP/ATM transport scheme is superior to the IP/MPLS scheme in terms of average bandwidth utilization, mean traffic drop and mean traffic delay in the ratio of 9.8, 8.7 and 1.0% respectively.

Design of Architecture for Efficient Integration of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing

With a penchant of computing everywhere, everything is going to be connected to the Internet and its data will be used for various progressive purposes. All such required things are connected over the internet and communication is established between them. All the things which are connected may generate data, sometimes data may be used immediately and in some cases data has to be processed and stored for future use. So here comes the use of cloud, the data can be stored in cloud and can be used whenever required. The integration of cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) can enable the resource sharing more efficiently than before. From many surveys it is found that integration of IoT and cloud computing is in its initial phase and it has not extended to all application domains due to its inadequate security architecture. So, the paper discusses a secured architecture and the issues involved. The cloud services are integrated through a novel IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol/ Multiprotocol Label Switching) core. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is used to ensure complete protection against the security risks. However, new challenges arise when cloud is integrated with IoT. The paper proposes an idea to integrate Internet of Things and Cloud Computing in order to increase the efficiency of computing environment and meet the challenges of speed and accuracy of the services extended by the providers. Keywords: IOT, cloud computing, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, IP/MPLS core, Architecture.

AN ADAPTABLE SECURE SMART CARD ARCHITECTURE FOR INTERNET OF THINGS AND CLOUD COMPUTING

Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing paradigm is a next wave in the era of computing and it has been identified as one of the emerging technologies in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology. It has been understood from the literature that integration of IoT and cloud computing is in its infantile phase, that has not been extended to all application domains due to its inadequate security architecture. Hence, in this paper a novel adaptable secure smart card architecture for internet of things and cloud computing is proposed. This is a unique architecture adoptable for the public to have a secure access over diversified smart applications and services distributed in the cloud, anywhere, anytime, any device and any network irrespective of the underlying technologies in a smart environment with one IoT enabled User Adaptable Intelligent Smart Card (UAISC) through mobile devices. The cloud services are integrated and connected through an IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol / Multi-Protocol Label Switching) core System. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is used to ensure complete protection against the security risks such as confidentiality, integrity, privacy and unique authentication. This model eliminates ambiguity, ensures security with enhanced performance and realizes the vision of “one secure smart card for any applications and transactions”. The performance of the proposed architecture is tested by establishing a test bed in a simulated environment and the results are reported.

Quality of Service Architecture for Internet of Things and Cloud Computing

of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing paradigm is a next wave in the era of computing and it has been identified as one of the emerging technologies in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology. The complementarity of these two technologies play a major role in accessing any services and applications anywhere, anytime in the smart environment. But from the literature study, it has been understood that the integration of IoT and cloud computing is in its infantile phase and it has not been extended to all application domains due to its inadequate quality of service architecture. Hence, in this paper a novel, quality of service architecture for internet of things and cloud computing is proposed. This architecture facilitates the public to have an easy access over diversified smart applications and services distributed in the cloud with one IoT enabled Intelligent Smart Card (ISC) through mobile devices with assured quality of service. The cloud services are integrated and connected through an Internet Protocol / Multi Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) core System. The QoS requirements are met with differentiated services. The performance of the proposed architecture is tested by establishing a test bed in a simulated environment.

Minimizing Resource Protection in IP Over WDM Networks: Multi-layer Shared Backup Router [Invited

Optical networks and Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) based networks have been traditionally designed and operated by separate departments of network operators. Likewise, both layers have always represented different business areas for system providers, which maintain different product lines for each of them. However, network operators have an IP/ MPLS over WDM architecture. The main drivers for this unique transport network are the cost savings achieved by simplifying the network infrastructure. Thanks to the advent of reconfigurable optical equipment and a multilayer control plane, 1 + 1 node protection at the IP layer in each location is no longer required. This work compares two resilience strategies on multi-layer network dimensioning: dual-plane protection and a multi-layer shared backup router (MLSBR). Based on the results of this paper, a MLSBR provides a significant reduction (up to 24%) on the required IP equipment in comparison with the IP protection approach.

A Multilayer Cost Model for Metro/Core Networks

A capital expenditure model is a key requirement to evaluate multilayer (ML) metro and core network architectures. Based on the Internet protocol/multiprotocol label switching (IP/MPLS), MPLS-transport profile, optical transport network and WDM technology, a detailed capital expenditure model developed by researchers from system vendors and network operators is introduced. Besides current equipment and corresponding prices for the different layers, it also contains predictions for technology evolution and pricing until 2018. We show how to determine the price of an ML node by constructing it from components specified in the cost model. We use the model in a case study where we benchmark the price of an integrated IP/MPLS/WDM solution.

Prediction-based routing as RWA in multilayer traffic engineering

Multilayer traffic engineering (MLTE) allows coping with ever-increasing and varying traffic demands in IP-over-Optical multilayer networks. It utilizes cross-layer TE (Traffic Engineering) techniques to provision optical lightpath capacity to the IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol/ Multi-Protocol Label Switching) logical topology on-demand. Such provisioning however causes optical connection arrival rates that pose strong performance requirements to Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) strategies. Collecting up-to-date network information for the RWA with rapidly changing network states can be quite difficult. Exposing optical layer state information to the IP layer in the overlay model, or transforming this optical layer information in a workable representation in an integrated control plane is similarly problematic. Prediction-Based Routing (PBR) has been proposed as a RWA mechanism for optical transport networks; it bases routing not on possibly inaccurate or outdated network state, but instead on previous connections set-up. In this article, we propose to implement PBR as the RWA mechanism in the optical layer of a multilayer network, and use the predictive capabilities of PBR to expose dynamic optical network information into the multilayer traffic engineering algorithm with minimal control plane overhead. Some simulations show the benefits of using the PBR in the optical layer for MLTE purposes.

Cost modeling and evaluation of capital expenditures in optical multilayer networks

Optical multilayer networks offer a high degree of freedom in network design, adapting to actual network requirements (demand types, topologies, etc.) and achieving cost-efficient realizations. Capital expenditures are one of the key differentiators for the evaluation of multilayer networks. A realistic cost model for Internet protocol/multiprotocol label switching (IP/MPLS), carrier-grade Ethernet, synchronous digital hierarchy/optical transport network (SDH/OTN), and WDM equipment from which overall capital expenditures can consistently be derived is contributed and discussed. A comprehensive collection of detailed cost values for different equipment types is presented. Furthermore, the cost model is applied to two case studies, one IP/MPLS-over-WDM study and one WDM study with two topologies, showing substitution effects of network elements to achieve overall capital expenditure minimization.

Policy-Based Grooming in Optical Networks

This work presents a discussion about policies and architecture to aggregate Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) traffics within lightpaths. The scenario is that of IP/MPLS client networks over an optical network. It is well known that aggregating lower traffic flows (e.g., packet-based LSPs--Label Switched Path) within higher traffic flows (e.g., lambda-based LSPs) is considered an effective way to maximize the use of the optical network resources. In this work, the policies are divided into two groups. The first one, which solely considers the class of the flow (High Priority--HP or Low Priority--LP), consists of simple policies meant to aggregate packet-based LSPs within lightpaths. In this group, the policies we have defined intend to reduce the optical network overhead to remove and reroute LP LSPs. The second group presents more sophisticated policies taking into account the possibility of having to deal with further transport faults. In this case, the grooming is better planned and the defined policies tend to reduce the negative impact when a failure is detected in the optical transport network. Our approach has been implemented to validate the policies and the results for each group are showed and discussed.

Fast setup of end-to-end paths for bandwidth constrained applications in an IP/MPLS–ATM integrated environment

Transport networks are currently being moved towards a model of high performance Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) routers interconnected through intelligent core networks. Currently, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology has been widely deployed in several network backbones along with the Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) protocols as the control plane. In order to cope with the increasing Internet traffic demands in the current context, fast setup of end-to-end paths with the required Quality of Service (QoS) is necessary. This paper analyzes the case of two IP/MPLS networks interconnected through an ATM core network, assuming MPLS as the mechanism to provide Traffic Engineering in the IP networks, and a PNNI-based control plane in the core network. This paper aims to define a mechanism needed to set up a fast end-to-end QoS Label Switched Path (LSP) between two Label Switched Routers (LSRs) belonging to different IP/MPLS domains. First, the fast end-to-end setup is achieved by modifying the network backbone control plane. Second, two different aggregation schemes are proposed to summarize the QoS network state information to be transported through the ATM core network. Therefore, both the efficient aggregation schemes and the fast mechanism allow source routing to set up a path faster than the existing methods and to reduce the blocking probability using a summary of the available resource information.