Smart Objects In Internet Of Things Research Articles

CR-IoTNet: Machine learning based joint spectrum sensing and allocation for cognitive radio enabled IoT cellular networks

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has gained much popularity due to its potential ability to integrate the physical world with the digital world. However, this digital revolution is driving an insatiable demand for wireless spectrum, leading the upcoming novel personal, social and industrial IoT applications competing for limited spectrum resources. One of the main challenges that may hinder the vision of IoT is the scarcity of radio spectrum. Therefore, in order to cope with the challenge of spectrum scarcity brought about by the unprecedented number of IoT devices, this paper proposes to integrate cognitive radio (CR) technology with the IoT paradigm (CR-IoTNet). The CR is realized as a promising solution to improve the spectrum utilization and alleviate the spectrum scarcity in wireless networks. In CR, spectrum sensing is widely recognized as a key technology that enables secondary users (SUs) to detect spectrum holes and have the opportunity to access unoccupied spectrum. The CR-IoTNet, which is composed of multiple primary user (PU) base-stations and SU devices as IoT smart objects, performs the joint spectrum sensing and optimal allocation of spectrum to the requesting SU-IoT devices in the network through an intelligent fusion center (IFC). Furthermore, we employ support vector machines (SVM) in CR-IoTNet, enabling it to learn and adapt to the changing network dynamics, and identify the PU spectrum usage based on the established multi-class (J×6)-D feature set. The performance of CR-IoTNet is evaluated across several key factors, where simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed framework in achieving high reliable identification, classification and allocation of unoccupied frequency bands in PU spectrum, especially in key areas of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, the trained SVM classifier obtained 95.11% accuracy, with 92.67% true positive rate and 96.34% true negative rate in CR-IoTNet, reflecting the optimal allocation of PU nodes for spectrum access.

PriPresent: an embedded prime LightWeight block cipher for smart devices

Lightweight cryptography (LWC) is a compact and advancing cryptography protocol. Internet of Things (IoT) is a cutting edge technology which is developed for resource constrained devices for communicating and sharing of information among fellow devices over internet. IoT smart objects are smallest tiny devices and it has limited processing and storage capacities and that often runs on small, low power, battery. IoT devices have many issues and challenges due to inherent properties of IoT and one of the major challenges is security. Success of IoT depends on how smart devices countermeasure the different security attacks. There are many cryptographic algorithms with different services are exist. Each one has some unique properties as well as limitations or constraints. After studying these cryptographic algorithms, the authors decided to propose a new lightweight block cipher, PriPresent. Also, this paper depicts the comparison results of proposed cipher with existing cipher over different metrics.

Optimization Model for IoT-Aware Energy Exchange in Energy Communities for Residential Users

In recent years, the distribution of local and renewable generation plants has introduced significant challenges in the management of electrical energy. In order to increase the usage of renewable energy, the prosumers, i.e., the residential users that can act both as producers and consumers, can benefit from joining together and forming energy communities. The deployment of an energy community is based both on technological advancements and on a deep understanding of human decision-making, which in turn requires knowledge about the factors that influence the behavior of residential users. This new scenario calls for great research investigations aimed to improve the management of energy exchanges inside energy communities. An important role in this context is played by the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, as smart IoT objects are used both as a source of real-time information regarding the energy production and the users’ requirements, and as actuators that can help to regulate the distribution and use of energy. In this paper, an IoT-aware optimization model for the energy management in energy communities is presented. The main novelty consists in modeling the entire energy community as a whole, rather than each prosumer separately, with the goal of optimizing the energy sharing and balance at the community level. Experimental results, performed in an university campus, show the advantages of the approach and its capability of reducing the energy costs and increasing the community’s energy autonomy.

Hybrid End-to-End VPN Security Approach for Smart IoT Objects

The End-to-End VPN security has an essential role especially in connecting smart objects in the Internet of Things (IoT) environments. It noted that security is a crucial issue in the End-to-End VPN approach. IPSec/IPv6 and OpenSSL are the most common VPN approaches used separately to secure smart IoT objects in different environments. These approaches have strengths and weaknesses. This paper addresses the development of a Hybrid End-to-End VPN security approach achieved by combining the IPSec/IPv6 and OpenSSL security approaches that can secure smart IoT objects in different settings. This proposed solution achieves the best combinations of complementary advantages of IPSec/IPv6 VPN approach and OpenSSL VPN approach and eliminates their shortcomings. Performance evaluation of the proposed Hybrid approach and the analysis of the comparison outputs of the performance of both IPSec/IPv6 VPN and OpenSSL VPN approaches assessed in terms of a group of standard measurements, for example, throughput, round-trip delay, and bandwidth consumption. The results of the simulation for the proposed solution demonstrate the correlation with acceptance levels compared to IPSec/IPv6 VPN, and OpenSSL VPN approaches.

Decentralizing privacy enforcement for Internet of Things smart objects

Internet of Things (IoT) is now evolving into a loosely coupled, decentralized system of cooperating smart objects, where high-speed data processing, analytics and shorter response times are becoming more necessary than ever. Such decentralization has a great impact on the way personal information generated and consumed by smart objects should be protected, because, without centralized data management, it is more difficult to control how data are combined and used by smart objects. To cope with this issue, in this paper, we propose a framework where users of smart objects can specify their privacy preferences. Compliance check of user individual privacy preferences is performed directly by smart objects. Moreover, acknowledging that embedding the enforcement mechanism into smart objects implies some overhead, we have extensively tested the proposed framework on different scenarios, and the obtained results show the feasibility of our approach.

SITE: The Simple Internet of Things Enabler for Smart Homes

This paper presents the simple Internet of Things enabler (SITE), a smart home solution that allows users to specify and centrally control Internet of Things smart objects. Unlike most existing systems, SITE supports End-User Development. Hence, it defines a simple language for the specification of control rules for smart objects. It also provides a user interface to graphically illustrate the data received from smart objects. To assess the usability of SITE, we conduct an empirical study involving 20 participants belonging to two user groups: users with technical training (IT users) and users without technical training (non-IT users). We demonstrate that both user groups can satisfactorily build smart objects and define control rules in a smart home environment using SITE.

Reverse Engineering and Security Evaluation of Commercial Tags for RFID-Based IoT Applications.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a distributed system of physical objects that requires the seamless integration of hardware (e.g., sensors, actuators, electronics) and network communications in order to collect and exchange data. IoT smart objects need to be somehow identified to determine the origin of the data and to automatically detect the elements around us. One of the best positioned technologies to perform identification is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), which in the last years has gained a lot of popularity in applications like access control, payment cards or logistics. Despite its popularity, RFID security has not been properly handled in numerous applications. To foster security in such applications, this article includes three main contributions. First, in order to establish the basics, a detailed review of the most common flaws found in RFID-based IoT systems is provided, including the latest attacks described in the literature. Second, a novel methodology that eases the detection and mitigation of such flaws is presented. Third, the latest RFID security tools are analyzed and the methodology proposed is applied through one of them (Proxmark 3) to validate it. Thus, the methodology is tested in different scenarios where tags are commonly used for identification. In such systems it was possible to clone transponders, extract information, and even emulate both tags and readers. Therefore, it is shown that the methodology proposed is useful for auditing security and reverse engineering RFID communications in IoT applications. It must be noted that, although this paper is aimed at fostering RFID communications security in IoT applications, the methodology can be applied to any RFID communications protocol.

Design and Evaluation of a Services Interface for the Internet of Things

This paper proposes an application programming interface (API) for accessing services within the internet of things (IoT) through both REST and SOAP protocols. This API provides methods and procedures to allow its usage for performing IoT control and event monitoring operations. In order to encompass devices diversity, the proposed API introduces a uniform abstraction model that constitutes a common standard view to manage objects. An abstract device services interface is then available instead of device commands, thus providing transparent access to devices capabilities and hiding the physical aspects of provider devices. The API has been designed to ease the remote management of IoT smart objects and was implemented as a module of an existing IoT middleware (UIoT). Experimental evaluation of both protocol implementations yields results showing the REST services with faster response time and lower resources usage than similar SOAP services.