Internet Of Things Requirements Research Articles

Key technologies and applications of collaboration between digital power grid and Internet of Things

AbstractThe integration of electricity technology and information technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), enables the construction of new power systems, along with the innovation of application scenarios and business scope. The key technologies of power IoT and the data flow process are summarised first. The IoT technology and application scenario requirements of power generation, transmission, loading, and storage of new power systems are studied. Thus, the nature of the collaborative development of the digital power grid and the IoT is demonstrated from the perspective of data processing in power IoT and application requirements in power systems. The key problems and solutions faced by the power IoT under the digital transformation are described, and the cross‐integration of key technologies and promotion of application scenario innovation are prospected. Finally, the key issues of future technological development were discussed, providing reference ideas for fully leveraging the value of energy and electricity data production factors and promoting the construction of a digital electricity ecosystem.

Data Storage and Reliability Analysis on the Internet of Things Based on Pyramid Code

As the IoT (Internet of Things) develops, computers and devices generate a lot of data that needs to be processed and stored. Pyramid code, as an update of the Reed-Solomon code, is suitable for correcting data failure on various sides as an erasure code. Not only does Pyramid code reduce the cost of computation, but it can also meet the reliability and security requirements of IoT. The convenience of the Pyramid code is evaluated by comparing the (15, 12) RS code to the (16, 12) Pyramid code in this paper. Then, section 4 investigates how Pyramid code can match the needs of reliability, security, cost-effectiveness, etc. After that, the following section aims to give the applications of Pyramid code in IoT. There are many applications and this section concludes the several outstanding scenarios, such as healthcare, smart city, etc.

Low complexity physical layer security approach for 5G internet of things

<span lang="EN-US">Fifth-generation (5G) massive machine-type communication (mMTC) is expected to support the cellular adaptation of internet of things (IoT) applications for massive connectivity. Due to the massive access nature, IoT is prone to high interception probability and the use of conventional cryptographic techniques in these scenarios is not practical considering the limited computational capabilities of the IoT devices and their power budget. This calls for a lightweight physical layer security scheme which will provide security without much computational overhead and/or strengthen the existing security measures. Here a shift based physical layer security approach is proposed which will provide a low complexity security without much changes in baseline orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) architecture as per the low power requirements of IoT by systematically rearranging the subcarriers. While the scheme is compatible with most fast Fourier transform (FFT) based waveform contenders which are being proposed in 5G especially in mMTC and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), it can also add an additional layer of security at physical layer to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB).</span>

5G желісі негізінде IoT енгізу тиімділігін бағалау

In recent years, wireless technologies have been actively developing at the global level. In the market of wireless technologies, 5G technology has become the most complex, large-scale and interesting topic in the study of wireless communication systems. The purpose of this work is to study the effectiveness of the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the 5G network, to build the 5G-IoT architecture and create a mathematical model. Also, to demonstrate the advantages of 5G network over existing technologies. The current LTE (4G) cellular network will not be sufficient and efficient to meet the requirements of simultaneous connection of multiple devices, high speed, high bandwidth and low latency Quality of Service (QoS). Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Zigbee, Sigfox technologies cannot fully satisfy the basic requirements of IoT. In order to solve these problems, we considered 5G network as the most promising technology. This research work consists of the following parts: the first part reviews 5G and IoT technologies, their scope and advantages, the works of other authors in this field, the second part considers the architecture and mathematical model of 5G-IoT, the next part presents the results and their analysis, and the last part a conclusion was made

Considerations, Advances, and Challenges Associated with the Use of Specific Emitter Identification in the Security of Internet of Things Deployments: A Survey

Initially introduced almost thirty years ago for the express purpose of providing electronic warfare systems the capabilities to detect, characterize, and identify radar emitters, Specific Emitter Identification (SEI) has recently received a lot of attention within the research community as a physical layer technique for securing Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. This attention is largely due to SEI’s demonstrated success in passively and uniquely identifying wireless emitters using traditional machine learning and the success of Deep Learning (DL) within the natural language processing and computer vision areas. SEI exploits distinct and unintentional features present within an emitter’s transmitted signals. These distinctive and unintentional features are attributed to slight manufacturing and assembly variations within and between the components, sub-systems, and systems comprising an emitter’s Radio Frequency (RF) front end. Although sufficient to facilitate SEI, these features do not hinder normal operations such as detection, channel estimation, timing, and demodulation. However, despite the plethora of SEI publications, it has remained largely a focus of academic endeavors, primarily focusing on proof-of-concept demonstration and little to no use in operational networks for various reasons. The focus of this survey is a review of SEI publications from the perspective of its use as a practical, effective, and usable IoT security mechanism; thus, we use IoT requirements and constraints (e.g., wireless standard, nature of their deployment) as a lens through which each reviewed paper is analyzed. Previous surveys have not taken such an approach and have only used IoT as motivation, a setting, or a context. In this survey, we consider operating conditions, SEI threats, SEI at scale, publicly available data sets, and SEI considerations that are dictated by the fact that it is to be employed by IoT devices or IoT infrastructure.

Análisis del cumplimiento de Bluetooth 5 con los requisitos de IoT de la UIT

Bluetooth is an open, short-range, and low power Wireless technology, which aims to simplify communication between different kinds of devices. Bluetooth has five versions, divided into two main operation modes, Classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). BLE is designed for the use of IoT (Internet of Things) applications. The fifth version of Bluetooth improves all the features to surpass other technologies that want to be the base of IoT communications. Bluetooth 5 achieves greater range, higher data transmission speed, improved support for advertising, and energy efficiency than previous versions. The new mesh topology feature makes Bluetooth a good candidate for IoT communications since it allows decentralized architectures. In this work, a revision of the Bluetooth version 5 is carried out. Furthermore, the IoT's operating requirements, based on the recommendations of ITU (International Telecommunication Union), are presented. The contribution of this work is the analysis of the characteristics of Bluetooth 5 to determine whether or not they meet the IoT requirements proposed by the ITU. The analysis results indicate that Bluetooth 5 meets the high-level requirements and approximately half of each category's standard IoT requirements.

Design and FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of NB-IoT Physical Uplink Shared Channel Transmitter and Physical Downlink Shared Channel Receiver

With the anticipated growth of the internet of things (IoT) market, many low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies have been introduced to connect a wide range of IoT devices with varying performance requirements. The narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) is a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standardized LPWA technology that meets most IoT service requirements. In this paper, the design and implementation of the physical uplink transmitting chain as well as the physical downlink receiving chain of the NB-IoT user equipment (UE) are presented. Both chains’ main blocks are designed to follow the 3GPP NB-IoT LTE standard Release 14 (Rel-14). The whole design is experimentally implemented on the Virtex 7 (VC 709) Connectivity kit, and all performance metrics are reported. Moreover, an NB-IoT base station is implemented and integrated with the two prototyped UEs to set-up an NB-IoT system, which is employed to send data from one UE to another UE through the NB-IoT base station using two FPGAs (one to implement the sending UE and the other one to implement the receiving UE) and three universal software radio peripherals (USRPs) B200 (one to implement the RF front-end of the transmitting UE FPGA, one to implement the base station RF front-end, and one to implement the RF front-end of the receiving UE FPGA). Experimental results show that the implemented NB-IoT system is working successfully, as the two NB-IoT UEs communicate together successfully through the NB-IoT base station and exchange the data properly.

Scalable Hierarchical Instruction Cache for Ultralow-Power Processors Clusters

High performance and energy efficiency are critical requirements for Internet of Things (IoT) end-nodes. Exploiting tightly coupled clusters of programmable processors (CMPs) has recently emerged as a suitable solution to address this challenge. One of the main bottlenecks limiting the performance and energy efficiency of these systems is the instruction cache architecture due to its criticality in terms of timing (i.e., maximum operating frequency), bandwidth, and power. We propose a hierarchical instruction cache tailored to ultralow-power (ULP) tightly coupled processor clusters where a relatively large cache (L1.5) is shared by L1 private (PR) caches through a two-cycle latency interconnect. To address the performance loss caused by the L1 capacity misses, we introduce a next-line prefetcher with cache probe filtering (CPF) from L1 to L1.5. We optimize the core instruction fetch (IF) stage by removing the critical core-to-L1 combinational path. We present a detailed comparison of instruction cache architectures’ performance and energy efficiency for parallel ULP (PULP) clusters. Focusing on the implementation, our two-level instruction cache provides better scalability than existing shared caches, delivering up to 20% higher operating frequency. On average, the proposed two-level cache improves maximum performance by up to 17% compared to the state-of-the-art while delivering similar energy efficiency for most relevant applications.

Introducing a Service Model in IoT -based Smart Hospital

Introduction: Nowadays, the world of technology is facing a growing phenomenon called the Internet of Things (IoT). The purpose of this study is to provide the infrastructure requirements, service model, and conceptual model for a smart hospital based on IoT, which is a safe and reliable method due to the integration of exchanges between objects. Method: In this strategic applied study, the infrastructure requirements of a smart hospital based on IoT are explained explains. First, basic requirements were prepared through library studies and, by setting up a questionnaire for medical staff and specialists in medical informatics, information technology, and health information technology, they were evaluated and then finalized using the Delphi technique. Then, based on extracted requirements, the service model of a smart hospital was presented. Finally, the conceptual model of IoT -based smart hospital infrastructure was suggested. Results: Thirty functional and non -functional requirements for IoT -based smart hospital infrastructure were determined. After that, the proposed model of services that can be provided in the hospital, including infrastructure, core and value -added services, was presented. Then, a conceptual model that includes the health ecosystem of the country, consisting of the levels of communication and information infrastructure, digital service systems, and the health system was provided. Conclusion: Agreement on the requirements, service and conceptual model , will help to design and implement the IoT -based smart hospital and m ake it more accurate and simple, according to factors affecting such as precision, speed and reliability in healthcare .

Development, Service-Oriented Architecture, and Security of Blockchain Technology for Industry 4.0 IoT Application

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is laying the groundwork for a world in which many of our everyday devices will be connected and will interact with their surroundings to gather data and automate some operations. Among other things, such a concept necessitates seamless authentication, data privacy, security, attack resilience, simplicity of deployment, and self-maintenance. Blockchain, a technology created with the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, can provide such advantages. To create blockchain-based IoT (BIoT) applications, a full discussion of how to modify blockchain to meet the unique requirements of IoT is offered in this paper. The most important BIoT applications are detailed after a brief introduction to blockchain, with the goal of highlighting how blockchain can affect conventional cloud-based IoT applications. Then, several factors that have an impact on the design, development, and deployment of a BIoT application are covered, along with present obstacles and potential improvements. Lastly, a list of recommendations is provided to help future BIoT researchers and developers understand some of the problems that need to be solved before deploying the upcoming generation of BIoT applications. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2023-04-01-010 Full Text: PDF

Review of the theory, principles, and design requirements of human-centric Internet of Things (IoT)

The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with ever more profound implications for humans and societies, has triggered visions and initiatives to re-align the Next-Generation IoT with what works for humans and humanity first. However, despite the increased push towards “human-centric” IoT, it is still poorly understood what “human-centric” actually means in this context, how it is interpreted and embedded into the design, by whom, and for which purposes. To address these questions, we conducted a systematic literature review (N = 84) on the theory, principles, and design requirements of human-centric IoT. A key observation is that, despite the recent increase in research on humane perspectives for IoT, “human-centredness” often still seems to be used primarily as a label and overarching paradigm, not leading to a profound change in the underlying practices. We found no shared understanding of what “human-centric” implies in this context or common agreement on which principles human-centric IoT should be built upon. Furthermore, our analysis confirmed the predominance of technology-oriented fields, with a traditional approach towards user involvement and limited involvement of other disciplines. Overall, our findings point towards an apparent discrepancy between how contributions are positioned and framed (“human-centric”), the practices and assumptions they are based on, and their actual impact and ability to orient existing efforts towards genuine human-centric outcomes and key values. Based on the results, we formulate directions for future research aimed at building a more human-centric and empowering IoT.

Forwarding Strategies for Named Data Networking Based IoT: Requirements, Taxonomy, and Open Research Challenges

The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to efficiently connect various entities, including humans, machines, smart devices, physical environments, and others, so they can communicate and exchange data in real time. However, due to the massive amount of data transferred, the presence of devices with limited resources, heterogeneity, and mobility support would make it difficult to create a robust network with respect to performance in an IoT context. In order to efficiently disseminate the enormous volume of automated data, Named Data Networking (NDN), a viable networking design for the future Internet, has been proposed. NDN has shown great potential for IoT because it has built-in support for naming, caching, mobility, and security. Forwarding strategies play an important role in the successful deployment of NDN-based IoT. In this article, we introduce NDN-based IoT forwarding emphasizing on IoT characteristics and requirements. We classify NDN-based IoT forwarding strategies and then discuss in detail certain exemplary schemes. Additionally, we compare several aspects of current forwarding methods that are now in use, including the types of forwarding strategy, particular issues, and type of solution, assessment metrics, and simulation platform. We wrap up our contribution by outlining the major open research issues that can guide future investigations in this area. We anticipate that this survey will help the community of NDN-based IoT researchers’ understanding of forwarding strategies in IoT environments.

Logically-Centralized SDN-Based NDN Strategies for Wireless Mesh Smart-City Networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a key technology for smart community networks, such as smart-city environments, and its evolution calls for stringent performance requirements (e.g., low delay) to support efficient communication among a wide range of objects, including people, sensors, vehicles, etc. At the same time, these ecosystems usually adopt wireless mesh technology to extend their communication range in large-scale IoT deployments. However, due to the high range of coverage, the smart-city WMNs may face different network challenges according to the network characteristic, for example, (i) areas that include a significant number of wireless nodes or (ii) areas with frequent dynamic changes such as link failures due to unstable topologies. Named-Data Networking (NDN) can enhance WMNs to meet such IoT requirements, thanks to the content naming scheme and in-network caching, but it necessitates adaptability to the challenging conditions of WMNs. In this work, we aim at efficient end-to-end NDN communication in terms of performance (i.e., delay), performing extended experimentation over a real WMN, evaluating and discussing the benefits provided by two SDN-based NDN strategies: (1) a dynamic SDN-based solution that integrates the NDN operation with the routing decisions of a WMN routing protocol; (2) a static one which based on SDN-based clustering and real WMN performance measurements. Our key contributions include (i) the implementation of two types of NDN path selection strategies; (ii) experimentation and data collection over the w-iLab.t Fed4FIRE+ testbed with real WMN conditions; (ii) real measurements released as open-data, related to the performance of the wireless links in terms of RSSI, delay, and packet loss among the wireless nodes of the corresponding testbed.

Graph convolutional networks-based robustness optimization for scale-free Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices have limited resources and are vulnerable to attacks, so optimizing their network topology to resist random failures and malicious attacks has become a key issue. The scale-free network model has strong resistance to random attacks, but it is very vulnerable to malicious attacks. The existing studies mostly adopt heuristic algorithms to optimize the ability of scale-free networks to resist malicious attacks, but their high computational cost cannot meet the timeliness requirements of the real IoT. Therefore, this paper proposes an intelligent topology robustness optimization model based on a graph convolutional network (ROGCN). The model extracts the onion-like structural features of the highly robust network topology from the data set through supervised learning, and on this basis, different search strategies are designed to meet the needs of different IoT scenarios. The extensive experimental results demonstrate that ROGCN can more effectively improve the robustness of scale-free IoT networks against malicious attacks compared to two existing heuristic algorithms, with a lower computational cost.

Waste management issue and solutions using IOT

As population density and rural migration to cities increase, urbanization has a higher proportion and presents an enormous urban problem related to waste generation. Increasing waste generation has been identified as a significant challenge for large urban centers around the world and has been identified as a significant problem for countries with rapid population growth in cities. Cloud computing offers an automation opportunity through the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber physical systems that change the way solid waste management approaches. Considering the IoT requirements, a review analysis of the waste management models available in the literature will be done in detail in this paper. Then, an in-depth review of the relevant literature will be conducted based on the IoT infrastructure for effective management of waste generated in urban conditions, focusing on interactions between subsidiaries and waste generators (citizens) from a low-cost perspective. As well as citizenship promotion. The IoT-based reference model is described and a comparative analysis of available solutions is presented, highlighting the most relevant perspectives on the topic and identifying open research issues.

0.4 V Active Biased LNA for 2.4 GHz Low Energy RF Receivers

To meet low power requirements for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the power dissipation of RF transceivers must be very low. As the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is one of the most energy consuming parts of an RF receiver, its power optimization is necessary for modern IoT devices. This work presents a 170 $\mu$W LNA capable of operating at 2.4 GHz when powered by a 0.4 V source. It is based on an inverter-based amplifier with improved gate bias voltage and automatic forward bulk biasing to operate at the moderated channel inversion level. A biasing metric is explored to analyze the best dimensions and bulk bias voltages for the NMOS transistor. Post-layout simulation results shown a 2.8 dB noise and competitive specification values compared to the state-of-the-art low-voltage LNAs.

The baseline of global consumer cyber security standards for IoT: quality evaluation

ABSTRACT The popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices has been gaining interest amongst consumers. The rise of consumers benefiting from IoT devices has increased the threat of cyber-attacks. The safety, security, and privacy of consumers can be negatively affected if vulnerabilities of IoT devices are exploited. Therefore, there is a need of understanding what within IoT devices is necessary to secure. Further, the implementation of necessary and important requirements is needed to ensure protection against cyber-attacks on IoT devices. The recently published Cyber Security for Consumer Internet of Things (CSCIoT) standard, called ETSI EN 303 645, is a global standard that describes requirements on implementing a minimum level of security for IoT devices. This paper evaluates the sufficiency of cyber security of the consumer IoT standards’ requirements and gradation. The evaluation is done by comparing CSCIoT to the international professional IoT standard, called IEC 62443, and with the other related work, such as the Secure by Design report of the UK Department for Digital, Culture Media & Sport. Also, this paper discusses implications regarding consumer responsibility on security. This paper aims to stimulate more precision and extension of requirements for consumer IoT devices to lower the risk of cyber-attacks.

Advanced encryption schemes in multi-tier heterogeneous internet of things: taxonomy, capabilities, and objectives

The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly becoming widespread in different areas such as healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing. IoT networks comprise many diverse entities, including smart small devices for capturing sensitive information, which may be attainable targets for malicious parties. Thus security and privacy are of utmost importance. To protect the confidentiality of data handled by IoT devices, conventional cryptographic primitives have generally been used in various IoT security solutions. While these primitives provide just an acceptable level of security, they typically neither preserve privacy nor support advanced functionalities. Also, they overly count on trusted third parties because of some limitations by design. This multidisciplinary survey paper connects the dots and explains how some advanced cryptosystems can achieve ambitious goals. We begin by describing a multi-tiered heterogeneous IoT architecture that supports the cloud, edge, fog, and blockchain technologies and assumptions and capabilities for each layer. We then elucidate advanced encryption primitives, namely wildcarded, break-glass, proxy re-encryption, and registration-based encryption schemes, as well as IoT-friendly cryptographic accumulators. Our paper illustrates how they can augment the features mentioned above while simultaneously satisfying the architectural IoT requirements. We provide comparison tables and diverse IoT-based use cases for each advanced cryptosystem as well as a guideline for selecting the best one in different scenarios and depict how they can be integrated.

A decentralized blockchain-based key management protocol for heterogeneous and dynamic IoT devices

Secure communication is one of the main challenges that are slowing down the development of the Internet of Things (IoT). Key Management (KM) is particularly a difficult security issue, mainly because of the lack of resources of the IoT devices. Most of the existing solutions do not consider the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the IoT. They do not regard the difference in capability of its components and impose equal loads on them. Moreover, they store keys in device memories before deployment, which makes adding devices difficult afterwards. We propose a novel decentralized blockchain-based KM protocol for the IoT. Our solution balances the loads between nodes according to their capabilities. We prove that this makes it efficient and scalable. Furthermore, our solution securely rekey the network upon a change. To decentralize the KM, we use the blockchain technology and smart contracts. We show that the system continues to operate when an entity fails and that the compromise of an entity does not jeopardize the whole network. We also prove that our solution fulfills the IoT requirements in terms of security and performance. Finally, we propose an implementation on IoT platforms to validate our theoretical analysis and simulation results.

A Blockchain-based Security Architecture for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at a very fast pace and being increasingly adopted in many scenarios of industrial applications such as energy (smart grid), automobile (smart cars), healthcare (smart healthcare), manufacturing (smart manufacturing and supply chain) and other application such as homes (smart home) and cities (smart city). Nonetheless, these IoT technologies (devices, systems, protocols, and applications) are faced with many security-related issues. IoT Systems have different layers that are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. To defend against these attacks, one must consider appropriate security approaches and mechanisms to ensure privacy, security, and trust within the various components and layers that make up the IoT system. Appropriate security mechanism is needed at every layer of an IoT system to keep them secure. Hence, finding suitable mechanism for each IoT layer is a necessity to keep IoT systems secure in the 21st-century applications and implementations. The paper first investigates the IoT layers and protocols, their vulnerability issues, and methods to resolve the issues from existing literatures. We then present a blockchain-based security architecture for the internet of things and practically investigated its security feature through implementation of various security mechanism. Analysis and discussion of the blockchain implementation results are carried for the purpose of meeting the security, privacy, and trust requirements of IoT.