With the continuous acceleration of China’s socialist process, the development of society has made a great leap forward. Mobile Internet is an emerging product of the integration of traditional Internet and mobile communication industries. At present, the industry has not yet reached a unified consensus on the concept of mobile Internet. This research mainly discusses the application of Internet-based mobile information system in college physical education classroom teaching. In order to adapt to the pace of social development and cultivate more intelligent, healthy, and noble students, the education cause also carries out continuous reform and innovation. New educational ideas and new educational methods have been attracting people’s attention. More and more people are pursuing higher education level. School education should not only pay attention to the progress of students’ academic performance and the sound personality quality, but also pay attention to the implementation of physical education and help students carry out appropriate physical exercise, so as to exercise students’ physique and make them realize the importance of physical exercise. As an important link in school physical education teaching, classroom teaching design has a very important influence on teaching quality and classroom teaching effect. For the Internet mobile information system, it can not only improve the ability of physical education teachers to control the teaching process, but also make the teaching objectives and content, teaching strategies and methods, and teaching evaluation formulated by physical education teachers more systematic, thus improving the teaching quality and professional development of physical education teachers. Abundant online teaching resources provide teachers with a powerful information resource database for lesson preparation and teaching. Learners can access teaching resources at any time through the Internet mobile information system. The Internet mobile information system provides a variety of file sharing methods for teachers and students to share physical education resources. Teachers and students forward and share teaching-related resources anytime and anywhere through the network platform, which not only helps to strengthen the students’ ability to collect and process information, but also strengthens the communication and cooperation between students through the sharing of learning resources. This study aims to study the problems of university physical education classroom teaching from the perspective of the Internet mobile information system, find the problems existing in university physical education classroom teaching, reasonably solve the educational problems of university physical education classroom teaching, help the development of college sports, and help college students to carry out physical exercise and maintain a strong constitution. The methods adopted in this paper are as follows: firstly, inductive method is used to analyze the survey data; secondly, the case analysis method is used to study the characteristics of curriculum in colleges and universities; finally, after finding the existing problems, comparative research method is used to compare the influence of students, teachers, and leaders in charge on the existing education problems. The conclusion is the lack of theoretical guidance and concept carding in college physical education makes students not form a good lifelong sports consciousness; the positive influence of physical exercise on a person greatly promotes the development of personal lifelong sports; there are unreasonable phenomena in the arrangement of physical education teaching in colleges and universities. The training mode of colleges and universities is mainly based on social practice, and extracurricular activities are mainly for it. In addition, there is a small amount of in-class teaching.