International Water Management Institute Research Articles

Comparative performance assessment of pilot irrigation schemes in Uganda

Irrigation schemes across sub-Saharan Africa are constructed with the intention of increasing agricultural production to increase food security, reduce poverty and improve economic growth. However, most of these schemes are not performing as expected. This study therefore, diagnosed performance gaps in the pilot irrigation schemes of Mubuku and Doho in Uganda and analysed sustainable improvement options. Data was collected through systematic review of literature and scheme data, direct measurements at the schemes, field surveys, inspections, and key informant interviews. For each scheme, data for climate, irrigation, flow measurements, crop yields and farm gate prices were collected. Comparative indicators of agricultural output, water supply, financial and physical sustainability were used to assess scheme performance using standard approaches by International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The findings showed that the schemes were not performing optimally with crop yields being far below the attainable potential. The major contributing factors to the low performance were low water use efficiency and low agricultural output. Poor flow control, poor water distribution, and poor on-farm water application contributed to low water use efficiency. Low agricultural production was attributed to poor crop yields resulting from poor agronomic practices, poor irrigation scheduling and low produce prices. The financial self-sufficiency indicator pointed to farmers’ inability to operate and maintain irrigation schemes effectively. Improving the irrigation schemes performance requires a multidisciplinary approach targeting the improvement water use efficiency and agricultural output.

Evaluation of Water Balance and Water Use Efficiency with the Development of Water-Saving Irrigation in the Yanqi Basin Irrigation District of China

Irrigation water is the main type of water consumption in the Yanqi Basin irrigation district of Xinjiang, which is an oasis-type irrigation district in the arid region of Northwest China. With the continuous expansion of cultivated areas, there is an increasing demand for irrigation water, resulting in an irrigation efficiency paradox and the phenomenon of “the more water-saving, the more water-scarce”. In this study, the water balance method and the improved IWMI (International Water Management Institute) water balance method were used with remote sensing and statistical data from 1980 to 2020 to analyze the changes in the irrigation water supply, consumption, and loss for improvement in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in the Yanqi Basin. The results showed that there was an upward trend in the cultivated land area in the irrigation district of Yanqi Basin, as monitored with remote sensing from 1980 to 2020, and the values from the remote sensing data were higher than those from the yearbooks. According to the remote sensing data, the arable land area in the irrigation district increased from 1672 km2 in 1980 to 2494 km2 in 2020, thus showing a trend of expansion. The traditional water use efficiency in the irrigation district showed an increasing trend. The lowest value for the field water-use coefficient was 0.70 in 1998, and it exceeded to 0.81 from 2009 to 2020. The canal water-use coefficient was as low as 0.50 in 1998 and increased from 0.54 in 2009 to 0.82 in 2020. The irrigation water-use coefficient increased from 0.35 in 1998 to 0.68 in 2020, with a general upward trend. In this study, the water consumption ratio indicator DFg (depleted fraction), determined using the improved water balance method, increased from 0.8390 in 1980 to 0.8562 in 2020, although it showed an overall decreasing trend, and the average was 0.8436. Cultivated land’s actual irrigation water consumption per unit area reached the highest value of 8.41 × 106 m3/hm2/a in 2011 and the minimum value of 4.01 × 106 m3/hm2/a in 2020, and from 1980 to 2020 it showed a decreasing trend, while the total water diversion showed an increasing trend due to the continuous expansion of arable land. From 1980 to 2020, water diversion into the irrigation district changed from 1.214 km3 to 1.000 km3, and it reached a maximum of 1.593 km3 in 2000; water diversion into the irrigation district showed an overall upward trend. The positive impact of the post-2000 water conservation phase with the adaptation of water-saving irrigation technology was clear, as the findings showed an increase in IWUE in the Yanqi Basin irrigation district. These results provide a theoretical basis for breaking the paradox of irrigation efficiency, which can be used in the water resource management of irrigation districts.

Scrutinizing the Hydrological Responses of Chennai, India Using Coupled SWAT-FEM Model under Land Use Land Cover and Climate Change Scenarios

This study implemented a coupled SWAT-FEM simulation model to evaluate the impacts of land use land cover and climate change scenarios (LCS) on the water resources of river catchments in Chennai, India. The land use land cover data were obtained by merging the source data from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) and International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Climate change simulations were obtained from four global climate models (GCM), including GFDL Baseline Scenario (1981–2000), GFDL A1B Scenario (2081–2100), CCSM4 Baseline Scenario (1986–2005), and CCSM4 A1B Scenario (2081–2100). The LCS predicted temperature increases of 2.32 °C and 1.74 °C for GFDL and CCSM4, respectively, by the end of the century. The water use predictions suggested increases above 20% in the utilization of water by 2100, inferring the noticeable dynamics of inter-annual as well as inter-month variability in water resources in the river basins of Chennai soon. The study is novel through its implementation of a coupled modeling approach to improve the practicality of the SWAT-FEM model and to deliver useful projections of land and climate change impacts on hydrological responses. The results provide useful insights into how the variability in climate conditions alters the spatiotemporal water responses in catchment scales.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Groundwater Access and Its Management: Making the Invisible Visible

The sustainable management of groundwater resources is required to avoid a water crisis. The current study focused on a bibliometric analysis of groundwater access and management to assess research progress. The study was based on data from Dimensions.ai generated using the search terms “Groundwater”, “access”, and “management” for the period from 1985 to 2022. A total of 534 documents were identified as relevant and retrieved in CSV format. The intellectual structure of the retrieved data was visualized and analyzed using VoS viewer software (version 1.6.18). The analysis showed that the field of earth sciences had the highest number of publications on groundwater access and management (358), followed by the environmental sciences (155). Most of the articles (267) were about Sustainable Development Goal 6, which focuses on ensuring access to clean water and sanitation. The co-authorship analysis for the countries indicated that the United States has the most impact and research, and all other countries have established clusters around it. The citation analysis of the organizations showed that the International Water Management Institute, Charles Sturt University, and Wageningen University and Research were the top three organizations in terms of total citations (825, 611, and 584, respectively), indicating the most effect. The citation analysis for the sources indicated that the “Water” journal had a greater impact on readers with respect to groundwater research. Numerous parties are involved in the groundwater investigation; hence, a broad multidisciplinary approach is required. Therefore, researchers should work together rather than alone to address the problem of sustainable groundwater management.

Intercomparison of Estimates of Reference Evapotranspiration of Surat Region of Gujarat, India

Evapotranspiration is a vital parameter for irrigation planning and management, and for hydrological and climatological studies. This can be estimated by using Blaney-Criddle (BC), Thornthwaite (TW), Hargreaves (HG) and Penman-Monteith (PM) methods. Out of these methods, BC and TW are known as temperature based whereas HG is radiation based and PM is based on Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report on crop water requirements. This paper illustrates a study on comparison on estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) obtained from temperature, radiation and FAO based methods for Surat region. The meteorological data such as air temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours observed at Surat region for the period 2001 to 2016 is used. In addition, the wind speed and solar radiation data is downloaded from the International Water Management Institute website and used in estimation of ETo using PM. The performance of the methods used in estimation of ETo is evaluated through regression analysis by developing a linear regression between the observed and estimated values of ETo using BC, TW and HG, and FAO based PM. The results of linear regression analysis indicated that there is a good line of agreement between the observed and estimated ETo using PM with CC of 0.968 when compared with those values of BC, TW and HG. The study show that the PM is better suited amongst four methods applied in estimating the ETo for Surat region, Gujarat.

Climate-Smart Initiatives in Sri Lankan Agriculture Sector: Experience and Perspectives in Solar Powered Water Pumping for Sustainable Crop Production

The availability of low cost and long-lasting water pumping technology is a dream of every farmer. In Sri Lanka, fuel or electricity-powered water pumps are used to irrigate thousands of hectares of field crops, Vegetables, and fruits. Based on the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) survey conducted in the year 2000, there are about 50,000 agro-wells in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. More than 110,000 pumps are used to pump water from those wells. The fuel cost is the biggest burden for the farmers, which results in a high cost of production. The use of solar energy for water pumping is a promising alternative to conventional electricity and fuel-based water pumping systems. Solar-powered water pumping is based on photovoltaic (PV) technology that converts solar energy into electrical energy to run a DC or AC type water pump. This paper presents a comparative analysis of economic and environmental benefits associated with solar water pumping systems against fuel-based water pumping systems. The analyses were based on practical experience over 50 acres of land cultivated for export-oriented Green Cucumber by 100 members of Tempitiya Farmer Organization in Ampara District of Sri Lanka. It concluded that the solar water pumping system is advantageous compared to a fuel-based pump in terms of economic and environmental aspects.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN RUGERAMIGOZI MARSHLAND, RWANDA

Evaluating irrigation schemes contributes to the identification of performance gaps and this may lead to implementation of necessary improvements for enhancing agricultural productivity. In Rwanda, despite significant investments in irrigated agriculture, most of the irrigation schemes are performing far below their planned capacity. This study aimed at benchmarking the performance of Rugeramigozi 1 and Rugeramigozi 2 irrigation schemes located in Rugeramigozi marshland, Rwanda using irrigation indicators developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The study showed that land productivity for both the two irrigation schemes was generally low. Rugeramigozi 2 irrigation scheme had superior performance than Rugeramigozi 1 in terms of water productivity due to adoption of deficit irrigation strategies that promoted water conservation. The performance indicators for water service delivery showed that water use was more sufficient in Rugeramigozi 1 compared to Rugeramigozi 2 irrigation scheme. The water delivery capacity performance for both schemes revealed that the existing irrigation canals were sufficient to meet the irrigation water requirements at peak demand. The analysis of financial performance in both schemes indicated that the collected irrigation fees were inadequate to cover the operation and maintenance costs. Similarly, the gross returns on investment were low in both irrigation schemes due to low crop yields that generated low revenue for farmers. Overall, the performance indicators showed that both Rugeramigozi 1 and Rugeramigozi 2 irrigation schemes were in need of intensive management and infrastructural improvements in order to increase productivity and enhance sustainability of the schemes.

More Irrigated Crop Production with Less Water Use

Three major performance indicators developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI, 1998) are used in this paper to evaluate the performance of the irrigated crops in the region according to the commonly followed practices among farmers as compared with their performance under conditions of much improved irrigation management and agricultural practices. These indicators include the Standardized Gross Value Production (SGVP), the unit area production output (crop yield or its financial value per hectare) and the unit volume of irrigation water production output (crop yield or its financial value per cubic meter). The comparison between the two agricultural practices indicated that the unit area output of the common practices among farmers did not exceed 6483 Libyan Dinars / hectare, while that under the improved practices was 11605 Libyan Dinars / hectare. The unit volume of irrigation water output for the common practices was 0.63 Libyan Dinar / cubic meter, while that under the improved practices reached 1.63 Libyan Dinar / cubic meter. These results clearly show the importance of the applied performance indicators in the assessment and clarification of the economic impacts of any introduced interventions aiming at the improvement of and/or the differentiation among irrigation management practices and alternative agricultural cropping systems.

Estimación temprana del rendimiento de la cosecha de trigo en el distrito de riego 038, Río Mayo, Sonora, México

In Irrigation District No. 38, Rio Mayo, in the state of Sonora, Mexico, wheat cultivation represents around 70 % of the area under irrigation (around 68,000 ha), so several studies have been performed with the aim of relating the crop yields with values of the NDVI index obtained from images by satellites Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and Deimos, as well as with estimations of evapotranspiration of the crops (ETc), evaluated through two methods, with the ETc = K cb *ETr relation (ETr, Reference evapotranspiration), where K cb is estimated as a function of the NVDI index, and through the MATRIC moisture balance method. Specifically, for the early estimation, a relationship between the yield and the value obtained with the NDVI index during the crop’s flowering has been considered, a time when it generally achieves its highest value and because there are enough antecedents in the literature, among them studies performed by the International Water Management Institute and “Colegio de Postgraduados”, which stand out. However, this NDVI value is not enough for the estimation, so the value accumulated from heat units can be used, as will be shown in this article. On the other hand, in order to communicate the conditions of their crops to agricultural producers, viewers have been built, accessible through the Internet or local networks. Also, as part of the PLEIADeS and SIRIUS projects, financed by the European Commission, where the authors collaborate, the SPIDER viewer was created, which allows observing the NDVI and ETc values in each plot, although there are others, one designed by one of the authors and another by a doctoral student from Colegio de Postgraduados; the latter is installed in the Irrigation District. To calibrate the methodology proposed in estimating the probable yield, operations staff from the irrigation district performed measurements of the yields in several plots, with the objective of finding a function between the yields and the NDVI values during the crop’s flowering.

Turning concepts into community driven catchment water management solutions: Foreword to the special HELP edition

This special volume consists of selected papers from the Symposium titled 'HELP in Action : Local Solutions to Global Water Problems - Lessons from the South' which was held at the Emperor's Palace, Johannesburg, South Africa from 4 to 9 November 2007. This symposium was ably hosted by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) South Africa, in partnership with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the Water Research Commission (WRC), the Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN).

Coming to grips with water security in the face of climate change

In a landmark study published a decade ago, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) suggested that under likely scenarios the world’s freshwater supplies should be adequate to meet future demands from agriculture, industry and other sectors. A lot has happened since then that makes it difficult today to frame this essentially accurate conclusion in such optimistic terms. It is clear now that, without significant improvement in water management, we can no longer assure sustainable development in the face of climate change and related pressures.

Modernized Irrigation Technologies in West Africa

Crop production in West Africa is mostly dependent upon rainfed agriculture. Irrigation is a vital need due to uneven distribution of rainfall and seasonality of water resources. However, management and sustainability of irrigation are under risk due to notably weak database, excessive cost, unappropriate soil or land use, environmental problems and extreme pessimism in some quarters since rainfed agriculture is seen as potentially able to support the present population. This paper focuses on modernized irrigation technologies and systems that utilize less water. Information about irrigation systems in Ghana and Liberia were gathered through: 1) Irrigation development authorities in both countries, by reviewing past literatures, online publications, reports and files about irrigation in West Africa, specifically Ghana and Liberia; 2) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 3) Collation of information, reports and data from Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA) and 4) International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The result shows that both countries have higher irrigation potential. However, the areas developed for irrigation is still a small portion as compare to the total land available for irrigation. On the other hand, as seen in the result, Liberia as compare to Ghana has even low level of irrigation development.

SWEET CubeSat – Water detection and water quality monitoring for the 21st century

Water scarcity and contamination of clean water have been identified as major challenges of the 21st century, in particular for developing countries. According to the International Water Management Institute, about 30% of the world's population does not have reliable access to clean water. Consequently, contaminated water contributes to the death of about 3 million people every year, mostly children. Access to potable water has been proven to boost education, equality and health, reduce hunger, as well as help the economy of the developing world. Currently used in-situ water monitoring techniques are sparse, and often difficult to execute. Space-based instruments will help to overcome these challenges by providing means for water level and water quality monitoring of medium-to-large sweet (fresh) water reservoirs. Data from hyperspectral imaging instruments on past and present governmental missions, such as Envisat and Aqua, has been used for this purpose. However, the high cost of large multi-purpose space vessels, and the lack of dedicated missions limits the continuous monitoring of inland and coastal water quality. The proposed CubeSat mission SWEET (Sweet Water Earth Education Technologies) will try to fill this gap. The SWEET concept is a joint effort between the Technical University of Munich, the German Space Operations Center and the African Steering Committee of the IAF. By using a novel Fabry-Perot interferometer-based hyperspectral imager, the mission will deliver critical data directly to national water resource centers in Africa with an unmatched cost per pixel ratio and high temporal resolution. Additionally, SWEET will incorporate education of students in CubeSat design and water management. Although the aim of the mission is to deliver local water quality and water level data to African countries, further coverage could be achieved with subsequent satellites. Finally, a constellation of SWEET-like CubeSats would extend the coverage to the whole planet, delivering daily data to ensure reliable access to clean water for millions of people worldwide.

The potential benefits of rainwater harvesting for households in the Jaffna Peninsula

Recent development activities in the Jaffna Peninsula are threatening the viability of the region’s natural groundwater supply. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) represents one important approach to remedying this situation. By accumulating freshwater during Jaffna’s wet season, household RWH systems can supply drinking and cooking water for use during the water-limited dry season. Additionally, a RWH calculator created by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) can be used to customize a RWH system for each family given particular household parameters such as rooftop size and daily extraction rate. When paired with cost estimates for tank construction, a RWH installation cost-benefit analysis can be determined for either a specific household or for a collection of households within the Jaffna region.

More Crop Per Drop - Revisiting a research paradigm: results and synthesis of IWMI's research 1996-2005

This volume is an analytical summary and a critical synthesis of research at the International Water Management Institute over the past decade under its evolving research paradigm known popularly as ‘more crop per drop’. The research synthesized here covers the full range of issues falling in the larger canvas of water-food-health-environment interface. Besides its immediate role in sharing knowledge with the research, donor, and policy communities, this volume also has a larger purpose of promoting a new way of looking at the water issues within the broader development context of food, livelihood, health and environmental challenges. More crop per drop: Revisiting a research paradigm contrasts the acquired wisdom and fresh thinking on some of the most challenging water issues of our times. It describes new tools, approaches, and methodologies and also illustrates them with practical application both from a global perspective and within the local and regional contexts of Asia and Africa. Since this volume brings together all major research works of IWMI, including an almost exhaustive list of citations, in one single set of pages, it is very valuable not only as a reference material for researchers and students but also as a policy tool for decision-makers and development agencies. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843391128 (Print) ISBN: 9781780402284 (eBook)

Early Estimate of Wheat Yield in Irrigation District Nº 38, Rio Mayo, Sonora, Mexico

At the irrigation district No 38, Rio Mayo, in Sonora State, Mexico, crop wheat accounts for about 70% of the area under irrigation (about 68,000 ha). Whereby, water users have requested studies aimed to find a method to obtain early crop yield estimation for wheat, using vegetation indices. These values have been obtained from Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Deimos satellites images. Other studies have been done to estimates crop evapotranspiration (ETc), assessed by two methods, by the relationship: ETc = Kcb * ETr, (ETr reference evapotranspiration) where Kcb is evaluated as a function of NDVI, and by the method of moisture balance (MATRIC algorithm). Specifically, for early crop yield estimate it has been considered a relationship with the value of the index NDVI at heading of the crop, time when usually achieves its maximum value. There is sufficient background in literature about this kind of relationships among them, the works carried out by the International Water Management Institute in India. Moreover, to assure farmers know their crop conditions, there have built a couple of viewers, accessible in the WEB page of the district. So, as part of the PLEIADeS and SIRIUS projects funded by the European Commission, in which the authors’ collaborated, the SPIDER viewer where developed and used for shows values of NDVI on each farm in this district; in addition there is other viewer developed by one of the authors which is available for transfer information to water users. To calibrate the proposed methodology to calculate relationship between the NDVI and the crop yield, the staff of the extension service has been working in measuring yields in many plots within the district, results are presenting in this work.

Assessment the socio-economic drought vulnerability index in the Red River delta

During recent years, the situation of drought, lack of water for developing economy have been an increasing. In order to cope efficiently with drought disaster, it is necessary to determine ability of economy when it has to confront the lack of water. Depending on economic structures of the Red River Delta , it is first time, this report apply socio-economic drought vulnerability index (SDI) to evaluate sensitive levels of economy on the drought and lack of water. Analyzing the indexes rely on consider that it contributes higher into gross domestic product (GDP) from non-agriculture area and lower percentage on agriculture labors as well as diversified crop plants. On the basis of city/provincial statistical data, in continuous 13 years (from 2000 to 2012), it has been determined the sensitive drought indexes (SDI) for each city/province and the whole area. The results of SDI in the Red River Delta in the period of 2000 - 2013 have reflected transfer of the economic structure as well as the economic growth rate of the area, the SDI in the Red River Delta is directly proportional to density of agriculture branch for the gross domestic product (GDP) and it shows the real situation of sensitive level of agriculture branch when it happens drought and lack of water. The index is frame tool for “drought total management” and scientific principles in order to adjust suitability for using water resources toward the drought total management, making suitable strategy proposals including land management policy and national resources.ReferencesNguyễn Lập Dân, 2010: Nghiên cứu cơ sở khoa học quản lý hạn hán và sa mạc hóa để xây dựng hệ thống quản lý, đề xuất các giải pháp chiến lược và tổng thể giảm thiểu tác hại: nghiên cứu điển hình cho ĐBSH và Nam Trung Bộ. Báo cáo tổng kết đê tài KHCN trọng điểm cấp Nhà nước, KC 08-23/06-10, lưu trữ tại Cục thông tin khoa học và công nghệ quốc gia, Bộ KH&CN, Hà Nội. Nguyễn Văn Dân, 2010: Nghiên cứu giải pháp đảm bảo cấp nước mùa kiệt các hệ thống thủy lợi ĐBSH. Báo cáo tổng kết đề tài. Lưu trữ Bộ NN&PTNT. Jülich, S. 2006: Drought risk indicators for assessing rural households. Presentation made at Global Water Hotspots: Water-related social vulnerabilities and resilience-building, Summer Academy for Social. Vũ Thị Thu Lan, Hoàng Thanh Sơn, 2013: Thực trạng và nguyên nhân thiếu nước vùng ĐBSH, Tạp chí Các Khoa học về Trái Đất 4, T.35, (4), tr.374-380. Vũ Thị Thu Lan, Đỗ Minh Phương, Lê Nhị Thủy, Lại Tiến Vinh, 2014: Xác định hạn hán vùng ĐBSH qua chỉ số mức độ khô hạn nhiệt độ - thực vật (TDVI), Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ 19, 40, Hà Nội. Nishadi Eriyagama, 2010: Mapping Drought Patterns and Impacts: A Global Perspective, IWMI Research Report 133, International Water Management Institute P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Nguyễn Văn Thắng, 2015: Nghiên cứu và xây dựng công nghệ dự báo và cảnh báo sớm hạn hán ở Việt Nam. Báo cáo tổng kết Đề tài KHCN cấp Nhà nước KC08-17/11-15. Lưu trữ tại Cục thông tin khoa học và công nghệ quốc gia, Bộ KH&CN, Hà Nội. Trần Thục, Koos Neefjes, 2015: Báo cáo đặc biệt của Việt Nam về quản lý rủi ro thiên tai và các hiện tượng cực đoan nhằm thúc đẩy thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu, Nxb. Tài nguyên - Môi trường và Bản đồ Việt Nam, Hà Nội (451 trang). Tổng cục thống kê, Niên giám thống kê của 10 tỉnh, thành phố thuộc ĐBSH (Tp. Hà Nội, Tp. Hải Phòng, Vĩnh Yên, Bắc Ninh, Hải Dương, Hưng Yên, Hà Nam, Nam Định, Thái Bình, Ninh Bình) từ năm 2000 đến năm 2012. UNDP, 2012: Báo cáo phát triển con người năm 2012 của Liên Hiệp Quốc.

Analysis of Irrigation Systems Employing Comparative Performance Indicators: A Benchmark Study for National Irrigation and Communal Irrigation Systems in Cagayan River Basin

Comparative performance analysis of four irrigation schemes within Cagayan River Basin was assessed using comparative performance indicators between the years 2008 and 2012. The objectives were to establish benchmarks for both productivity and performance of irrigation schemes along the valley and to inquire whether small schemes function better than large schemes. The performance evaluation study of the systems composed of three general performance indicators, based on three domains—(1) system operation performance; (2) agricultural productivity and economics; (3) financial performance. Each indicator was assessed based on the prescribed descriptors used by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Analysis showed an overall system performance efficiency of 59%, 55%, 47% and 36% for Magat River Integrated Irrigation System (MARIIS), Lucban, Garab and Divisoria Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS), respectively. In terms of annual productivity performance, Lucban CIS dominates the three other systems with 0.35 kg/m, which was classified as moderately performing system, while the rest were classified with low productivity index. Financial sustainability of the systems were extremely poor with cost recovery ratio of 0, 0.33, 0.41 and 0.49 for Divisoria, Garab, Lucban and MARIIS, respectively, which were exceptionally below the standard value of at least one. Also, analysis of the indicators revealed that on average, large schemes performed similarly to small-scale schemes, but small schemes were more variable, particularly in input-use efficiency. The benchmarking study will provide strategic information to policy makers of agricultural and irrigation agencies on the existing weaknesses of irrigation systems in the country and determine in a more quantifiable terms levels of potential improvement and intervention targets.

Early Estimate of Wheat Yield in Irrigation District N0 38, Rio Mayo, Sonora, Mexico

At the irrigation district No 38, Rio Mayo, in Sonora State, Mexico, crop wheat accounts for about 70% of the area under irrigation (about 68,000 ha). Whereby, water users have requested studies aimed to find a method to obtain early crop yield estimation for wheat, using vegetation indices. These values have been obtained from Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Deimos satellites images. Other studies have been done to estimates crop evapotranspiration (ETc), assessed by two methods, by the relationship: ETc = Kcb * ETr, (ETr reference evapotranspiration) where Kcb is evaluated as a function of NDVI, and by the method of moisture balance (MATRIC algorithm). Specifically, for early crop yield estimate it has been considered a relationship with the value of the index NDVI at heading of the crop, time when usually achieves its maximum value. There is sufficient background in literature about this kind of relationships among them, the works carried out by the International Water Management Institute in India. Moreover, to assure farmers know their crop conditions, there have built a couple of viewers, accessible in the WEB page of the district. So, as part of the PLEIADeS and SIRIUS projects funded by the European Commission, in which the authors’ collaborated, the SPIDER viewer where developed and used for shows values of NDVI on each farm in this district; in addition there is other viewer developed by one of the authors which is available for transfer information to water users. To calibrate the proposed methodology to calculate relationship between the NDVI and the crop yield, the staff of the extension service has been working in measuring yields in many plots within the district, results are presenting in this work.

Outline of Japan Funded Research Project at International Water Management Institute

Outline of Japan Funded Research Project at International Water Management Institute