International Union Of Biological Sciences Research Articles

Biological education in changing sociocultural conditions

The article discusses the issues facing the biological education of schoolchildren as a unique tool for the development of biological literacy of the individual and society, designed to ensure their preservation, safety and adaptation to various changes. Biological literacy is important for all age and professional categories, especially for socalled nonbiologists, who are responsible for making biosphere - and socially signifcant decisions, but unfortunately do not possess it. It develops mainly in the process of learning at school. According to our ideas, we defne three levels of its formation - academic, functional, and system. The last two levels are aimed at mastering knowledge and developing metacompetencies (cognitive, communicative, activity, value), scientifc outlook and personal qualities in the process of mastering the subject. For its formation, we have developed a conceptual didactic system of training on an integrative basis. The practice of implementation in schools, universities and teachers ‘ professional development in the educational process has shown its efectiveness. It was submitted to the Commission on biological education of the International union of biological sciences at UNESCO, which initiated the development of bioliteracy in the world at the conference in Moscow (1997). The article analyzes the results of its own, as well as international studies (TIMMS, PISA 2015, 2018.; TALIS, 2018) problems of biological education in the formation of bioliteracy in a changing sociocultural and ecological settings in recent years (biology and environmental challenges, digitalization of the educational environment, pandemic 2019-2020, etc.). They indicate the need for an early response from the educational community. Among them: the problem of reducing the educational time of mastering subjects of the biological cycle, which has a systemnetwork nature. That leads to many interrelated consequences; lack of awareness of teachers in the real results of educational achievements of schoolchildren; replacement of biology lessons with other subjects; outdated content of biological subjects, and some others. Despite the unsatisfactory results in the formation of biological literacy and related metacompetencies, the latter are currently perceived by teachers as a secondary need. The article discusses the reasons that lead to such results. The issue of the content of biological education remains unresolved. We believe that training programs should be updated by including knowledge, for example, in virology, microbiology, immunology, epidemiology and other branches of biology, as well as translating the acquired knowledge into the practice of everyday life. Today it will be in demand among all categories of citizens. For the development of biological literacy, the process of mastering digital technologies is important, as a new means of learning and a vector of selfdevelopment, which requires the use of activity control by biology teachers and parents in practice. The results of the study of schoolchildrens’ learning problems can be used in the modernization of biological education at all levels of education, including in improving the skills of teachers.

History of research of phytomass of steppe vegetable groupments in reserve steppe «Askania-Nova»

Complex research of productive processes of ecosystems of different level was begun by the International union of biological sciences (International Union of Biological Sciences – IUBS), that in 1964 initiated development of the International biological program (International Biological Program, IBP) for research of the biological productivity of biogeocenosis of dry land and reservoirs. Scientists from many countries, that participated in execution put IBP of tasks, investigated the biological productivity of natural and created by the man of vegetable and animal community in the scale of all planet. Research of the biological productivity and phytomass on territory of dry steppe in Askania-Nova began to carry out yet 150 over back. Unfortunately, there were protracted gaps in researches, however, beginning from 1949 they can be considered continuous. And without regard to the slump of interest in the study of the productivity in 1990–2000, in Biosphere reserve «Askania-Nova», due to the active collective of scientists, research not interrupted. Therefore the far of fact sheets accumulated as a result of the advanced study of many researchers. In summarizing works for histories of botanical researches of askanian steppe authors anymore paid attention to description of history of reserve, in works the given description of researchers of the protected steppe with pointing of direction of their works, analysis of succession changes of vegetation, research of change of floristic composition, but the results of study of phytomass are not almost lighted up. Thus there was an urgent necessity of estimation and generalization up-to-date development of science of previous works of scientists in relation to above-ground and underground phytomass of vegetable community of askanian steppe. Aim of this work : to systematize and conduct the retrospective review of the advanced studies there are the lighted up results of research of above-ground and underground phytomass of vegetable community of askanian steppe in that. Materials scientific publications served as for work, scientific current documentation of Biosphere reserve «Askania-Nova» the names of F. E. Falz-Fein and Askania Nova institute of animal breeding in the steppe regions named after M. F. Ivanov. The worked out sources were brought to the bibliographic database, spreadsheet of Microsoft Excel executed in a format. To the table basic descriptions of literary source were brought in: the name of work, year of publication, name of edition, direction of researches, short annotation. For this temporal segment 3 stages of researches are distinguished: І (1842–1948) – for it typical works of descriptive direction; ІІ (1948–1990) – the subjects of the advanced studies of ecological direction are distinguished; ІІІ (1990 till this time) is appearance of the advanced studies sanctified to the study of phytomass by means of the new controlled from distance methods of research. First period protracted, but it only through considerable interruption in researches after works of F. Teetzmann in 1845, up to 1924, when in the Askania-Nova begins to work M. S. Shalyt. And this period differs in the least amount of the written works (4). The considerable are accumulated the archived materials on phytomass give an opportunity more detailed to describe her changes and dynamics.

Rosemary Lowe‐McConnell 1921–2014 (Freshwater Biological Association and British Museum of Natural History)

Rosemary Lowe‐McConnell 1921–2014 (Freshwater Biological Association and British Museum of Natural History)

Systems & Synthetic Industrial Biotechnology

AbstractCover illustrationThis Special Issue on “Systems and Synthetic Approaches to Industrial Biotechnology” compiles the outcomes of the minisymposiumat the 31st General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). Implementation of systems biology and synthetic biology approaches in engineering industrial microbes and processes provides a promising and straight‐forward approach to linking basic and application‐inspired research. The cover represents the various concepts involved in systems and synthetic biotechnology. Image: © kytalpa – Fotolia.com.

Basic research: Issues with animal experimentations

In vivo studies using the animals are helpful in developing the treatment strategies as they are important link between the successful in vitro testing and safe human use. Various research projects in the field of fixation of fractures, development of newer biomaterials, chemotherapeutic drugs, use of stem cells in nonunion of fractures and cartilage defects etc., have hugely depended on animal experimentation. The employment of animals in experiments is both scientific and ethical issue. There must be reasonable reasons to show that it will significantly advance the present knowledge and lead to improvement in care. The regulatory bodies exist for humane use and care of animals used for experiments e.g., International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, International Union of Biological Sciences, International Committee on Laboratory Animals. In India, Indian National Science Academy, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences promote high standards of laboratory animal quality, care and health. The Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals guidelines are well defined and is a must read document for any one interested to carry out research with animal facilities.

World Federation for Culture Collections: professionals underpinning microbial systematics

The World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC) is a multidisciplinary commission of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) and a Federation within the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS). The WFCC is concerned with the collection, authentication, maintenance and distribution of cultures of microorganisms and cultured cells. Its aim is to promote and support the establishment of culture collections and related services, to provide liaison and networking between the collections and their users, to organise workshops and conferences, publications and newsletters and work to ensure the long-term perpetuation of important collections.

In Remembrance: Professor Qian Ying‐Qian (1932–2010)

In Remembrance: Professor Qian Ying‐Qian (1932–2010)

“Beyond BIO2010: Celebration and Opportunities” at the Intersection of Mathematics and Biology

With this special edition of CBE-LSE, which focuses on connections between and integration of the biological and mathematical sciences, it is especially fitting that we report on an important symposium, Beyond BIO2010: Celebration and Opportunities,1 which was held at the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in Washington, D.C. on May 21–22, 2010. This symposium was organized to assess what progress has been made in addressing the challenges and recommendations in the National Research Council's (NRC) report: BIO2010: Transforming Undergraduate Education for Future Research Biologists (NRC, 2003a ). Most of the presentations and posters at this event emphasized the increasing connections of the life and mathematical sciences in undergraduate education. The symposium was initiated by the U.S. National Committee to the International Union of Biological Sciences and was hosted by the National Academies' Board on Life Sciences.2

Integrative Zoology is proud to honor Darwin's legacy by supporting the study of biological and zoological sciences

The year 2009 marked the bicentenary of Charles Darwin’s birth, and for the last 12 months zoologists have been reminded of the enormous contribution that Darwin made to our understanding of the natural world. We have celebrated his contribution in workshops and symposia, often in association with other professional bodies like the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), but more importantly for this journal, we have celebrated Darwin’s work through publication of how his work has impacted upon present day science. Darwin would have been delighted with the understanding that has arisen through our discoveries in molecular biology. He would have been overjoyed with knowledge of the nature of DNA, but I suspect he would have been surprised, perhaps even alarmed at the impact that humans have had on the environment and the effect that this has had on the biosphere. We are well aware that environments change, and the geological record is testament to this, but it is the rapidity with which this change is occurring that is of concern. We have lost many taxa already, and sadly we will lose many more – perhaps even before they are described. The biological science community has taken this plight on board, and our concerns have been recognized through the naming of 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity (the IUBS has gone a step further in naming the period 2010-1012 as the Triennium for Biodiversity). How we communicate our concerns, not just to the scientific community, but beyond, will be a measure of us as bioscientists – i.e. as guardians of the Earth’s biosphere. Integrative Zoology provides a vehicle for us to demonstrate our concerns , for only through adopt ion of multidisciplinary approaches can we anticipate mitigation of the enormous damage we have caused in the environment. An integrative approach is not just a desire, it is an imperative. We can be confident that the journal Integrative Zoology will be an important vehicle for change, and we are delighted to be able to report that it has been indexed in the ISI Web of Science – recognition that we have reached a high level of credibility in science communication. This issue of Integrative Zoology focuses upon the biological consequences of climate change. We hope that readers will find papers that will inspire, challenge and provide insight into how we may better manage our natural world.

Darwin’s legacy

The year 2009 has been a year of numerous commemorations of both scientific and non-scientific achievements that contributed to the advancement of human kind. Protestants celebrated the 500th anniversary of the birth of Calvin; literary critics celebrated the 200th anniversary of the poet Edgar Allan Poe; and the musical genius Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy was also born 200 years ago. 2009 further marked the bicentennial of the birth of Louis Braille, the inventor of Braille; and Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, who founded the National Academy of Sciences. Pierre Curie, famous for his work on radioactivity that he conducted together with his wife Marie Curie, was born 150 ago; as was John Dewey, a philosopher and psychologist who is recognized as one of the founding fathers of both pragmatism as well as functional psychology. UNESCO and the International Astronomical Union dubbed 2009 the International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009, http://www.astronomy2009.org/). By doing so, astronomers celebrated the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei’s telescopic observations as well as the publication of Johannes Kepler’s Astronomia nova wherein he formulated the first two laws of planetary motion. 2009 also marked the last of a 3-year-long celebration of Planet Earth http://www.yearofplanetearth.org/, another UNESCO-governed initiative. However, for evolutionary biologists and philosophers of science, 2009 will be largely remembered for its worldwide commemorations of the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his magnum opus On the origin of species by means of natural selection. In order to pay tribute to Darwin’s major contribution to the advancement of evolutionary science, the International Union of Biological Sciences and the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science have called the year 2009 the Darwin Year http://darwin-year-2009.org/index.html. Given that so many scientific discoveries were commemorated, COPUS, the Coalition on the Public Understanding on Science, called out 2009 as the Year of Science http://www.yearofscience2009.org/home/, in the hope to pay equal tribute to both the field of biology as well as astronomy. 2009 was indeed a year of biology. Somewhat overshadowed by the big Darwin celebrations, smaller-scaled events were held to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the publication of Lamarck’s Philosophie Zoologique; and the 150th anniversary of the death of Alexander von Humboldt, the father of biogeography. In 1910, Constantin Mereschkowsky wrote his article on symbiogenesis entitled ‘The Theory of Two Plasmas as the Basis of Symbiogenesis, a New Study for the Origins of Organisms’. The N. Gontier Fund for Science and Technology, Portugal (FCT), Centre for Philosophy of Science, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

The XX International Congress of Zoology, 26–29 August 2008, Paris

International Congresses of Zoology (ICZ) provide an opportunity for zoologists working in different fields of zoology to meet and exchange their research and ideas. It is also a venue where topical issues facing the science of zoology, such as the biodiversity crisis, the teaching of zoology and ethics can be discussed. These Congresses were resurrected in 2000 in Athens and held again in Beijing in 2004. In an age of increasing reductionism and complex information management, having a general meeting of zoologists to discuss the whole animal is of vital service to our science. The XX International Congress of Zoology was jointly organized by the University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 6), National Museum of Natural History and the University of Paris-South (Paris 11). It was also strongly supported by the Region Ile-de-France, Linnean Society of London, International Union of Biological Sciences, National Centre for Scientific Research and the French National Institute for Agricultural Research. The ICZ held in Paris gathered together 460 attendants from 50 countries and took place in the Jussieu Campus, around the university P6 and the historic Grand Amphitheatre of the National Museum of Natural History. There were four plenary lectures: Professor Jules Hoffmann, President of the French Academy of Sciences presented ‘The antimicrobial defense of Drosophila: a paradigm for innate immunity’; Professor Rosa Polymeni discussed ‘Aristotle, founder of Zoology, when art imitates nature’; Professor Denis Duboule described ‘The rise and fall of Hox gene clusters’; and Professor Claus Nielsen presented his ideas on ‘Zoological systematics and phylogeny at the beginning of the 21 century’. Through 26 symposia, 223 oral communications and 223 poster presentations were delivered. Each symposium consisted of two to four keynote addresses followed by oral and poster communications. These symposia were titled: contemporary approaches in systematic zoology, mechanisms of speciation, animal genitalia in evolution, paleozoology and comparative anatomy, paleontology and evolution, biodiversity, genomics and ecology of protists, sex differentiation in vertebrates, evolution and development, transitions from clonal to sexual reproduction, comparative immunology, venomous animals and their venoms, integrative biology of acoustic communication, current trends in social insects, phenotypical plasticity and behavior, interdisciplinary approaches in ecology, ecotoxicology, marine organisms and symbiotic systems in extreme environments, ecological and evolutionary consequences of global climate evolution, studies of invasive animal species, comparative organogenesis in animals, Lamarck’s Philosophie Zoologique 200 years, a tribute to Darwin, diversity in teaching zoology. Last but not least was a special symposium organized by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature titled ‘Systema Naturae 250’, with Professor E. O. Wilson as a special guest. All Abstracts presented at the Congress are posted on the homepage of the International Society of Zoological Sciences (www.globalzoology.org).

Conrad H. Waddington: Towards a Theoretical Biology

A founding member of the Theoretical Biology Club, Conrad Hal Waddington was a pioneering theoretical biologist who was, in his own words, inspired by the philosophy espoused by the philosopher and metaphysician Alfred North Whitehead: “Thus my particular slant on evolution—a most unfashionable emphasis on the importance of the developing phenotype—is a fairly direct derivative from Whiteheadian-type metaphysics” (cited in Robertson 1977: 597). As a consequence, the phenotype was, for Waddington, a process—a concept that has more recently, with the advent of the present-day version of evolutionary developmental biology, gathered much attention. Waddington’s interest in theoretical biology, first fostered in the Theoretical Biology Club—whose members included embryologist Joseph Needham and his wife the biochemist Dorothy Needham, the biologist turned philosopher Joseph Woodger, the physicist (and some say “father of molecular biology”) John D. Bernal, the cell biologist E. Neville Willmer (long-time editor of Biological Reviews and author of the first book to comprehensively discuss the evolution of cells [Willmer 1970]), and the future Nobel Laureate Peter B. Medawar—found its most pronounced manifestation in his editorship of a four-volume series entitled Towards a Theoretical Biology (1968–1972, hereinafter, TTB). These volumes were the proceedings of four International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) meetings Waddington organized in the late 1960s and early 1970s at the Villa Serbelloni in Bellagio, Italy. Chance attendance at the IUBS general assembly in Amsterdam in July 1961 had resulted in Waddington being asked by the internationally renowned developmental biologist Paul Weiss to stand for President of the Union, an office that Waddington put to good use in advancing an in-depth and wide-ranging discussion on the theoretical and conceptual foundations of biology. We use this introduction to place into a conceptual context four of Waddington’s papers from TTB. The four papers, along with commentary on one of them (from TTB, Vol. 4) are reproduced in this issue. In addition, we also briefly discuss two papers published by Waddington in the journal Nature in 1941 and 1942. These are not reproduced here, but are readily available online in the digital archive of Nature or in Waddington’s collection of essays, The Evolution of an Evolutionist (Waddington 1975). These two papers together with Waddington’s seminal book Organisers and Genes (Waddington 1940) mark the beginning of Waddington’s theoretical and conceptual work on a causal theory of both development and evolution focused on the organism as, to use a current concept, a complex dynamical system. One of these papers lays out his thoughts on how developmental systems evolve, a topic that has come into considerable prominence and importance over the past decade. The second is a short but seminal paper on Waddington’s concept of canalization. The four papers reproduced here represent the core themes of TTB that are most connected to current conceptual discussions in evolutionary developmental biology. Our intention in making these papers available to a wider audience of theoretical biologists and by juxtaposing them with papers discussed at the Altenberg workshop is to stimulate discussions that take full advantage from the encounter of current problems with historical antecedents.

Biological Information Standards

Biological Information Standards

The Species Plantarum Project, an international collaborative initiative for higher plant taxonomy

SummaryBrummitt, R. K., Castroviejo, S., Chikuni, A. C., Orchard A. E., Smith, G. F. & Wagner, W. L.: The Species Plantarum Project, an international collaborative initiative for higher plant taxonomy. – Taxon 50: 1217–1230. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.Basic understanding of the higher plant resources of the world for the successful management of biodiversity requires international collaboration and the setting up of a global taxonomic database. Botanists at all levels should be involved in the taxonomic work, and biologists and conservationists need to be actively aware of the need for such work on a global basis. The database must include census, descriptive, and identification aspects. At present, existing available information is haphazardly distributed on library shelves and inadequately organised. Published data on threatened species have been shown to be hopelessly inaccurate. National and regional Floras may often portray a false perspective of the plants they include. The world's botanists have to organise themselves to pool their information, and substantial international funding is needed to support this. The Species Plantarum Project, set up in 1995 under the International Organisation for Plant Information affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), aims to overcome “the taxonomic impediment”, and is currently seeking appropriate funding. It responds to the priorities highlighted in the work programme being developed under the Global Taxonomy Initiative of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The project has an international Steering Committee representing all regions of the world, and aims to develop a further network of collaborators. Publication of data will be in both hard copy and electronic form. Instructions to contributors and accounts of five relatively small families have already been published in hard copy, and accounts of two further families totalling nearly 1000 species are in press. Future plans emphasise the need for capacity building in floristic work throughout the world. The project now invites the collaboration of taxonomists throughout the community, but the future of the project is dependent on funding being made available.

Freshwater biodiversity: An outlook of objectives, achievements, research fields, and co-operation

Abstract This paper reviews the issue of freshwater biodiversity, from the time of its introduction on national and international bases. The project was initiated in co-operation by the International Union of Biological Sciences, the International Society of Limnology Working Group on Biodiversity in Freshwater Ecosystems and the Hydrobiological Committee of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The first International Union of Biological Sciences International Workshop on Freshwater Biodiversity was convened at Balatonfüred, Hungary during 25-28 August 1996. A framework was developed and a wide scale project, BIODIVERSITAS, was worked out by Prof. Hiroya Kawanabe and Dr. Christian Lévesque. This project became one of the main issues of the International Union and has been incorporated into the activities of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Several national and international meetings have been held dealing with particular fields in relation to species richness of aquatic ecosystems so that the topic has became a broad scientific, social, popular, political and economic issue. Scientific questions already cover nearly all aspects of biodiversity, for example, how to measure indices, and how to manage and preserve species richness in the most endangered aquatic habitats. Inventorying, monitoring and conservation of biodiversity in freshwater are of vital importance. All freshwater plant and animal species (invertebrates and vertebrates) are more or less threatened by human activities. Any decrease in diversity of aquatic species may indicate harmful human impacts, and whenever these activities increase, the living world of rivers, lakes and reservoirs is degraded. The rehabilitation of degraded aquatic systems has been a major limnological issue all over the world. Freshwater biodiversity is studied in all types of habitats: lakes, reservoirs, rivers and wetlands and includes species from bacteria to aquatic vertebrates, and focuses on functional aspects and habitat differences (lake shores/ecotones, open waters and benthic habitats). Research on freshwater biodiversity can best be organized according to selected water bodies on different continents. The ‘status quo’ of freshwater stocks is of crucial importance on local, regional and global scales. A crucial point is the high-level training of specialists and improving public-relations in order to make communities understand all aspects concerning ecological crises (e.g., habitat and biodiversity erosion and their consequences on nature and human beings). However, special interest must also be afforded to soil and sediment biodiversity, microbial biodiversity, human dimensions and genetic diversity in both land and aquatic systems.

Towards an integrative biology research: a case study on adaptive and evolutionary trends of Miscanthus populations in Taiwan

A program of research named Towards an Integrative Biology (TAIB) has recently been promoted by the International Union of Biological Sciences, involving multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research. Studies of Miscanthus plants which emphasized the TAIB theme were undertaken. Miscanthus species are the most widely distributed and dominant species in Taiwan, growing everywhere from the coastal to mountainous areas, and from agricultural to polluted land. Particularly, the grasses grow well in habitats under environmental stresses. Physiological and genetic adaptations are fundamental mechanisms for these grasses' survival in stressful environments. Findings based on field measurements and laboratory analyses were able to elucidate some of the mechanisms of grasses adapted to stressful environments. Adaptive radiation occurred when most niches were open during the postglacial periods. Particularly, population discontinuity of the grasses was found on the Orchid and Green islets of Taiwan. Likewise, Miscanthus sinensis var. glaber and var. formosanus occupied lands from low to middle elevations of Taiwan, while Miscanthus transmorrisonensis appeared in the highlands above 2400 m. Phylogenetically, Miscanthus has evolved into various ecotypes, varieties and species in Taiwan as well as in other parts of Asia. The grass then evolved into Miscanthus floridulus, M. sinensis var. formosanus, Miscanthus flavidus, then to M. transmorrisonensis. Furthermore, the phylogeny of the Miscanthus sinensis complex of Taiwan was reconstructed by cladistic analysis on nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (nrDNA ITS) region and atpB‐rbcL non‐coding spacer of the chloroplast DNA. Rooted at M. floridulus the monophyly of M. sineneis was significantly supported by molecular evidence. The origin of this complex could be dated to the last glacial withdrawal about 20 000 years ago.

The International Organization for Succulent Plant Study (IOS): its role and potential services to the international scientific community

SummarySmith, G. F., Ihlenfeldt, H.‐D., Thiede, J., Eggli, U. & Metzing, D.: The International Organization for Succulent Plant Study (IOS): its role and potential services to the international scientific community. – Taxon 48: 715‐720. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.IOS, a scientific member of the International Union of Biological Sciences, was officially established at the Städtische Sukkulenten‐Sammlung in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1950. The IOS is presented, with emphasis on the structure of the organisation, its congresses, publications, conservation activities, and its potential services to the international scientific community. An address list of the current IOS board members and section co‐ordinators is provided.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carcinogenesis.

A symposium on "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Carcinogenesis" was presented at the third International Congress of Pathophysiology held in Lathi, Finland, 28 June-3 July 1998. The congress was also sponsored by the International Union of Biological Sciences and the International Society of Free Radical Research. Institutional support for the symposium included the Electric Power Research Institute, National Center for Toxicological Research, and EPA/National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. The symposium focused on the sources, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and risk assessment of individual and mixtures of PAHs that are found in solid wastes, Superfund sites, and other hazardous waste sites. Based on the occurrence of PAHs at numerous Superfund sites and the significant data gaps on the toxic potential of certain PAHs, the information developed during this symposium would be of value in assessing health risks of these chemicals at Superfund and other hazardous waste sites.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Carcinogenesis

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Carcinogenesis

国際生物科学連合 (IUBS) 第26回総会

国際生物科学連合 (IUBS) 第26回総会