International Tropical Timber Agreement Research Articles

Problems of the environmental law of the European Union

The problem of ecology is one of the most common problems of the twenty-first century. No country is immune: no country has better military equipment, no country with low inflation, no country with “perfect” legislation. The purpose of the article was to clarify legislative issues: European Union legislation was outdated, general and lacking in specificity. To address these problems, this article uses different approaches to the definition of environmental security, which makes it necessary to change the concept and the actions within which the definition is adopted. The article goes on to discuss the position of realists who argue that environmental security cannot be set because of lack of accountability “the importance” of the issue of “high” issues. Thus, the paper refers to the emergence of environmental security and its long path. This article contains the following changes and provisions: Brundtland Committee (1987), Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Habitats in Europe (1979), International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983) as well as the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the Hazardous Substances Directives, the impact of EU measures on the environment and the Animal Protection Directive. In addition, the article exposes Programs designed to ensure and regulate environmental safety. The report of the European Environment Agency was also reviewed and a comparative analysis of the data contained in the report and the British Broadcasting Corporation estimates was made. The authors draw attention to several directives, calling them “triumvirate”, which provide the basis for countries to regulate some environmental legislation. Almost in the end of the paper the authors pay attention to the phenomenon of environmental ethics, which is a consequence of imperfect legislation. In its conclusion, the article states that the problems that arise from the lack of accountability of legal acts of a real environmental situation occur in the member states, taking into account the special case of the European Union.

Product quality and sustainability: The effect of international environmental agreements on bilateral trade

AbstractThis paper addresses the impact of sustainability in production on international trade. In particular, it examines the effect of the International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA) on tropical timber trade. The empirical analysis is based on a gravity equation in a difference‐in‐difference setting, which is estimated by a panel Heckman's selection model. This accounts for the potentially systematic selection of trading partners into timber trade activity. We then conduct a comprehensive comparative static analysis solving the structural gravity model with and without the ITTA. This allows us to determine the trade impact of an ITTA‐induced increase in sustainability for participating as well as for third countries. We find that countries participating in the ITTA exhibit a significant and substantial increase in trade values ranging from 4% to 6%. Furthermore, we observe that this effect is more pronounced for smaller member countries. Non‐ITTA countries are confronted with reduced values of tropical timber trade flows.

Into the Woods: Analyzing Normative Evolution and the International Tropical Timber Organization

This article explores the attempts to create a global tropical timber regime and its underlying competing environmental norms of exploitation, conservation and preservation. It outlines a history of forestry exploitation over time and tracks the stilted development of a global tropical timber regime. It further examines the development of the International Tropical Timber Agreement and its concomitant Organisation. Legro’s test of the robustness of a norm will be applied to the tropical timber regime to determine when and why, and through whose agency, normative change has not been effected within the International Tropical Timber Organisation where conservationist norms have failed to take root.

Global ecopolitics: crisis, governance, and justice

List of Acronyms Preface Acknowledgments 1. Planetary Anxiety and Collective Dilemmas Sovereignty, Global Governance, and Public Goods Shades of Green The Crosscutting Dilemma: Our Growing Numbers Delving Deeper into Global Ecopolitics 2. International Arrangements: Actors and Effectiveness Multi-scaled Adaptive Governance Individuals and Communities Governments and Governance International Law and Institutions Wicked Problems: Measuring Effectiveness in International Arrangements 3. Conserving Biodiversity and Wildlife Rising Concerns: The Historical Context The Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna Redefining the Wealth 4. Deforestation and Land Degradation Deforestation The International Tropical Timber Agreement Desertification The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Taking Root 5. Air Pollution and Climate Change Atmospheric Pollution The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) The Ozone Layer Arrangement The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Deep Breaths 6. Blue Peril: Oceans and Rivers The Poles The Oceans Crises UNCLOS Freshwater Scarcity The Veins of Life: Shared River Arrangements Surviving the Tides 7. Trade and the Global Environment Toxic Trade The Basel Convention on Trade in Hazardous Substances The WTO and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Toward Ethical Investments 8. War and Peace and Justice Ecocide: The Circle of Death The Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty The Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD) Toward Environmental Justice and Human Security 9. Another Convention Needed? Invasive Alien Species Invasive Alien Species: The Problem(s) Regional Efforts Toward an International Convention on IAS? 10. Governance Gaps and Green Goals Nanotechnology Global Tourism Food Security A Global Energy Strategy? From Angst to Resolve Afterword: What Can You Do? References Index

Reforming the International Tropical Timber Agreement

Reforming the International Tropical Timber Agreement

Nontimber Forest Values: The “Understory” of the International Tropical Timber Organization

Abstract The International Tropical Timber Organization is an intergovernmental organization that promotes policy coordination and information exchange on tropical timber production and trade. One of its primary functions is to sponsor forestry-related research, development, and market-oriented projects in the field. Most of the organization's projects deal with timber production and trade. But in recent years, nontimber forest projects have been well funded and even received funding before many traditional timber production and trade projects. These trends could prove instructive to member countries as they renegotiate a new International Tropical Timber Agreement in 2003 and 2004.

United Nations: International Tropical Timber Agreement

United Nations: International Tropical Timber Agreement

International Tropical Timber Agreement

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UNCTAD: International Tropical Timber Agreement

UNCTAD: International Tropical Timber Agreement