International Trade Activities Research Articles

Exploring the evolution trends of port integration policy in China by a text mining approach

Ports are essential and strategic nodes of international trade and economic activities. The integration of port resources helps enhance the optimal division of port functions to further promote economic development. This paper explores the evolutionary trends of port integration policy from 2011 to 2021 in China through a text-mining approach. We first used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic analysis method to analyze the port integration policies and summarize the evolutionary trends of port policies. In addition, an association analysis was conducted to explore port integration policies' impacts by examining their relationships among the environmental protection, digitalization level, and port development scale. Our findings suggested that China's port integration policy has evolved from specific and simple to abstract and complicated at the managerial level. Port development has enriched from infrastructure construction to the ideology of economic development. Our findings show that China's port integration is gradually improving the port operation. The findings of the study contribute to the extant literature by analyzing the port integration policy evolution in China and can be referred to by other countries.

Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992

Section 5 of the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 confers significant authority upon the Central Government of India to craft and modify the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), a critical instrument in regulating international trade activities. This provision grants the government the flexibility to adapt trade policies to evolving economic landscapes and global market dynamics. Through notifications in the official gazette, the government announces the FTP and any subsequent amendments, ensuring transparency and accessibility to stakeholders. This abstract provides a concise overview of Section 5, highlighting its role in shaping India's trade strategies, facilitating exports, and attracting investments. The provision's flexibility enables the government to pursue strategic objectives, fostering economic growth and integration into the global economy.

THE INFLUENCE OF FIRM SIZE, LEVERAGE AND PROFITABILITY ON HEDGING DECISIONS IN COMPANIES REGISTERED CONSUMPTION GOODS INDUSTRY ON BEI FOR THE 2021-2022 PERIOD

International trade activities cannot be separated from various risks that may arise in its operations. The risk that often arises in companies that carry out international trade is fluctuating foreign exchange rates. One way to deal with foreign exchange rate risk is by hedging. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of firm size, leverage and profitability on company hedging decisions. This type of research uses quantitative research. The sample is companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2021-2022 period which were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection method documentation uses methods sourced from the company's official website. The data analysis technique uses logistic regression analysis. The research results show 1) there is no significant influence between firm size on the company's hedging decisions, because the sig value is 0.221 > 0.05; 2) there is no significant influence between leverage and the company's hedging decisions, because the sig value is 0.262 > 0.05; and 3) there is a significant influence between profitability and the company's hedging decisions, shown by a sig value of 0.002 < 0.05.

Analysis of The Influence Between Mining, Agriculture and Processed Product Exports on Indonesia's Sales Development in International Trade in the Time Frame 2019-2022

Exports are one of the international trade activities that provide benefits to Indonesia, including capital transactions, employment, and foreign exchange reserves. There are 2 types of exports, namely oil and gas and non-oil and gas exports. The value of non-oil and gas exports tends to be higher than oil and gas exports. So this research focuses on three non-oil and gas sectors, which consist of mining, agriculture, and processing industry (processed products). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of mining, agriculture, and processed product exports on Indonesia's sales in international trade in the 2019-2022 timeframe. This research uses a quantitative approach, and a multiple linear regression analysis model with the IBM SPSS 22 application. The research data comes from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Trade, and related agencies. The variables used include 3 independent variables and 1 dependent variable. The independent variables are mining exports (X1) with the commodities used are coal, copper, lignite, iron and steel, agricultural exports (X2), and exports of processed products (X3), and Indonesia's sales as the dependent variable (Y). Based on the results of the study, partially shows that mining exports, and processed products have a significant positive effect on Indonesian sales. While agricultural exports (X2) have no effect on Indonesian sales (Y).

The Role of International Trade in Increasing The Rate of Economic Growth in Indonesia: A Literature Review

In the increasingly fast current of world globalization, there are currently no restrictions between one country and another. Cooperation and alliances can be established in all corners of the world, one of which is through international trade activities. This research aims to find out what the actual correlation is between international trade and the pace of the economy in Indonesia. The research method used in this research is literature study. Studies from substantial sources confirm that international trade is closely related to economic growth. Through international trade activities, it helps a country to minimize resource, technological and market constraints. In essence, international trade is a connecting point for the countries concerned to increase productivity and efficiency for economic sustainability in their countries.

Effects of Globalization on Third World Development: The Nigerian Experience

The study examines globalization and its effects on third world development with emphasis on the Nigerian state. The growing global economy was fastened mostly by information technology, international trade, culture, political, and social activities across the globe. It has no doubt created a global dual phenomenon where third world countries continued to experience economic and political development at the expense of western world. Thus, third world countries are fully incorporated into the global capitalist economy but the accrued benefits are not evenly distributed. Globalization is another form of colonization of third world countries achieved through the use of exploitative instruments like World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, multinational corporations and other international financial institutions in order to capture the world in the name of globalization. These aforementioned instruments in the name of globalization are diversionary and plausible because there is no country in the world that is in the process of development as a result of globalization or that has developed as a product of globalization. The pro-globalizers deceive third world countries, that globalization is a path to development in which all third world countries are supposed to follow in order to become developed. Nigeria, in the current wind of globalization remains a clientele economy in the competitive global market. The study adopts documentary research methods and relied majorly on secondary data and modernisation theory was adopted as the theoretical foundation of the study. The study revealed that underdevelopment in Nigeria resulted from the negative effects of globalization are to explore the political impacts of globalization and imposition of foreign rule in Nigeria, to explore the economic impacts of globalization and unequal terms of trade in Nigeria and to identify the role of Nigeria as giant of Africa in global markets. The study, however suggest economic diversification and exportable capacity of the third world economy in the global market, regulation of international capitalist structure through applicability of market friendly policies devoid of stringent market policies placed on third world countries by the developed countries and Improving bank regulations of the third world countries nations banks are well regulated to their boost economic growth. The study concludes that there is interconnectedness between globalization and development in Nigeria, which in turn increases the rate of unemployment of masses and hinders political and economic development in Nigeria.

Rethinking Jurisdictional Barriers to Practising Law Abroad: A Soft Technological Deterministic Approach

The regulation of legal practice has been based predominantly on geographical boundaries. To varying degrees, foreign lawyers are prohibited from engaging in the practice of law in host jurisdictions without local admission, and in some cases with the added complexity of nationality or residency requirements. This is notwithstanding that increasing international trade and other transnational activities, enabled by advancements in technology that facilitate efficient transportation and communication, are creating a growing demand for legal services across borders. While much has been written about how technology is changing the nature of legal practice, the approach taken by this article is to assess whether technology is playing this change-role in a solely deterministic manner. In examining this question, this article applies soft technological determinism to argue that, while technology is an important factor, it does not have a mono-causal effect in shaping changes to cross-border legal practice. Rather, these changes are being influenced by an interplay of technological progress and non-technological factors such as similarities in legal systems, harmonisation of laws and trade affiliations.

Examining the Contribution of Logistics and Supply Chain in Boosting Oman’s Trade Network

Economic integration, which in today’s global trade is the fundamental component of linking economic ties between countries, is another important factor in the acceleration of economic growth. The provision of trade logistics services is essential to a nation’s economic success in international trade activities. It is essential for enterprises engaged in active international trade to achieve competitive advantages. The international trade and localised commercial activity, to a large extent, is dependent on the logistics and supply chain infrastructure and operational capacity. However, the area received little attention from the perspective of applied economics. The in-depth empirical studies on the impacts of logistics on trade efficiency are few and limited. The study aims to investigate the role of logistics and supply chains in international and national trade in a developing country. It uses secondary data for the analysis. The model and software used in the study are the gravity model and GTAP10a. The time horizon used spans 2014–2030. The results show that in order to enhance trading and commercial activities, a developing country should develop logistics and supply chain infrastructure, train people, and design a flexible logistics policy.

Can China railway express enhance the economic-trade vitality of cities? A spatial empirical evidence from China

The process of globalization has encountered obstacles, with increasing regional conflicts and unforeseen events, posing greater challenges to global cooperation. Particularly, transportation bottlenecks are hindering international economic and trade activities and exerting significant pressure on economic recovery. In response to the principles of economic development, China introduced the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that targets to enhance economic and trade activities in the regions along the route. China Railway Express (CR Express) is an essential vehicle for the BRI, characterized by advantages such as convenience, safety, stability, and promotion of green economy. It serves as a necessary means for China to enhance economic and trade influence. This study conducts quantitative research utilizing a dataset from 287 prefecture-level Chinese cities, with a primary focus on examining the operational effects of the CR Express and deriving the following conclusions. Firstly, combining theoretical insights with practical experience, a comprehensive analytical framework was established, and an economic and trade vitality (ETV) index was constructed. The results showed that the ETV increased in over 43.9% of cities. Secondly, using a multi-temporal asymptotic spatial different-in-differences (SDID) model, we obtained that CR Express exhibited significant spatial spillover effects, making a substantial contribution to urban ETV. Thirdly, spatial heterogeneity detected that the intensity of CR Express policy effects varied across city types due to diverse patterns of economic development and consumption structures. Ultimately, mechanisms for the impact of CR Express on ETV was examined more precisely and an integrated five-sphere mechanism was proposed. The conclusions of this research enrich the vital connection between CR Express and urban ETV, providing managerial insights for both enterprises and governments seeking new development opportunities.

Foreign Exchange Operations of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited

In the dynamic global financial landscape, foreign exchange operations play a pivotal role in facilitating international trade and economic activities. Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) has emerged as a significant player in the country's banking sector with a strong commitment to Shariah-compliant practices. Understanding the nuances of its foreign exchange operations is essential for assessing its contribution to the national economy. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the foreign exchange operations of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited, focusing on its performance and adherence to Islamic principles. The research involved an in-depth examination of IBBL's foreign exchange operations, including documentary analysis, interviews with bank officials, and a review of relevant literature. Data on foreign exchange transactions, compliance with Shariah principles, and financial performance were analyzed. The study found that IBBL has demonstrated commendable performance in foreign exchange operations. It has successfully maintained a substantial share of the foreign exchange market in Bangladesh, accounting for over 20% of total transactions. Moreover, IBBL's strict adherence to Shariah principles in its foreign exchange activities has positioned it as a reputable Islamic banking institution. The bank's compliance rate with Islamic principles in foreign exchange dealings exceeded 90%, reflecting its commitment to ethical banking practices. Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has emerged as a prominent player in the foreign exchange market, maintaining both financial viability and adherence to Shariah principles. Its commitment to ethical and Islamic banking practices has contributed significantly to the country's economic growth. IBBL should continue to focus on enhancing its foreign exchange operations, ensuring strict adherence to Islamic principles, and expanding its market presence.

Opportunities and Challenges of Malaysia Cross Border Inland Port

Malaysia is a country that has borders close to 3 countries, namely Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore. This strategic location helps Malaysia take advantage of cross-border trade involving these three countries. As a result, there are several sea and land ports built near the borders of the three countries to facilitate international trade with neighbouring countries. However, the facilities available at the sea and land ports near the neighbouring country are seen to be reaching the maximum level of utilization to accommodate the existing cargo capacity that is transited before being sent to the nearby sea port. This study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the opportunities that exist in developing international trade activities in addition to looking at the challenges being faced by key stakeholders involving this cross-border trade. This study was conducted qualitatively involving the collection of research information through interviews conducted with several port personnel. The findings of the study were analysed manually through thematic methods. The study found that, in terms of trade opportunities, some provinces in the south of Thailand are highly dependent on the ports available in the country given the short travel distance to ship their trade goods to the port compared to their own country. However, inland ports in our country have almost reached the maximum level of use. In addition, this study also found that there is a shortage of ships entering the port of Penang due to the demand for ships rising sharply for trade routes involving countries outside Asia. In this regard, Malaysia is seen to be able to become a major trade hub involving Southeast Asian countries if we are able to improve existing facilities of ports in this country as well as reduce bureaucracy for the purpose of increasing existing productivity to speed up the clearance process.

A critical overview of Islamic Performance Bonds

Banks might finance international trade activities, including import and export, through letters of credit and letters of guarantee (performance bonds). This contract provides a high level of safety and stability for international trade because of the banks' unwavering assurances. This research intends to determine the degree to which Islamic Shariah regulations are followed by Islamic banks' activities while outlining the challenges these institutions face while using performance bonds. This study has highlighted the performance bond issues that importers and exporters are dealing with and has proposed solutions to the issues. This research uses a qualitative and doctrinal legal approach to investigate the structure of Islamic banks in relation to Islamic economic restrictions. This study analyses the organization of Islamic banks regarding Islamic economic controls. It also examines, how far Islamic banks can benefit from the blockchain and smart contract technology to harmonize Islamic economic controls with Islamic banks' practice in such funding & guarantees instruments. Concerning the Islamic letter of credit, the findings reveal that Islamic banks face many risks resulting from the conditions and controls set by the Islamic Trade Guidelines. Therefore, Islamic banks can face more risks than conventional banks due to the nature of Islamic finance, which prohibits dealing with interest (Ribā) and conventional insurance. furthermore, the study reveals that Blockchain Technology and smart contract has a Positive Impact on Islamic banking practise.

The alternative ranking using two-step logarithmic normalization method for benchmarking the supply chain performance of countries

Supply chain performance signifies the success of countries in material and information flow within international trade activities. Countries strive to enhance their supply chain performance by increasing connectivity with partner countries and reducing dwell times at logistics hubs. In this study, the supply chain performance of countries based on international tracking indicators is examined using a multi-criteria decision-making approach. The paper encompasses two primary objectives. The first objective is the determination of the supply chain performance of countries. The second one is the development of a novel alternative ranking method. The study employs 10 supply chain key performance indicators as criteria and utilizes data from 72 countries. The data is sourced from logistics performance index reports published by the World Bank. The modified preference selection index (MPSI) is employed for criterion weighting. For the ranking of countries, a novel alternative ranking method named the “Alternative Ranking using two-step LOgarithmic Normalization (ARLON)” method is proposed. Through the implementation of the MPSI-ARLON hybrid method, supply chain performance and rankings of countries are computed. The findings are supported by sensitivity and comparative analyses. Furthermore, robustness tests are conducted for the ARLON method. The research concludes by presenting implications and managerial insights derived from the ARLON method.

Effect Of Imports, Industrial Sector, And Service Sector On Value-Added Tax With Regulatory Quality As A Moderating Variable

State revenue to organize its government is mostly collected by taxation as the main source. In its implementation, taxes are imposed directly and indirectly. The indirect tax that plays a role in the structure of state revenue is Value Added Tax (VAT). VAT is imposed on goods or services consumed in an area based on a set rate. VAT imposition of the highest rates on average is imposed in European countries. There are 11 European countries with the highest VAT rates, which are the object of research, namely Hungary, Croatia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Iceland, Finland, Ireland, Poland, and Portugal. This study will discuss the effect of value added on the industrial and service sectors, which are the main sectors in the 11 countries as well as the effect of international trade activities, namely imports, on VAT revenues with a moderation of the regulatory quality index. The results show that the imported variable and the added value of the industrial and service sectors, both before and after interaction with the moderating variable of the regulatory quality index, significantly influence VAT acceptance. For the partial results, before moderation with the regulatory quality index, imports don't significantly affect VAT revenue. In contrast, the industrial and service sectors have significant negative effects on VAT revenue. Furthermore, after interacting with regulatory quality variables, imports, value added in the industrial and service sectors have a significant positive influence on VAT revenue. This shows that the moderating variable of the regulatory quality index plays a role in strengthening the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Effective Export Strategy Issue for Foreign Trade Activity of the Develped Economy Enterprises

The published article presents possible ways penetration and promotion of goods into foreign markets based on experience of developed economies in the focus of separate business management decision. The purpose of the publishing is to identify the key features of overseas trade and business activity for developed, new organized companies and its strategies, managers, entrepreneurs and scientist. Within a way of decision making concern about foreign trade activity beginning is important to estimate all kind of business parts due to organize profitable business and minimize all the kind of risks. The publishing is analyzing the possibilities of the overseas trade activity for a Company regardless of a company business location and size. A significant expansion of the key features of overseas trade was noted. The authors present a special theoretical approaches and scientific solutions concern of decision-making regarding foreign economic activity within the framework of strategic planning and development of the enterprise regardless of its size and nature of the enterprise activity in the conditions of the development of global economic process. The scientific research of this publishing is based on the following methods: analyses, generalization to identify the key features of export and overseas business activity as well as to select structural characteristic for international trade activity that might be implemented to incoming companies’ strategy of growing. The publication substantiates the need to control operating costs, acquire administrative and financial skills, and additional professional consulting services. There are main point for any managers like following: sense for exporting, obstacles to exporting, making the export decision, the pros and cons of exporting, getting the company ready to enter the export market, the new to export entrepreneur, key export products and destinations, the tools of trade, counseling sources. The presented article has practical significance in terms of minimizing possible management risks and can be useful for the successful start and development of foreign economic activity to any directions or type of the products and servicing.

Perdagangan Barang Impor di Pulau Sebatik Kalimantan Utara Perspektif Undang-Undang 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan

No country can create and produce all the goods and services needed to meet the needs of its population. The limited natural resources each country has cause international trade activities. This research explores further international trade in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the legality of imported goods from Tawau, Malaysia, entering Sebatik District. Apart from that, how are the trade arrangements for imported basic necessities for residents of Sebatik Island, Nunukan Regency, regarding imported basic necessities entering Sebatik Island, Nunukan Regency? This research is a normative legal study. The approach used in this research consists of a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The types and sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary materials. The results of this research show that: first, trade in imported goods for basic materials in Sebatik according to Law 7 of 2014; second, trade according to Government Regulation Number 34 of 2019; and third, trade according to the 1970 Border Trade Agreement, which outlines the privileges of border residents, namely Sebatik Island; and second, the trade in imported goods that occurs is in accordance with the laws and regulations in force in Indonesia.

Research on Grading and Evolution of International Trade Development Quality of City Clusters Based on Logit-ISM Modeling

Abstract In order to further accelerate the realization of high-quality development of international trade and enhance the discourse power in international trade activities, this paper explores the grading and evolution of the quality of international trade development of city clusters. After analyzing the DEA static model and DEA-Malmquist dynamic evaluation model, combined with the entropy value method, the entropy value-DEA model is constructed to measure the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of international trade development of the city cluster, and the results are comprehensively analyzed. In addition, combined with the Logit-ISM model to analyze the factors affecting the development quality of international trade of city cluster and explore the grading and evolution of the development quality of international trade of city cluster from two perspectives of global statistics and global spatial trend. The results show that the fluctuation of the trade structure score is smaller than the trade scale, with an average growth rate of 0.165, and the trade competitiveness score basically stays in a state of growth except for 2008 and 2009, with an average annual growth rate of 0.972. The urban agglomerations in the eastern region account for a total of 0.38 of the city agglomerations in the city agglomerations synthesis, and the number of prefectural-level cities included is 106, which accounts for a total of 0.52 of the number of prefectural-level cities included in the city agglomerations. The quality of international trade development in city clusters in the eastern and northeastern regions stands out as the most significant. Based on the research in this paper, we advocate for the balanced development of the quality rating and evolution of each city cluster in international trade development.

Unlocking profitability in Borsa Istanbul: The impact of noncash credit and maturity breakdown of cash credit on corporate performance

Companies use either internal or external sources of financing to fund their operating or capital expenditure. When internal resources prove inadequate, businesses may turn to external financing options, such as issuing debt or equity in the capital market. In bank-dominated financial markets, cash credit is the primary funding source for most companies. In addition to cash credit, banks provide noncash credit instruments, such as letters of credit and letters of guarantee for international trading activities, obtaining working capital, or supporting participation in public and private tenders, for a fee. Surprisingly, prior research has not thoroughly explored the impact of noncash credit and the maturity breakdown of cash credit on corporate financial performance. Our study fills this gap by analyzing the effects of these factors on profitability of firms traded in Borsa Istanbul. The findings reveal a significant positive impact on firms' profitability of both noncash credit and long-term cash credit, but cash credit with shorter maturity does not significantly contribute to profitability. Moreover, financial risk, cash ratio, firm size, and inflation are identified as strong drivers of firms' financial performance. These findings have important implications for firms, banks, and regulators.

Forecasting The Amount Of Oil and Non-Oil and Gas Exports In Indonesia Using The Box-Jenkins Method

Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia that has diversity and abundance of natural resources, both oil and gas and non-oil and gas. Export is an international trade activity that is profitable for economic growth in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the best results and models for oil and gas and non-oil and gas export data. The Box-Jenkins method (ARIMA) is a forecasting method that does not require or ignores independent variables. The stages used in the box-Jenkins method are identification of the model to see whether the model is stationary or not, for a model that is already stationary, a parameter estimation test will be carried out by looking at the significance value of the parameter, then a diagnostic check will be carried out using residual white noise and residual tests. normal distribution. After that, the initial prediction model is obtained and to get the best ARIMA model, it can be done by looking at the smallest MAPE value of each model. The best model obtained in this study to predict the amount of oil and gas and non-oil and gas exports in Indonesia uses the Box-Jenkins or ARIMA method, namely model (5,1,3) with the smallest MAPE of 8.142%. Forecasting results for the number of oil and gas and non-oil and gas exports in Indonesia in January - December 2023, namely: January 22194.9 million dollars, February 22795.6 million dollars, March 24796.0 million dollars, April 24106 million dollars, May 22281.6 million dollars, June 23186.6 million dollars, July 25184.3 million dollars, August 24325.8 million dollars, September 22456.3 million dollars, October 23565.6 million dollars, November 25602.2 million and December 24540.3 million dollars. Actual data or actual data for January – April 2023, namely January 22,323.8 million dollars, February 21,321.3 million dollars, March 23,416 million dollars, April 19,290.5 million dollars. It can be concluded that the results of the forecasting value of the box-Jenkins method are close to the actual value.

Export and import statistics on e-commerce in computer services: classification and evaluation challenges

The specific domain of e-commerce within computer services has been insufficiently explored as a distinct area of scholarly inquiry. It is typically subsumed under the broader umbrella of ICT services, a classification that complicates accurate statistical market assessments. Present static accounting methodologies provide only a roundabout means for estimating the scope of international trade activities within the computer service sector. This study engages in a comprehensive analysis of the nuances involved in accounting for the export and import of computer services. It examines the global practices of data gathering for statistical purposes, confronts classification dilemmas, and addresses the complexities of identifying the service delivery location and mode. The culmination of this analysis is a set of proposed enhancements to statistical accounting methods. For the sake of international comparisons, it is advisable to equate the cross-border e-commerce of computer services with the exportation of services through the first mode of cross-border supply, which constitutes approximately 75% of all exported computer services. The adoption of more granular tracking methodologies for cross-border transactions necessitates the creation of a standardized ontology at the international level. The urgency of establishing a definitive conceptual framework and performing a thorough market analysis for e-commerce is underscored by the need to fine-tune policy support measures, evaluate the export potential of emerging markets, propose exemptions for e-commerce from traditional trade regulations, implement fair taxation policies, avert discrimination in determining the tax base, promote statistical coherence, and sustain a consistent stance during international negotiations and disputes resolution.