Volume Of International Trade Research Articles

Enforceability of International Economic Law in the Context of National Power Differentials

Under the background of global politicisation and economisation, international trade has become the main mode of communication among countries. With the explosive growth of international trade volume, human society will face trade discrimination and inequality, so human beings have set up the International Trade Organisation (ITO), which supervises the process of international trade and formulates the relevant international economic laws in order to better guarantee the sustainability of the economic cycle and protect the rights and interests of the disadvantaged countries. However, as time goes by, we can see that in reality most developing or third world countries are still unable to defend their legitimate interests and are at a disadvantage in most transactions. So this study will be based on the difference in the strength of the different countries and the structural shortcomings of the Global Trade Organisation. This paper will analyse why disadvantaged countries are still unable to obtain equal opportunities for development in the international community, which now has a more comprehensive legal system.

Welfare effects of common ownership in an international duopoly

AbstractWe formulate an international oligopoly model in the presence of global common ownership. We theoretically investigate how common ownership affects the volume of international trade in an oligopoly market and global welfare. We find that welfare decreases (increases) with the degree of common ownership when the international transport costs are low (high), whereas common ownership reduces international trade. This conclusion remains valid in the presence of import tariffs and asymmetric common ownership share.

Global Derivatives Market with Special Preference to Indian Derivatives Market

The subject matter of the study is related to the progression as well as the pattern of the stock index derivatives market in India in the last seven years. Firstly, it is to observe how much as well as in which way the market is flourished by the investors. The past decade has witnessed the multiple growths in the volume of international trade and business due to the wave of globalization and liberalization all over the world. Today, the financial derivatives have become increasingly popular and most commonly used in the world of finance. This has grown with so phenomenal speed all over the world that now it is called as the derivatives revolution. In India, the emergence and growth of derivatives market is relatively a recent phenomenon. Since its inception in June 2000, derivatives market has exhibited exponential growth both in terms of volume and number of contracts traded. The market turnover has grown from Rs.2365 Cr. in 2000-2001 to Rs. 55606453.39 Cr. in 2014-15. Within a short span of fourteen years, derivatives trading in India has surpassed cash segment in terms of turnover and number of traded contracts. The present study encompasses of global derivatives market with special preference to Indian derivatives market.

Analysis of the Network Efficiency of Chinese Ports in Global Shipping under the Impacts of Typhoons

With the increasing volume of international trade and maritime demand, the requirements for the stability and reliability of the global shipping system are also increasing. The research on the network efficiency of Chinese ports for global shipping can not only examine the importance of Chinese ports in the shipping network but also find out the aspects that need to be improved in the construction of the port’s climate adaptability in the resilience assessment to strengthen port construction and further improve the efficiency of the network. The current study builds a shipping network based on RCEP and systematically examines the key ports in China within the networks. The research paper aims to improve the resilience of the ports and the whole shipping network in response to typhoon disasters. As such, this paper focuses on shipping research based on complex networks and network multi-centricity analysis, followed by a ranking of ports. Firstly, this paper uses UCINET 6 software to build a global shipping network. Such a network evaluates the centrality of ports, calculates the degree of centrality, proximity to centrality, and centrality, and scores them according to the ranking. Then, it selects the top 20 ports in China according to the ranking and researches network efficiency for the listed ports considering the typhoon risks. The analysis of network robustness, average shortest path length, and network efficiency are carried out for the shipping network and China’s essential port nodes in the network. According to the experimental results, no matter the robustness, average shortest path length, or network efficiency, when the important ports of China in the shipping network are affected, they will cause different degrees of impact, and the performance loss caused by multiple ports is higher than that of a single port. They emphasise the significant impact of typhoons on multiple ports and remind people to minimise losses as much as possible based on experimental results, ensuring the stable operation of ports and improving resilience in typhoon prevention under the changing climate. Additionally, they provide a solid foundation to further sustain global shipping network resilience.

THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS ON FRESHWATER ABSTRACTION FROM THE EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

Water scarcity is a growing concern across the globe due to climate change and demands for increased economic development. This paper analyses the relationship between economic development and freshwater abstraction in order to investigate its European impact. The analysis focuses on a total of 19 European countries, including 18 EU member states and one candidate, from 2007 to 2018. Using a panel dataset, the impact of a diverse selection of indicators of economic development (per capita GDP, the Human Development Index - HDI, water productivity and volume of international trade) on freshwater abstraction, our analysis finds that all explanatory variables are significant for cross-country variations except for international trade. To maintain scope, the analysis is limited to economicdevelopment indicators themselves, excluding the effects of climate change and the availability of water resources.

The evolution of Ukraine-China trade relations in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Following the Russian war, Ukraine's need for allies has grown. This study assesses Ukraine-China trade within the wider context of international relations and analyzes entrepreneurship development in Ukraine, considering current geopolitical factors. Given the growing role of China in the global economy, the formation of relations with the country is also becoming one of the main components of the country’s international policy, which makes research on this component relevant. The research aims to assess the trends in trade between Ukraine and China, as well as to conclude on the existing trends in this component. The main methods used in the study were analysis, abstraction, and forecasting. The study assessed and described the specifics of international trade between China and Ukraine. The study provides statistics on trade relations between the two countries and describes the volume of international trade and the trends and changes associated with the war between Ukraine and Russia. Particular attention is paid to trade in agricultural products and the impact of trends in this sector on the development of entrepreneurship. In addition, the paper describes the potential benefits of future cooperation between Ukraine and China and the difficulties that may arise in the development of relations between the two countries. Based on the analysed information, the paper provides advice for the formation of Ukraine’s state policy in general, and in particular, for ensuring the quality development of enterprises.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

This paper studies the complex impact mechanism of AI (artificial intelligence) technology on international trade. This provides an answer to how different countries use AI technology to increase their own international trade volume. This article is based on an analysis of cross-sectional data for 139 countries in 2021. This paper uses the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to perform a analysis on the cross-sectional data. This paper finds that the membership of World Trade Organization (WTO) has obvious significance for a country to use AI technology to promote exports. In countries with a high Government AI Readiness Index, AI technology has a significant role in promoting the growth of international trade. However, there is a significant negative correlation between the number of patent applications for AI-related technologies and imports and exports across countries. Besides, the number of patent applications for AI-related technologies has a direct heterogeneous impact on the imports of countries with different income groups. AI technology is an emerging technology. To study the impact of this technology on international trade, multiple factors of AI technology must be considered at the same time. For countries that are not members of the WTO, joining the WTO can make better use of AI technology to promote the development of their international trade. Between the complex relationship between the number of patent applications for different AI-related technologies and international trade, countries with different income groups should develop AI technologies that are beneficial to their own international trade.

Atmospheric impacts and regulation framework of shipping emissions: achievements, challenges and frontiers

Currently, over 80% of the international trade volume is carried by sea. Marked by persistent growth, evident atmospheric impacts, intricate mitigation challenges, international shipping has been recognized as one of the most “hard-to-abate” sectors gathering increasing attention from both academic community and governmental sectors in recent years. Against the backdrop of the ambitious climate and clean air objectives, the quantitative shipping emission characterization, impact assessment and policy effectiveness research are not only fundamental to understand the status quo and ramifications of shipping emissions but also beneficial for future emission regulations. Here, we summarized the achievements in shipping emission modelling and impact research in the past two decades, and identified the challenges lying in the transition pathway towards a clean and carbon-neutral shipping. To address the pressing demand for this, we proposed an innovative framework which aims to facilitate emission abatement. Finally, promising directions for future work were delineated, including the indirect effects of shipping emitted aerosols on the climate, the emissions and impacts of novel contaminants, synergies and conflicts among different emission reduction measures, projections on future shipping emission inventories, Arctic shipping emissions, etc.

The transmission of U.S. monetary policy to small open economies

This paper studies the transmission of a U.S. monetary policy tightening to a set of small open economies. It uses as policy instruments Wu and Xia (2016) shadow rate, the Fed funds rate (conventional monetary policy, CMP) and changes in the Fed balance sheet (unconventional monetary policy, UMP). The main findings include: (1) the shock always reduces foreign economic activity and contributes to the emergence of a “global” financial cycle. (2) The financial channel has become more important since 2008. 3) There is evidence of an oil transmission channel. (4) Cross-country differences do not depend on their international trade volume, exchange rate flexibility or financial openness. U.S. policymakers may need to consider the feedback effects of changes in their policy stance on world demand and inflation. Small open economies should assess the type of U.S. monetary policy shock to evaluate the channels through which their economies may be affected.

The Impact of Import and Export Trade on Carbon Emissions: Based on The Perspective of Belt and Road Countries

In the context of economic globalization, environmental issues have gradually attracted people's attention, and the "Belt and Road" Cooperation Initiative (hereinafter referred to as B&R) proposed by China aims to promote economic development at the same time, the environmental role has become particularly important. This study uses linear regression model, two-stage least square (2SLS) method and event study method to analyze the relationship between international trade and carbon emissions from the perspective of B&R countries. The results are as follows: the influence of import and export trade on carbon emissions is generally positive.; The correlation between industrial structure and carbon emission in the B&R countries is low. Joining the B&R has increased the volume of international trade to certain extent, thus increasing the carbon emissions of B&R countries.

The Impact of Carbon Emission and Carbon Price on International Trade Volume

In recent years, environmental issues have become an international focus, under the influence of global climate change, greenhouse effect is becoming more severe with each passing day. Therefore, it is urgent to control greenhouse gas emissions and improve the quality of the ecological environment by reducing carbon emissions. However, in the context of the current low-carbon economy, the environmental costs of enterprises are bound to rise, which will inevitably have a more serious impact on enterprises and the national economy. This article will mainly focus on how low carbon economy policies affect a country's international trade over a given period of time based on a concrete example. Regarding the methodology, chose the object to be India's carbon related data which are carbon intensity, carbon emission and carbon price in the period 1990-2020. And mainly based on the regression model using excel. The results of the study show that the Carbon Intensity and Carbon emissions are positively correlated with International Trade while the Carbon Price is negatively correlated. The volume of Indias International Trade will grow steadily as it moves towards Low-Carbon Economy policy. In summary, moving towards low carbon economy can increase the sustainability of international trade and reduce trade risks, while also creating more trade opportunities for countries, especially in the areas of environmental protection.

The Emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and its Impact on International Trade

Trade as we know it will change. This is because the fourth industrial revolution—a period of rapid digital technological advancement—is beginning to impact the world. Coined in Germany as Industry 4.0, despite its name, this revolution is a process of emerging technologies established on older ones. Industry 4.0 represents the fusion of primarily digital developing technologies. This article examines the effects of Industry 4.0 and its revolutionary changes on the volume and nature of global trade, and identifies its quantitative, structural, and comparative impacts on countries and corporations using qualitative methods.. Implementing the core developments of Industry 4.0 will significantly change international trade volume and structure. There will be a significant shift toward services. The goods to gain prominence due to digitalization will mainly be those with high transportation, logistics, data, legislation, and transaction costs. Applying new technologies will also significantly alter the terms of trade. Keywords: Industrial revolution 4.0, International trade, Digital technology

Impact of Selected Factors on International Trade of Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis

International trade is a vital driver of economic development for nations worldwide, and Bangladesh, as a developing country in South Asia, strategically utilizes trade as a key element in its economic growth agenda. This paper examines the impact of internal factors on Bangladesh's international trade, employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis to analyze data spanning from 2000 to 2022. The study focuses on factors such as GDP, inflation, real interest rates, unemployment rates, government expenditure, population growth, remittance inflows, government expenditure in education, macroeconomic management, and tariff rates. The results reveal a strong statistical significance between the predictors and Bangladesh's international trade volume. Notably, personal remittances, government expenditure in education, and macroeconomic management index exhibit significant influence on international trade. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance Bangladesh's trade performance, contributing to its sustainable economic development.

The impact of trade policy and agreements on the development of international trade in Ukraine’s agricultural sector

International trade is now one of the main types of international relations, without which it is impossible to imagine the modern functioning of any economy. Thus, it is significant to investigate the impact of various types of government policies and individual agreements on this type of relationship and the very development of countries. The purpose of this study was to show how external activity and trade interact in the agricultural sector in Ukraine. The main methods employed in this study included analysis, forecasting, and abstraction. The study described the role of international trade, specifically in the agricultural sector, considering its significance for the country’s economic development. The role of international trade was briefly described from a theoretical standpoint. The study, based on the analysis of statistical data, also showed the impact of trade agreements on the development of foreign trade. In the context of the study of the agricultural economy, it was shown that the gradual growth of Ukrainian agricultural exports, imports, and foreign trade is strongly related to the number of trade agreements concluded. The corresponding equation of dependence of values was constructed and its economic meaning was explained. The role of the sector in general, and specifically in the current martial law environment, was also described. Special attention was paid to Ukraine’s agricultural sector, which plays a crucial role in economic development. The role of this sector and the unique characteristics of the industry were substantiated. A strong correlation between the number of trade agreements and the volume of international trade in the agricultural sector of Ukraine was noted through regression analysis, which led to conclusions about the role of trade agreements in the development of international trade in agricultural products. This study brings new knowledge in terms of assessing the role of international trade for the country’s development, as well as analysing the current general state of Ukraine’s economy.

THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN TRADE

The current empirical literature shows that logistics plays a vital role in increasing the total volume of international trade. However, there is scarce literature on the impact of logistics performance on global value chain trade. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of logistics performance on global value chain trade, measured by the value-added exports. The empirical specification of this paper is based on the structural gravity model of international trade. The analysis is based on biennial panel data on bilateral trade flows for the EU-15, CEE, and the Western Balkans and covers the period from 2010 to 2018. The model is estimated with a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimator. The results show that logistics performance appears to have significant positive effects on global value chain trade and that the logistics performance of the partner country plays a more critical role than the logistics performance of the reporting country. Institutional quality matters greatly for global value chain trade. Individual differences in the observed variables were found between selected groups of countries. The need to improve logistics performance and invest in knowledge and technology will help countries improve in value chains, along with adequate institutional support.

DID TRADE STOP IN THE EARLY IRON AGE? THE EVIDENCE FROM PHILISTIA AND BEYOND

The transition between the Late Bronze and Iron Age, often described as a collapse, is most often characterized by comparing the changes between these two periods. As trade and connectivity is one of the hallmarks of the Late Bronze Age, the lack of evidence for international trade during the early Iron Age is seen of evidence of the profound changes that occurred during this transition. In this paper, I will reassess the evidence for international trade during the early Iron Age in Philistia and neighboring regions, demonstrating that while there was a substantial degrading in the volume of international trade during this period, it did not cease completely. And based on this, what does this tell us about the processes and mechanisms occurring during the Late Bronze Age/Iron Age transition in the eastern Mediterranean.

CUSTOMS FRAUD DETECTION USING EXTREMELY BOOSTED NEURAL NETWORK (XBNET)

Noticing the vital role of cross-border trade has made Customs plays a crucial role not only in maintaining supply chain but also in securing government revenue from intentional fraud. Given the huge volume of international trade and limited workforce, Customs across the world must implement efficient and effective risk management. This paper proposes XBNet, an ensemble of tree-based algorithms with deep learning algorithms, to detect fraud in import activity. The strength of XBNet is combining gradient-boosted trees with neural networks where the weights, bias, and loss are adjusted simultaneously with the importance features of each tree in each layer. The object of this study is Import Declaration data from four Customs Offices, and the model is set for each Customs office to capture fraud patterns related to their region. We compared the model with two different parameters and concluded the models with learning rates = 1%, number of hidden layers = 2, activation function = sigmoid, and number of epochs = 100 as the most suitable for the Belawan, Merak, and Makassar and model with number of hidden layers = 2, number of epochs = 50 and other parameters are set the same as the most suitable for Tanjung Emas.

Development and implementation of strategies for modernization of export-import enterprises: from technological audit to increasing international trade volumes

The research object in this paper is strategies of production modernization in export-import enterprises. This research examines various approaches to modernizing production at these enterprises with particular emphasis on technologies implementation. While export-import enterprises modernization has been studied by scholars, this work is focused on current challenges posed by contemporary geopolitical conditions and globalization. The issue addressed in the research revolves around the need to develop and implement strategies for modernizing production in export-import enterprises, taking into account the impact of geopolitical factors and the situation in global market. The research confirms importance of introducing modern technologies and technical upgrades to enhance production efficiency at these enterprises, particularly through conducting technological audits. The results of this research validate that modernizing production leads to increased competitiveness for enterprises in international market. New technologies implementation and product quality improvement create a foundation for increased demand for the goods and services provided by these enterprises. These findings have significant practical application potential and can serve as guidance for regulators and enterprise managers striving to enhance their competitiveness and stability in the face of growing geopolitical and market turbulence. The strategies for production modernization proposed by the author can be practically applied under the circumstances where export-import enterprises encounter escalating geopolitical challenges and dynamic shifts in global market.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF WORLD TRADE TRENDS ON THE EXPORT ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article deals with the issues of international trade and the impact of global trade trends on the foreign economic and export activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan using graphical, tabular and comparative methods. The dynamics of the volume of international trade, the structure of international trade in the context of industries and goods, as well as the changes that have occurred in it over the past ten years, were analyzed. The features of regional trade in the structure of general world trade were outlined. Trends in the growth of international trade volumes, changes in its structure towards an increase in the share of high value-added goods, as well as regionalization of international trade while maintaining the leading positions of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the European Union were revealed. The authors analyzed the changes in the foreign trade turnover and export of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the dynamics of the main exported Kazakhstan’s goods, the geographical structure of the country's foreign trade turnover. The article reflects the indices of the intensity of Kazakhstan's foreign trade. Calculations of its efficiency from 2014 to 2022 were made. The article is based on a large amount of materials, both from domestic and foreign databases. In general, based on the analysis, the influence of global trade trends on the export activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan was determined.

Coupling System Dynamics Model of Cross Border Logistics and Ecological Environment Based on the Sustainable Perspective of Global Value Chain

International import and export trade, along with cross-border logistics management, plays a pivotal role in the era of globalization, driving the development of the global economy and fostering international trade prosperity. Nevertheless, the continuous growth of the global economy has also brought forth fresh challenges to the ecological environment posed by cross-border logistics activities. Against this backdrop, this paper begins by analysing the correlation between international trade and logistics activities. The study reveals a positive response relationship between the total volume of international import and export trade and cross-border logistics, demonstrating a positive correlation. Subsequently, the impact of international import and export trade, as well as cross-border logistics, on the ecological environment is discussed, underscoring the significance of implementing ecological environment monitoring. Taking into account the environmental impact of cross-border logistics activities, an integrated system is proposed and designed to enhance cross-border logistics efficiency while considering environmental protection and sustainable development. This system encompasses real-time monitoring, data collection, threat, and risk assessment. This study makes a clear contribution to research on green innovation and environmental protection within the context of cross-border logistics. It offers a different perspective on the integration of cross-border logistics management and the ecological environment, deepens understanding of environmental protection innovation strategies and cross-border logistics management from the perspective of sustainable development. Furthermore, it provides valuable management insights for related enterprises to balance development and environmental protection. Additionally, it sheds light on the international impact of import and export trade, offering crucial inspiration and theoretical references for decision-making.