International Trade Regulation Research Articles

Criminal Law Policy Related to Corporate Criminal Liability in Facing the Challenges of Globalization

The acceptance of corporations as the target of crime, thus raising the issue of criminal policy in the prosecution of corporate crime. There are two main topics in this research, namely (1) how is the current criminal law policy towards criminal liability? (2) How is the criminal policy of criminal liability in the problem of globalization era in review of ius constituendum? The research method uses normative jurisprudence research method with law making, comparison and analysis of legal concepts. The results of the research are: (1) Criminal law does not regulate society as an object of criminal offense has regulated society as an object of crime. (2) economic life between countries is increasingly dependent on each other, therefore international trade regulations are increasingly needed. There used to be a saying that the poorer a country is, the higher the crime is, now the saying only applies to ordinary crimes such as theft, robbery, fraud and embezzlement.

Discrimination of ivory from extant and extinct elephant species using Raman spectroscopy: A potential non-destructive technique for combating illegal wildlife trade.

The use of elephant ivory as a commodity is a factor in declining elephant populations. Despite recent worldwide elephant ivory trade bans, mammoth ivory trade remains unregulated. This complicates law enforcement efforts, as distinguishing between ivory from extant and extinct species requires costly, destructive and time consuming methods. Elephant and mammoth ivory mainly consists of dentine, a mineralized connective tissue that contains an organic collagenous component and an inorganic component of calcium phosphate minerals, similar in structure to hydroxyapatite crystals. Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive laser-based technique that has previously been used for the study of bone and mineral chemistry. Ivory and bone have similar biochemical properties, making Raman spectroscopy a promising method for species identification based on ivory. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that it is possible to identify differences in the chemistry of mammoth and elephant ivory using Raman spectroscopy. Mammoth and elephant tusks were obtained from the Natural History Museum in London, UK. Included in this study were eight samples of ivory from Mammuthus primigenius, two samples of carved ivory bangles from Africa (Loxodonta species), and one cross section of a tusk from Elephas maximus. The ivory was scanned using an inVia Raman micro spectrometer equipped with a x50 objective lens and a 785nm laser. Spectra were acquired using line maps and individual spectral points were acquired randomly or at points of interest on all samples. The data was then analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) with use of an in-house MATLAB script. Univariate analysis of peak intensity ratios of phosphate to amide I and III peaks, and carbonate to phosphate peaks showed statistical differences (p<0.0001) in the average peak intensity ratios between Mammuthus primigenius, Loxodonta spp. and Elephas maximus. Full width at half maximum hight (FWHM)analysis of the phosphate peak demonstrated higher crystal maturity of Mammuthus primigenius compared to living elephant species. The results of the study have established that spectra acquired by Raman spectroscopy can be separated into distinct classes through PCA. In conclusion, this study has shown that well-preserved mammoth and elephant ivory has the potential to be characterized using Raman spectroscopy, providing a promising method for species identification. The results of this study will be valuable in developing quick and non-destructive methods for the identification of ivory, which will have direct applications in archaeology and the regulation of international trade.

Review of the distribution, population trends, threats, and conservation options for the endangered Zambezi flapshell turtles (&lt;i&gt;Cycloderma frenatum&lt;/i&gt; Peters, 1854) in range states

The endangered Zambezi flapshell turtle, Cycloderma frenatum Peters, 1854, is endemic to southern and eastern Africa. Habitat ecology and usage are not well known for the Zambezi flapshell turtle, although its population has been reported to have undergone massive declines in recent years. This review examined the i) population trends, ii) habitat range shifts, and iii) threats and conservation options for the Zambezi flapshell turtle in its range states. The species is data deficient because of a lack of assessments of trends in population size and distribution. Trafficking, overfishing, poaching, habitat degradation, and infrastructural developments in riparian zones affect the distribution of the Zambezi flapshell turtle. Conservation options such as deterrent punishments and protection of aquatic habitats are important, although they need to be consistently implemented. Carefully managed harvest plans supported by captive breeding, highly controlled incubation of eggs, hatching of larvae, and remotely sensed tracing of specimens to curb trafficking are potentially effective conservation options for the Zambezi flapshell turtle. Inclusion in international wildlife trade regulations, integration of local ecological knowledge into management, and development of connectivity conservation strategies are priority actions for sustaining the Zambezi flapshell turtle populations across the shared basins where it is endemic.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STATUS OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, methodological and applied foundations of the international legal status of the WTO in the context of economic globalisation. Methodology. General scientific and specific legal methods were used in the research process. With the help of the analysis the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of international trade are determined as a prerequisite for the determination of the international legal status of the WTO in the conditions of economic globalisation. The synthesis ensured the formation of characteristic features of the legal status of the WTO as an international organisation. The comparative legal method allowed to identify the common and distinctive features of international organisations in this area, as well as to clarify the defining aspects of the legal personality of the WTO in the modern international legal field. The formal-legal method created the conditions for formulating conclusions on the effectiveness of the implementation of the legal personality of the WTO in the sphere of ensuring the rules of international trade in the conditions of economic globalisation. The purpose of this article is to identify the characteristics of the international legal status of the WTO under the conditions of economic globalisation. The results of the study showed that the international legal status of the WTO in the conditions of economic globalisation is based on the basic principles of legal regulation of international trade and is mediated by the purpose of activity, legal personality, the order of formation and powers of the governing bodies, principles and procedural aspects of the functioning of this organisation. Conclusion. The international legal status of the WTO in the conditions of economic globalisation is considered from the standpoint of a dichotomous approach to this category from the standpoint of economics and law. Economic preconditions for the introduction of international trade rules in the form of GATT, 1947 and WTO research through the analysis of primarily statistical data of the periods 1947-1948 and 2017-2022, reflected in the consolidated information data of the WTO, as well as the study of individual theoretical considerations of scientists. Statistical indicators show clear signs of globalisation of the world economy, which is mediated by international trade operations, as a result of which the creation of transparent mechanisms for the circulation of goods within the framework of trade activities as a kind of existence of the world community through various static and dynamic legal constructions, among which WOT occupies almost the most significant importance along with other international organisations. The above is demonstrated by the example of the impact of COVID-2019 on international trade, the corresponding reaction to which was the revitalisation of trade processes, primarily in the field of pharmaceutical industry products. The above has covered the main principles of international legal regulation of trade relations at the formal and substantive level, which is carried out at the universal international legal, regional international legal and national levels. In connection with the differentiation of the components of the legal personality of the WTO, the definition of international legal capacity is given as the ability of a subject of international activity to acquire appropriate rights for itself by its own actions and to exercise them independently, as well as to create corresponding obligations for itself by its actions, to fulfil them independently and to bear responsibility in case of their non-fulfilment. In terms of the nature of this organisation, its place among other similar international organisations, in particular those operating within the framework of the UN, was invented by the field of activity, where attention is paid to the predominance of the latter in order to maintain international peace and security. The purpose of the activities of the WTO is to create and ensure international, multilateral, open, based on fair competition and other features inherent to trade in modern society, where the quasi-procedural moment, based on the replacement of a number of bilateral and multilateral agreements, is an external manifestation of such activity. It characterises the original and derivative legal instruments of the WTO's operation, defines the socio-economic and legal purpose of its activities, defines the structure and powers of the WTO's governing bodies, and focuses the organisation's legal personality on the procedural aspect of its activities, in particular through the implementation of relevant principles, among which the principle of maximum contribution plays a leading role.

ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF RISING COUNTRIES IN THE PRESENT GLOBAL CONTEXT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG CHINA BRAZIL AND INDIA

The US and other highly industrialized states' long-standing domination in the global economy is under challenge from the rise of developing economies like China, India, and Brazil. The global economy is evolving. At the same time, changes have been made to a number of international governance organizations to enhance the major growing economies represented. This article looks at the World Trade Organization, a key structure in the international regulation of trade, and the contributions and impact that Brazil, India, and China have had inside it. These shifts in power, which the rising nations are really influencing greatly, have resulted in the breakdown of multilateralism and the stillbirth of neoliberals at the WTO. There is now a battle between the new and old powers, despite the fact that the new powers are opposing US hegemony rather than the WTO's neoliberal worldview.

Fishing for oil and meat drives irreversible defaunation of deepwater sharks and rays.

The deep ocean is the last natural biodiversity refuge from the reach of human activities. Deepwater sharks and rays are among the most sensitive marine vertebrates to overexploitation. One-third of threatened deepwater sharks are targeted, and half the species targeted for the international liver-oil trade are threatened with extinction. Steep population declines cannot be easily reversed owing to long generation lengths, low recovery potentials, and the near absence of management. Depth and spatial limits to fishing activity could improve conservation when implemented alongside catch regulations, bycatch mitigation, and international trade regulation. Deepwater sharks and rays require immediate trade and fishing regulations to prevent irreversible defaunation and promote recovery of this threatened megafauna group.

New Generation Sustainable Technologies for Soilless Vegetable Production

This review article conducts an in-depth analysis of the role of next-generation technologies in soilless vegetable production, highlighting their groundbreaking potential to revolutionize yield, efficiency, and sustainability. These technologies, such as AI-driven monitoring systems and precision farming methods, offer unparalleled accuracy in monitoring critical variables such as nutrient concentrations and pH levels. However, the paper also addresses the multifaceted challenges that hinder the widespread adoption of these technologies. The high initial investment costs pose a significant barrier, particularly for small- and medium-scale farmers, thereby risking the creation of a technological divide in the industry. Additionally, the technical complexity of these systems demands specialized expertise, potentially exacerbating knowledge gaps among farmers. Other considerations are scrutinized, including data privacy concerns and potential job displacement due to automation. Regulatory challenges, such as international trade regulations and policy frameworks, are discussed, as they may need revision to accommodate these new technologies. The paper concludes by emphasizing that while these sustainable technologies offer transformative benefits, their potential for broad adoption is constrained by a complex interplay of financial, technical, regulatory, and social factors.

TARIFF REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE XXI CENTURY

Objective. The objective of our study is to analyse the status and peculiarities of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to substantiate the importance and role of tariff regulation of international and foreign trade in the XXI century, to identify factors influencing the development of international trade), generalisation and systematisation (to substantiate the state and peculiarities of the development of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century), analysis of time series (to identify trends and patterns of tariff regulation of international trade in 2006-2022), graphical (for visual representation of the peculiarities of tariff dynamics in WTO countries). Results. The article notes that despite the changes that have taken place in international trade in general and in the system of its regulation in particular, tariff regulation remains the main authorised means of regulating international and external trade. By 2022, international trade is expected to reach USD 30 trillion, with trade in goods, especially manufactured goods, dominating the structure. It is established that one of the aspects of liberalising trade is to reduce or eliminate tariffs. It is noted that the reduction of tariffs is much slower in the period 2006-2021 than in the period 1996-2005. Average applied tariffs in WTO countries for all product groups will decrease from 10.1% in 2006 to 8.9% in 2021; tariffs on agricultural products will be significantly higher than on non-agricultural products (14.8% vs. 8% in 2021); average tariffs applied to all product groups were significantly lower in developed countries than in developing countries and LDCs; average tariffs applied by developed countries decreased by 1.7%, by developing countries by 1.7% and by LDCs by 1.2%; the highest average tariffs were recorded in Africa and the Americas and the lowest in Europe; the share of duty-free goods under the most favoured nation regime in the WTO countries has been steadily increasing; there has been a slight but steady decline in the share of tariff peaks, which are tariffs exceeding 15 per cent; the number of trade agreements, including preferential trade agreements, has been growing steadily, with agreements covering not only trade in goods but also trade in services, etc. According to the analysis of WTO data, in 2022 most WTO countries have an average bound tariff not exceeding 50%; average bound tariffs vary significantly across WTO countries and product groups; average bound tariffs for most WTO countries range from 20-59% for agricultural products, 10-39% for non-agricultural products; average applied tariffs for agricultural products range from 10-19%, up to 10% for non-agricultural products; significant discrepancies between average bound tariffs and average applied tariffs remain; in the majority of WTO countries, ad valorem tariffs dominate the tariff structure; there are significant differences between countries in the number of bound tariffs applied; in the vast majority of WTO countries, MFN tariffs are applied to a large number of products - the number of products subject to MFN tariffs varies between 5000 and 10000.

PROVISIONS ON IMPORTATION OF ELECTRONICALLY TRANSMITTED DIGITAL GOODS STUDY CASE: INDONESIA

In a world increasingly reliant on e-commerce, the need for comprehensive international trade regulations, ensuring fairness and inclusivity in this digital trade has become paramount. In 1998, the World Trade Organization (WTO) introduced a moratorium on customs duties for electronic transmissions, signalling a commitment to a tariff-free environment for digital commerce. However, this decision has sparked extensive debates among WTO members, particularly concerning the definition and scope of electronically transmitted content. The study delves into Indonesia's provision for imposing customs duties on digital goods transmitted electronically, offering insights into its policy background, legal framework, and implementation procedures. Employing descriptive qualitative research methods, this study aims to provide a holistic understanding of Indonesia's customs duties provision for digital imports through electronic transmission. It captures the nuances of this policy by presenting real-world data, observations, and interviews with stakeholders. Indonesia Government has regulated the importation of digital goods through electronic transmission with the issuance of the MoF Regulation Number 190 Year 2022 regarding Import Provisions for Home Use. The provisions include three main points: exclusion from some provisions of importation of tangible goods, a minimum requirement of filled-in element data in customs import declaration, and a monitoring and submissionmechanism. In conclusion, the provisions of digital goods importation, which Indonesia has implemented, accommodates usefulness and easiness to the importers in declaring import declaration. As a result, there has been a significant increase in the number of import declaration documents for digital goods since the regulation`simplementation in January 2023.

Enhancing Competitiveness in Indonesia's Furniture Craft Industry: A Five Porter Analysis

Indonesia's craft industry, encompassing traditional crafts such as batik printing, weaving, and furniture, plays a vital role in the nation's cultural identity. Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) are key players, propelling the growth of creative cities. Among them, the furniture industry is prominent, despite a minor dip in 2022 exports. Notably, the United States accounts for 58.5% of Indonesian furniture exports and is the main export destination. This study employs the Five Porter Analysis to explore external factors influencing the furniture craft sector. The findings emphasize the importance of ensuring a stable supply of raw materials, aligning products with international preferences, promoting sustainable resource management, fostering innovation, and navigating international trade regulations. Government support is pivotal. The results demonstrate the need for a comprehensive strategy to sustain competitiveness. It calls for capacity building, market research, and global collaboration to strengthen Indonesia's position in the international market. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and MSMEs to enhance Indonesia's furniture craft industry's competitiveness while preserving its rich cultural heritage.

Smart Contracts and International Trade: European Legal Strategies for Managing Challenges

Objective: the automation inherent in smart contracts makes them an attractive tool for global trade applications, especially for the automation of transactions. The prospects foreseeable will significantly impact international economic relations and the transformation of international trade rules. This fact determines the study objective - to identify the possibilities of transforming the said rules and the political and legal strategies adopted by European countries to implement smart contracts in international trade.Methods: the study, devoted to the current international trade regulation in the context of contracts digitalization and spread of smart contracts, uses a combination of formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. They allow researching the international trade rules, analyzing and comparing the UK and the EU political and legal positions on the smart contracts introduction in international trade, as well as predicting the legal consequences of using smart contracts in international trade.Results: the research shows that the proliferation of smart contracts has significant implications for international trade and its regulation. Smart contracts have numerous advantages, such as increased efficiency, reduced costs, and wide availability. However, they may lead to legal challenges when harmonizing traditional legal principles with the digital environment, in particular concerning the authentication of subjects, enforceability under specific circumstances of a case, and jurisdictional issues.Scientific novelty: the current literature on the transformation of international trade regulation in the context of digitalization processes and the spread of smart contracts is complemented by the results of a comparative analysis of the legal positions existing in the European legal space and developed on the basis of problems, lessons and achievements in the smart contracts implementation in international trade.Practical significance: understanding the legal implications of smart contracts is important for businesses involved in international trade. The study provides insights into the UK and the EU legal positions from which guidance can be provided to companies navigating the digital landscape. Policymakers can also benefit from the findings when developing appropriate legal acts to balance the benefits of smart contracts with the need for legal certainty and protection in international trade.

Harmonizing international quality standards for Andrographis paniculata: A comparative analysis of content determination methods across pharmacopeias

The quality standards for Andrographis paniculata, a widely used medicinal herb, exhibited significant variations across different pharmacopeias. In this study, we compared the HPLC content determination methods and total lactone content of A. paniculata samples from different regions, as specified in the Chinese (CP), United States (USP), European (EP), Thai (TP), and Indian pharmacopeias (IP), as well as the Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards (HK). We aimed to assess the differences and similarities among these pharmacopeias and harmonized international quality standards for A. paniculata. The analysis revealed variations in sample preparation, liquid chromatographic conditions, fingerprint profiles, and total lactone content among the different pharmacopeias. Specifically, the CP and HK methods exhibited superior sample preparation and chromatographic separation. Further comparing the content of 20 A. paniculata samples with the CP, USP, EP and HK methods showed consistent determinations for the same components, indicating similar detection capabilities. The discrepancies in total lactone content primarily stemmed from differences in the number and types of detected compounds. Moreover, the acceptance criteria exhibited a stringency in the order CP > HK > EP > USP. In conclusion, this comparison analysis of content determination in CP, USP, HK, EP, TP and IP provided a scientific foundation for the international standardization and trade regulations of A. paniculata. It also served as a valuable reference for the development of international quality standards for other medicinal herbs, facilitating the harmonization of global pharmaceutical standards.

Internasional Trade Regulation and its Impact on Macroeconomics: An Internasional Law Perspective

This journal article examines the dynamic relationship between international trade regulation and macroeconomics from the lens of international law. International trade, with its complex legal framework, plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economic landscape. Understanding the intricate interplay between trade regulations and macroeconomic variables is crucial for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners alike.&#x0D; Through a comprehensive analysis of international trade agreements, dispute settlement mechanisms, and trade policies, this research investigates the legal mechanisms that govern global commerce. It explores the impact of trade regulations on key macroeconomic indicators, such as economic growth, employment, inflation, and balance of payments. This study takes into consideration both the multilateral trading system, exemplified by the World Trade Organization, and regional trade agreements to provide a holistic view of the subject.&#x0D; The findings highlight the significant influence of international trade regulation on a nation's economic performance. Effective trade regulation can stimulate economic growth, enhance market access for goods and services, and promote stability in global markets. Conversely, trade disputes and protectionist measures can disrupt economic activities and lead to adverse macroeconomic consequences.&#x0D; Furthermore, this research delves into the legal mechanisms available to states to address trade-related disputes and their potential implications on macroeconomic stability. It underscores the importance of a rules-based international trading system in promoting global economic well-being.&#x0D; By analyzing international trade regulation through an international law perspective, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the relationship between law and economics. It underscores the significance of legal frameworks in shaping macroeconomic outcomes and highlights the need for harmonizing trade policies with broader economic objectives. Ultimately, the research underscores the role of international law as a tool for promoting economic development and stability in the context of global trade.

The international diffusion of food innovations and the nutrition transition: retrospective longitudinal evidence from country-level data, 1970–2010

IntroductionThere is a lack of quantitative evidence on the role of food innovations—new food ingredients and processing techniques—in the nutrition transition.ObjectiveDocument the distribution of food innovations across 67 high-income (HIC)...

Nexus between economic growth, natural resources rents, trade globalization, financial development, and carbon emissions toward environmental sustainability in Uruguay

There have been variances in environmental quality as the globe continues to become a globalized society, however, research including trade globalization into the environmental policy framework remains inconclusive. Using the Uruguayan time series dataset between 1990 and 2020, this study investigated the impact of economic growth, natural resource rents, trade globalization, and financial development on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, this inquiry quantifies short- and long-run dynamics. The results of the ARDL bounds test indicate a long-term relationship between carbon emissions and these variables. Additionally, the ARDL short-and long-run analyses demonstrated a positive and statistically significant effect of economic growth, natural resource rents, and trade globalization on Uruguay's CO2 emissions. However, both the short-run and long-run coefficients of financial development are statistically significant and negative, indicating that financial development has no effect on environmental deterioration in Uruguay. Furthermore, by using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR), the findings were confirmed. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that international trade regulations be reevaluated and export limitations for goods with high levels of pollution are strengthened.

Impact of Digital Service Trade Barriers and Cross-Border Digital Service Inputs on Economic Growth

In this digital era, digital service trade has brought significant benefits to the global economy. However, this trade also poses considerable challenges to international trade regulations. This study aims to analyze the impact of cross-border digital service trade on the economic growth of importing countries while determining how digital trade barriers moderate this effect. We established a theoretical model that meticulously delineates various restrictive regulatory measures that can hinder digital service inputs. We further developed a comprehensive and detailed trade barrier index based on these measures. A three-dimensional fixed effects panel regression model was used to analyze data from six types of digital services in 48 economies from 2005 to 2021. The findings indicated that cross-border digital service inputs enhance importing countries’ economic growth, highlighting the substantial economic value of these inputs. However, trade barriers in digital services were also found to diminish this positive effect. Specifically, an increase in the digital service trade barriers in importing countries constricts the range and quality of selectable digital services, which might adversely impact national economic growth. The inhibitory effect is stronger for countries with a “Limited Model” for personal data transfers and processing.

Effect of CITES Appendix I listing on illegal pangolin trade as gauged from seizure reports in Indonesia

Pangolins, one of the most heavily trafficked animals, have become the poster child for the illegal wildlife trade. Pangolins are protected throughout their range and their international trade has been regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Assessing the effectiveness of trade regulations, such as the listing of all pangolins on CITES Appendix I in 2016 precluding all international trade, can be done by analysis of seizure reports. I report 81 large seizures within Indonesia over the last 12 years, the equivalent of 18,024 pangolins representing a value of USD9.42 million. In Indonesia, the number of seizures remained stable at around seven a year. There was a significant decrease in the number of seized pangolin equivalents, from 3000 to 4000 in 2011 and 2012 to 400 to 600 in 2021 and 2022. A break point analysis showed that any changes in this trend did not coincide with changes in international trade regulations. Seizures were made in 17/22 provinces where pangolins occur. At the provincial level seizures or the number of confiscated pangolins was not linked to minimum wage, area, human population, or international connectiveness. Despite the international nature of the pangolin trade, where reported, suspects that were arrested were Indonesian nationals. Over time the proportion of seizures comprising solely of scales has increased from ~ 5 to 100%. These observations of seizures of large amounts of pangolin scales, in the absence of bodies, carcasses, or meat, suggest there is a hidden trade in these parts, in Indonesia and/or elsewhere. There is no clear support that the CITES Appendix I listing had a direct effect on the pangolin trade within Indonesia.

Nexus between trade, industrialization, and marine pollution: A quantile regression approach

In the recent decades, developing nations aim to industrialize and grow sustainably often ignoring the environmental consequences. However, few empirical studies have looked at the influence of industrialization-driven economic transition on marine pollution, in particular post trade openness. This paper analyzes the nexus between trade openness, industrialization, and marine pollution. The study uses time series data (1995–2022) and applies quantile regression to analyze the impact of trade openness and industrialization on marine pollution. The finding of this study suggested that trade openness and industrialization have a significant positive impact on marine pollution. Trade activities and rapid transition towards industrialization enforced large industrial inputs resulting marine pollution. In general, industrial wastewater contains heavy metals, organic compounds, and toxic chemicals, and causes marine pollution and disturb the marine life if not treated properly. Thus, improper waste management and mitigation leads to marine pollution. Therefore, implications of strategic policy that integrates trade, industrialization, and environmental is of prime concern and need to be address for effective marine pollution mitigation and control. To minimize the environmental effects of trade and industrial operations, developed and developing nations should promote sustainable industrial practices and enforced stricter regulations in international trade.

THE MULTIFACETED LANDSCAPE OF WTO LAW: A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF ITS PRINCIPLES, RULES AND INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE

Giga Abuseridze&#x0D; E-mail: gabuseridze@cu.edu.ge &#x0D; Ph.D in Law Caucasus University, Georgia &#x0D; Riga Stradins University, Latvia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-8719&#x0D; &#x0D; Abstract: This paper examines the fundamental tenets, regulations, and institutional framework of the World Trade Organization that constitute the intricate landscape of WTO jurisprudence. The author delves into the intricate and specialized character of WTO law, elucidating a diverse array of topics pertaining to the intersection of international trade and legal principles. Particular emphasis is placed on the foundational principles of equitable trade and the WTO, encompassing matters of legal pluralism and non-discrimination. Drawing upon a comprehensive examination of the multilateral panorama of WTO legislation, the presented paper makes a substantial contribution towards fostering a more profound comprehension of international trade regulation, trade transformation, and extant clearances.

Guitarfishes are plucked: Undermanaged in global fisheries despite declining populations and high volume of unreported international trade

Some sharks and rays are subject to fisheries catch and international trade regulations. However, the Guitarfishes (family Rhinobatidae) are a highly threatened group with minimal regulations. The true volume of Guitarfishes in international trade is underestimated and masked by substantial underreporting of catch and the use of broad commodity codes for traded products. Here, we begin to document the extent of trade by collating international trade information for Guitarfishes that have not readily been documented in trade, possibly due to poor resolution of molecular genetic markers. We also assess the shortfall in fisheries management (M-Risk) for all species of Guitarfish based on 99 assessments across 28 countries. Globally, Guitarfishes are inadequately managed, with an average M-Risk of 45% of an ideal score, resulting in 76% of species being threatened globally. The high and unregulated catch and trade volume, paired with the management shortfalls, require global integrated improvement in fisheries management, supported by regulating international trade to sustainable levels.