International Technology Transfer Research Articles

E-COMMERCE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Divers may find plenty of opportunities in the international business world, but staying afloat can be challenging. In addition to the fact that this integration of IB with e-commerce will lead to an increase in complexity, it will also facilitate trade and remove many other obstacles that were previously present. A tremendous asset that one may learn and grow from is the quick growth of partnerships across countries worldwide as a consequence of IB, which has led to the best of each other's land and the flow of products and services. International business encompasses any profitable endeavours that promote the international transfer of goods, services, people, ideas, and technology. What are known as "internal business operations"? They occur within the borders of a nation. When companies buy and sell items, commodities, and services over international boundaries, it's called international commerce. This kind of firm is called an international business. The government or a commercial entity may own such trading techniques. Additionally, the country's economy remains steady. There are no competitors in a perilous nation. A global corporation's tools, goals, and objectives should inform its strategy development process.

The Legend of Pure Spring Water: The Development of Industrial Water Treatment and its Diffusion through Technology Transfer as the Basis for the Industrialization and Internationalization of Brewing

Abstract By examining the horizontal and vertical, international knowledge and technology transfer of specific industrial water-treatment-technologies, this paper reflects on their interaction with beer production. Against the background of the discrepancy between the importance of narratives on naturalness and originality in relation to brewing water and the industrial mass production in its historicity, an insight into a largely invisible but nevertheless fundamentally important technology will be given.

The International Energy Agency's Role in Supporting the Sustainability of Renewable Energy Supply in Indonesia

Indonesia, as a country with abundant natural resources, faces serious challenges related to the use of non-renewable natural resources such as petroleum. Negative environmental impacts and the risk of depletion of these resources have triggered the need for a transition to renewable energy. We use an inductive qualitative method through document research as data collection. Given the International Energy Agency's (IEA) role in supporting national energy sustainability and reviewing Indonesia's energy policies, a pertinent question arises regarding its role in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the concrete role of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in supporting the sustainability of renewable energy supply in Indonesia with reference to SDG 7. This study finds that the role of the IEA in striving for a renewable energy transition in Indonesia centres on providing analysis of the potential and challenges as well as policy recommendations to direct the government in developing strategies for implementing renewable energy. The IEA also facilitates international cooperation, technology transfer, and investment in the renewable energy sector. Indonesia is committed to achieving the targets of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, which focuses on universal access to affordable, clean, and sustainable energy. Cooperation with the IEA will continue to be key in achieving this goal, especially to achieve the net-zero emissions target by 2060 and ensure the availability of a sustainable renewable energy supply.

Impact of liberalization and globalization on economic growth: Empirical evidence from Türkiye

Globalization, as the process of integration of the world economy, increases international trade, capital movements, and technology transfer. This study examines the relationship between globalization and economic growth in the 1974-2022 period in Türkiye. In this study, the ARDL Bound method was used for cointegration analysis and the DCC-EGARCH model was used to capture time-varying relationships. The results of the ARDL-Bound model show a positive and long-term correlation between globalization and economic growth in Türkiye. According to the results of the DCC model, there has been a generally positive relationship between economic growth and the globalization index since 1984. Türkiye's economy has generally been positively influenced by economic liberalization processes and globalization. However, the export-oriented growth strategy seems to have lost its effect after 2005. Moreover, the globalization benefits of foreign direct investment were only evident between 2000 and 2009, after which the positive relationship decreased. In the interest of attracting FDI and promoting sustainable economic growth, Türkiye should review its investment-friendly policies and develop strategies aimed at long-term benefits.

Reviewing the advancements in offshore drilling technologies in the USA and their global impact

This study provides an overview of the significant advancements in offshore drilling technologies within the United States and their consequential global impact. As the world's leading innovator in the energy sector, the USA has played a pivotal role in shaping the future of offshore drilling, pushing the boundaries of technological capabilities and fostering sustainable practices. The review begins by highlighting the evolution of offshore drilling technologies in the USA over the past decade. Innovations such as advanced drilling rigs, smart sensors, and real-time data analytics have revolutionized the industry, enhancing operational efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. These technological breakthroughs have not only increased the depth and reach of offshore drilling but have also significantly reduced exploration risks and minimized the environmental footprint. The global impact of these advancements is explored, emphasizing the ripple effect on international energy markets, geopolitical dynamics, and environmental stewardship. The USA's expertise in developing cutting-edge technologies has been instrumental in influencing global industry standards and best practices. International collaborations, knowledge exchange, and technology transfer have facilitated the adoption of these advancements in offshore drilling practices across the globe. Furthermore, the study addresses the role of regulatory frameworks and industry collaborations in shaping the trajectory of offshore drilling technologies. The USA's commitment to stringent safety and environmental regulations has set a benchmark for responsible offshore exploration, influencing other nations to implement similar standards. The study concludes by highlighting the future prospects and challenges in offshore drilling technologies. As the energy landscape continues to evolve, the USA remains at the forefront of research and development, driving innovation towards cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable offshore drilling solutions. The ongoing collaboration between industry stakeholders, government bodies, and research institutions is crucial for addressing emerging challenges and ensuring the continued positive global impact of USA's advancements in offshore drilling technologies.

Innovative German technology in sub-Saharan Africa: Where is it used?

Germany is the largest economy in Europe, and currently the fourth largest in the world. It is also the most innovative country as measured by patent registrations. Technology transfers originating in Germany are therefore highly innovative and have a great potential to positively impact the economic situation in other countries as well. As the patents are generally held by businesses, it is commonly assumed that the logic of transferring technologies across borders also follows an economic motive. Here, this motive is questioned in a quantitative analysis, showing what determines the selection of destination country for German businesses looking to transfer their technology. It is shown that, contrary to common perception, the primary motivation is developmental, not economic. This is in line with international political declarations and calls for more (and more effective) international technology transfer. Furthermore, the best way to support international technology transfer is through the presence of German experts providing support in manifold ways to those businesses interested in international transfers.

International Technology Transfer Regimes in Latin America

International Technology Transfer Regimes in Latin America

Assessing the Potential of AI–ML in Urban Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable Development

This study addresses a notable gap in the climate change literature by examining the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI–ML) in urban climate change adaptation and sustainable development across major global continents. While much attention has been given to mitigation strategies, this study uniquely delves into the AI–ML’s underexplored role in catalyzing climate change adaptation in contemporary and future urban centers. The research thoroughly explores diverse case studies from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, and South America, utilizing a methodological framework involving six-step and five-step models for systematic literature reviews. The findings underscore AI–ML achievements, illuminate challenges, and emphasize the need for context-specific and collaborative approaches. The findings imply that a one-size-fits-all approach is insufficient. Instead, successful adaptation strategies must be intricately linked to the particular characteristics, vulnerabilities, and intricacies of each region. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of international collaboration, knowledge sharing, and technology transfer to expedite the integration of AI–ML into climate adaptation strategies globally. The study envisions a promising trajectory for AI–ML in the climate adaptation domain, emphasizing the necessity for ongoing research, innovation, and practical AI–ML applications. As climate change remains a defining challenge, this research predicts an increasingly pivotal role for AI–ML in constructing climate-resilient urban centers and promoting sustainable development. Continuous efforts to advance AI–ML technologies, establish robust policy frameworks, and ensure universal access are crucial for harnessing AI–ML’s transformative capabilities to combat climate change consequences.

Sustainability performance of multinational companies in Malaysia

This study investigated the influence of market environment, cultural distance, government policy, and absorptive capacity on international intra-firm technology transfer and organizational sustainability performance among subsidiaries of foreign-based multinational corporations (MNCs) in Malaysia. Quantitative data was collected from randomly selected 252 MNC-Subsidiaries in Malaysia. Data analysis revealed that market environment, determined by market dynamism and competitors' intensity; cultural distance determined by national and organizational cultural distance; along with absorptive capacity, captured by the constructs of ability and motivation have a significant positive effect on intra-firm technology transfer. The study also revealed a significant positive influence of intra-firm technology transfer on organizational sustainability performance across the sample. Furthermore, the results showed a significant indirect effect of market environment, cultural distance, and absorptive capacity on sustainability performance through (mediation) intra-firm technology transfer. The results of this study could serve as a specific reference for policymakers of rapidly emerging economies in order to strengthen policies for a more dynamic, competitive, market and support their citizens to acquire relevant education, skills, and cultural awareness that would enhance technological inflows leading towards improved organizational sustainability.

Innovative and financial modernization of transportation system based on international technology transfer

The object of the study is the process of innovative and financial modernization of the transport system based on international technology transfer. The problem of innovative foundations of strengthening its competitiveness in the conditions of integration into the EU has been solved. The main results obtained: disclosure of the innovative essence of technology transfer, substantiation of the organizational and economic mechanism and systematization of demand factors of the transport system for technology transfer, its financial and investment support. The obtained results are illustrated by a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators. It was established that during 2010–2019, the share of spending on the GDR in the national GDP decreased from 0.75 % to 0.43 %, but at the EU level it increased from 1.92 % to 2.14 %. The high dependence of countries on the transfer of technologies and innovations due to the negative values of their export and import balances has been proven. Their main share in 2020–2021 in the country falls on licenses – 51.39 % and 44.48 %, respectively, as well as franchises and trademarks – 38.55 % and 39.51 %, respectively. The results are explained by the lack of financial resources for the implementation of innovations, the lack of scientific research, etc. The peculiarities of the conducted research are the use of a dynamic approach for the provision of a balance between innovations and sources of their financing, of strengthening the competitive positions of the transport system in the conditions of European integration. The scope of the results is the development of strategic innovative foundations for the transport system, and the conditions for their practical use are promising tools for financial and investment support.

Legal security of the system of infrastructure support of innovative activities under the conditions of European integration processes

Problem setting. The European integration vector of the development of Ukraine in modern conditions should be directed to the key needs of the state, one of which is the aspiration to join the EU, which should be based on established processes of approximation of current legislation to international legal standards and dynamism of entry into the European scientific, educational and digital spaces. Martial law outlined new priorities for state support, however, the implementation of innovative activities is of key importance for ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy, the innovative path of which is actualized precisely through the relevant strategic orientations and measures, which must be of a systemic nature. analysis of recent researches and publications. Legal issues of implementation of support for innovative activities and problems of infrastructural support of the innovation process have been studied by many scientists. In the scientific works of S. V. Hlibko topical issues regarding the improvement of the legal regulation of the innovation process were investigated. O. V. Rozghon conducted a study of conceptual provisions regarding the substantiation of the essence of the category “international technology transfer” and a bibliographic analysis of the study of this category. Yu. M. Zhornokui analyzed legislative and doctrinal approaches in European countries regarding the formation of organizational and legal forms of venture investment in innovative activities. the purpose of the research is to study the topical legal issues related to ensuring the systematic nature of infrastructure support for innovation in the context of European integration processes. article’s main body. In today’s conditions of intensification of integration and globalization processes, one of the main factors in increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian enterprises is their capacity for innovative activity, the economic effect of which is positive only in the case of the systemic nature of the implementation of innovative changes based on e formed innovation strategy. Proper strategic planning and systematic measures to support activities in the innovation market have a decisive influence on the state of the national economy, including its innovative direction. Today, there are indeed legal problems regarding the lack of a systematic approach to ensuring the innovative development of the national economy and regions of Ukraine, which require an urgent solution in the conditions of the general trend regarding the passive-static state of the current legislation in the field of innovation, taking into account the need for the intensification of European integration processes. The legal support of the national innovation ecosystem should have effective means of supporting and stimulating the implementation of innovative activities and the corresponding infrastructural support of the innovation process, taking into account modern challenges, real needs and generally defined strategic guidelines of the state in this area. At the same time, the construction of an effective innovation policy should also take place according to the principle of adaptive formation, taking into account the real needs of regulatory regulation, the current state of innovation development, the need to ensure effective interaction between all subjects of the innovation infrastructure and components of the national innovation system. conclusions and prospects for the development. The study of current legal issues regarding the provision of systematic infrastructural support for innovative activities in the context of European integration processes allows us to conclude that a dynamic push is now urgently needed for the development of all components of the country’s general innovation ecosystem, a decisive role is played by the use of a systemic approach, which will provide the opportunity to optimize the use innovation potential of Ukraine and significantly increase the competitiveness of the national economy based on the construction of an effective national innovation ecosystem.

Legal security of the system of infrastructure support of innovative activities under the conditions of European integration processes

Problem setting. The European integration vector of the development of Ukraine in modern conditions should be directed to the key needs of the state, one of which is the aspiration to join the EU, which should be based on established processes of approximation of current legislation to international legal standards and dynamism of entry into the European scientific, educational and digital spaces. Martial law outlined new priorities for state support, however, the implementation of innovative activities is of key importance for ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy, the innovative path of which is actualized precisely through the relevant strategic orientations and measures, which must be of a systemic nature. analysis of recent researches and publications. Legal issues of implementation of support for innovative activities and problems of infrastructural support of the innovation process have been studied by many scientists. In the scientific works of S. V. Hlibko topical issues regarding the improvement of the legal regulation of the innovation process were investigated. O. V. Rozghon conducted a study of conceptual provisions regarding the substantiation of the essence of the category “international technology transfer” and a bibliographic analysis of the study of this category. Yu. M. Zhornokui analyzed legislative and doctrinal approaches in European countries regarding the formation of organizational and legal forms of venture investment in innovative activities. the purpose of the research is to study the topical legal issues related to ensuring the systematic nature of infrastructure support for innovation in the context of European integration processes. article’s main body. In today’s conditions of intensification of integration and globalization processes, one of the main factors in increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian enterprises is their capacity for innovative activity, the economic effect of which is positive only in the case of the systemic nature of the implementation of innovative changes based on e formed innovation strategy. Proper strategic planning and systematic measures to support activities in the innovation market have a decisive influence on the state of the national economy, including its innovative direction. Today, there are indeed legal problems regarding the lack of a systematic approach to ensuring the innovative development of the national economy and regions of Ukraine, which require an urgent solution in the conditions of the general trend regarding the passive-static state of the current legislation in the field of innovation, taking into account the need for the intensification of European integration processes. The legal support of the national innovation ecosystem should have effective means of supporting and stimulating the implementation of innovative activities and the corresponding infrastructural support of the innovation process, taking into account modern challenges, real needs and generally defined strategic guidelines of the state in this area. At the same time, the construction of an effective innovation policy should also take place according to the principle of adaptive formation, taking into account the real needs of regulatory regulation, the current state of innovation development, the need to ensure effective interaction between all subjects of the innovation infrastructure and components of the national innovation system. conclusions and prospects for the development. The study of current legal issues regarding the provision of systematic infrastructural support for innovative activities in the context of European integration processes allows us to conclude that a dynamic push is now urgently needed for the development of all components of the country’s general innovation ecosystem, a decisive role is played by the use of a systemic approach, which will provide the opportunity to optimize the use innovation potential of Ukraine and significantly increase the competitiveness of the national economy based on the construction of an effective national innovation ecosystem.

FDI Flows and the Effects of the Shadow Economy: Evidence from Gravity Modelling

This paper analyzes the question of if the size of the shadow economy affects foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and what effects, if any, there are. Since about 1990, FDI has become the second crucial pillar of economic globalization in OECD countries and worldwide; such FDI inward and outward flows contribute to higher per capita income and international technology transfer. To analyze this question, both fixed effects, as well as dyadic fixed effects gravity models, are used on an OECD-only dataset that allows for data on bilateral, bidirectional FDI flows for the years from 1992-2018. The empirical results suggest a positive effect of the shadow economy for FDI target countries and a negative effect for FDI origin countries. Additional findings via an interaction term show that the shadow economy can counteract the negative effects of an increase in government size on FDI inflows. From a policy perspective, changes in the size of the shadow economy – typically taking place in periods of recession, in a high taxation environment, or in the context of a pandemic shock – should be carefully monitored by economic policymakers as well as by policy monitoring international organizations such as the IMF and the EBRD. If a group of (OECD) countries decides to adopt anti-shadow economy economic policies, there will be pressure on other (OECD) countries to also adopt similar policies since the difference between the size of the shadow economy in the source country and the host country has a negative impact on FDI inflows. Thus, FDI could indirectly be a catalyst for reforms. Keywords: international economics, foreign direct investment, gravity model, shadow economy, OECD countries JEL classification: C23, E26, F21, F23

Intellectual property rights and the international transfer of climate change mitigating technologies

Our study is a quasi-replication of Dechezleprêtre et al. (2013), which was among the first studies to find a strong role for IPRs in explaining the international transfer of climate change and mitigation technologies (CCMTs). Their result is at odds with the received wisdom on the ambiguous role of IPRs in determining technology transfer to developing countries as strong IPRs can enable a market expansion effect and result in technology transfer but they may also strengthen monopoly power, increase value and reduce the incentive to transfer a large volume of technology. We extend the Dechezleprêtre et al. (2013) study by distinguishing between OECD and non-OECD groups of countries, including the effect of both de jure and de facto IPRs, and extending the period of study to include the years 2008–2018, when global trade and investment slowed down. Our exercise reveals that technology transfer to non-OECD countries is associated with a different set of policies compared to OECD countries. We also find that strong IP policies have not had the same beneficial CCMTs transfer outcomes in 2008–2018 as they did in the earlier period and in fact strong de facto IPR reduced the volume of CCMTs transfer to all countries.

Technology Transfer and Process Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride Immediate Release Tablet

Metformin Hydrochloride, inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity (via effects on fat metabolism) and lowering cAMP, thus reducing the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. Metformin improves blood sugar levels by lowering the amount of glucose (sugar) that we absorb from our diet. It also helps stop the production of new glucose and improves insulin sensitivity. Metformin Hydrochloride is videly used in the form of sustained release formulation of Tablets. The study aimed to formulate and validate novel process for the Metformin Hydrochloride in immediate release pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. The wet granulation method used for formulation of Metformin Hydrochloride Immediate Release Tablets. Metformin Hydrochloride 500 mg, 850 mg, 1000 mg film coated tablets was prepared using FBE granulation technology on lab scale size. This study was carried out through a systematic plan; critical parameters were optimized to engender a stable & robust manufacturing process. The result of all three batches & its critical steps clearly shows consistency & reproducibility of parameters and all results. Hence the manufacturing method of Metformin Hydrochloride 500 mg, 850 mg, 1000 mg Film Coated tablets are validated at above parameters & equipments. Three validation batches of commercial scale batch size were taken successfully and monitored the in-process critical parameters for commercial batches. Metformin Hydrochloride tablets were manufactured within specified Limits for meeting all quality attributes and loaded for stability study. The overall successful three consecutive validation batches of Metformin Hydrochloride film coated tablets (500, 850 & 1000 mg) verifies the international technology transfer success.

The Impact of International Technology Transfer on Technology Gap in the Context of Developing Countries

The study aimed at the effect of International Technology Transfer (ITT) on the technology gap in developing countries. The study investigated the effects of ITT on the policies and strategies that can be implemented to improve ITT in developing countries. The study was anchored on dependency theory. The study employed a qualitative method. The study’s narrative review was chosen as it is an evidence-based review that concentrates on previous literature. The study used a search strategy. Previous empirical studies were screened using Prisma Flow-diagram. It was found that the effects of ITTs on the technology gap in developing countries remain a subject of debate and investigation in academic research and that empirical evidence from different studies has shown mixed findings. The study concluded that ITT could positively and negatively affect the technology gap in developing countries. The study recommended that developing countries prioritize investment in education and human capital development to build a skilled workforce capable of utilizing and adapting to new technologies. In addition, they should encourage local innovation and development of indigenous technology to reduce dependency on foreign technology and promote sustainable development.

Організаційно-економічні аспекти трансферу технологій у роботі міжнародних компаній

The main goal of this study is to consider the organizational and economic aspects of technology transfer in the activities of international companies in order to increase their level of competitiveness in international markets. The theoretical provisions of technology transfer in the business environment are considered. The technology transfer policy in the international work of companies is revealed. The state of the market of international technology transfer is analyzed, indicating the features of its development in market conditions. The regulatory mechanisms of technology transfer in international companies have been studied. The problematic aspects and prospects of the implementation of technology transfer at the national level in the conditions of the post-war development of the economy of Ukraine are revealed.

Digital Platformas a Tool for the Functioning of the Technology Transfer Network

Problem setting. Today, the digital economy is being transferred to the digital platform, including in the area of technology transfer for innovative products and/or services. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The following scholars were interested in the conceptualization of digital platforms: Acs Z. J. et al. (2021) , Kenney M. and Zysman J. (2020), Plantin Jean-Ch. (2018), Van Gorp N. and Batura O. (2015), Spagnoletti P., Resca A. and Lee, G. (2015), Ghazawnehand A. and Henfridsson O. (2013), Ceccagnoli M. et al. (2012), Tiwana A. et al. (2010), Kurz T, Eder R. and Heistracher T. (2010), Venters W. (2021), Mansell R. and Steinmueller W. E. (2020), Frenken K. and Fuenfschilling L. (2020), Thompson M, Mukhopadhyay S., Bouwman H. and Jaiswal M. P. (2019), Otto B. and Jarke M. (2019), Poell T. et al. (2019), Gawer A. (2021), Van Dijck J. (2020, Keskin B. Van Dijk et al. (2018), Schwarz J. A. (2017). Among Ukrainian scholars, the problems of introducing digital platforms and the conceptual foundations of their development in the context of the formation of the digital economy were of interest to Kokhan V. P., Sichkarenko K. O., Ostrovsky I. A., Lyashenko V. I. and Vyshnevsky O. S., Semenog A. Y. Purpose of the research is to identify the existing views on the category of «digital platform» in the scientific literature, to identify its characteristics, and to provide an overview of its types. We will find out the impact of digital platforms on the activities of technology transfer networks and identify gaps in legal regulation and suggest opportunities for future research. Article’s main body. The article studies the conceptual provisions for substantiating the essence of the category «digital platform» and its impact on the activities of a technology transfer network. The author proves that a digital platform is an important factor enabling innovation through a technology transfer network, a mechanism for stimulating technology transfer, and a certain means of digital transformation. The concept of «digital platform» is widespread in the legal and economic literature, but there are significant differences of opinion among scholars regarding its essence. The study has led to the conclusion that a digital platform is a networked form of business organization, a special type of business model that brings together participants on the principles of an ecosystem and on a voluntary basis to promote valuable interaction between the involved participants, ensure coordination, dissemination of information, transfer of technology, and provision of services. The study found that there are business models of platforms that have a network effect and they exist in the following types: transactional, innovative, integrated, investment, and information platforms. The article emphasizes that from a legal perspective, a digital platform (for technology transfer) is a key tool for the functioning of a technology transfer network which provides for the connection of a large number of participants based on digital technologies, and which aims at coordinating and processing information, providing services, engaging software, assisting in finding partners for research and development and effective interaction of technology transfer participants, digitalization of business processes, transfer of new promising technologies and/or It has been established that the technology transfer network facilitates the implementation of innovative projects of national and international (transnational) technology transfer. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In order to improve the category of «digital platform», its concept should be fixed in the Law of Ukraine «On Stimulating the Development of the Digital Economy in Ukraine» of 15.07.2021 No. 1667-IX and the draft Law «On Digital Content and Digital Services», adopted as a basis on 12.01.2023. And the concept of a technology transfer network and center is defined in the Law of Ukraine «On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer» of 14.09.2006 No. 143-V or in the Draft Law on Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Stimulating Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer No. 4623 of 21.01.2021.

The State Of International Technology Transfer In The Northern Europe Region: Comparative Analysis By Modern Multiple Criteria Methods

The undiminished importance of international technology transfer (ITT) consistently attracts attention from scientists, businesses, and governments. The OECD acknowledges the benefits of the ITT and emphasises that European countries should be open to new opportunities that ITT brings in each economic sector, from primary to tertiary. The mining sector does not represent an exception. ITT contributes to job creation and growth worldwide by creating new markets and expanding existing ones. ITT transforms human fifes and surrounding very quickly. The TT improves production efficiency, stimulates growth; reformats patterns of sectors; brings new opportunities to every capital owner, and improves economic well-being among people worldwide. At the same time, it changes the value system and, in many cases, seriously harms the environment. Despite the researchers' focus on ITT, more complex research still needs to assess the factors of such phenomena. The article contributes to creating a more comprehensive methodology for evaluating the ITT environment not only in the mining sector but also in the other field of the primary sector. For analysis, the authors use popular Multiple Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) methods and develop objective methods for criteria weights calculation. The study evaluates and compares internal conditions for OECD Northern Europe countries to implement, develop and share technologies. For this purpose, a set of 16 quantitative criteria was created; their hierarchical structure with four categories was set. A detailed comparative analysis of the state of the countries in terms of favourable conditions for the ITT was performed.

South-to-North direct investment in a quality ladders model

ABSTRACT This paper develops a quality ladders model with endogenous technology-sourcing direct investment from the developing South to the developed North. In the model, Southern firms undertake innovation by setting up R&D subsidiaries in the North and transfer the state-of-the-art back to their parents when innovation succeeds. In contrast to previous models, we introduce outward foreign direct investment (FDI) of Southern multinationals, a new channel for international technology transfer from the North to the South, so as to capture the features of active technology seeking of the South. We also apply the model to examine the effects of Southern outward FDI incentives on innovation, production and welfare.