International Subcommittee Research Articles

ASTM International Subcommittee E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images: A brief history and update of recent work

Radiographic interpretation is a combination of art and science. The radiograph interpreter must be well versed in x-ray physics, conditions of the exposure, characteristics of the source and image detector, the design of the part, its specifications, and potential flaws. But there is also an art to interpretation that is gained over years of looking at many radiographs taken in many different conditions. As an aid to interpretation, reference radiographs have been developed and well accepted as means of identifying different types of indications and grading those indications for accept/reject decisions. Industrial radiography began in 1922 under the direction of HH Lester at the US Army Watertown Arsenal. The first radiography standards and reference radiographs appeared in the 1930s. ASTM International Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing was formed out of Committee E04 on Metallography X-ray Methods subcommittee in 1938 when ASTM was the American Society for Testing Materials. An ASTM Subcommittee on Reference Radiographs was formed in 1950 and immediately adopted some of these first reference films as consensus standards. Since those first reference radiograph standards ASTM has developed both film and digital radiograph standards for 11 types of castings and 3 types of welds, several radiographic parameter demonstration films, a standard film for measuring film digitization performance, and films for evaluating visual acuity of radiograph interpreters. This paper discusses the history of reference films and the recent development of digital reference images, film digitizer performance film, and the visual acuity standard. The just-approved ASTM E3168 Standard Practice for Determining Low-Contrast Visual Acuity of Radiographic Interpreters is the first standard containing actual radiographic images of varying sharpness, contrast, and noise that can be used to evaluate interpreters and/or interpretation environments. This paper documents the initial statistical study performed on the visual acuity standard films.

Assessment of respirator fit capability test criteria for full-facepiece air-purifying respirators

An ASTM International subcommittee on Respiratory Protection, F23.65 is currently developing a consensus standard for assessing respirator fit capability (RFC) criteria of half-facepiece air-purifying particulate respirators. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the test methods being developed for half-facepiece respirators can reasonably be applied to nonpowered full-facepiece–air-purifying respirators (FF–APR).Benchmark RFC test data were collected for three families of FF–APRs (a one-size-only family, a two-size family, and a three-size family). All respirators were equipped with P100 class particulate filters. Respirators were outfitted with a sampling probe to collect an in-mask particle concentration sample in the breathing zone of the wearer. Each of the six respirator facepieces was tested on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 25-subject Bivariate Panel. The RFC test assessed face seal leakage using a PortaCount fit test. Subjects followed the corresponding Occupational Safety and Health Administration-accepted fit test protocol.Two donnings per subject/respirator model combination were performed. The panel passing rate (PPR) (number or percentage of subjects in the panel achieving acceptable fit on at least one of two donnings) was determined for each respirator family at specified fit factor passing levels of 500, 1,000, and 2,000. As a reasonable expectation based on a previous analysis of alpha and beta fit test errors for various panel sizes, the selected PPR benchmark for our study was >75%.At the fit factor passing level of 500 obtained on at least one of two donnings, the PPRs for three-, two-, and one-size families were 100, 79, and 88%, respectively. As the fit factor passing criterion increased from 500 to 1,000 or 2,000, PPRs followed a decreasing trend. Each of the three tested families of FF–APRs are capable of fitting ≥75% of the intended user population at the 500 fit factor passing level obtained on at least one of two donnings. The methods presented here can be used as a reference for standards development organizations considering developing RFC test requirements.

Estimating Ultraviolet Radiation From Global Horizontal Irradiance

Terrestrial ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation is a primary factor contributing to the degradation of photovoltaic (PV) modules’ efficiency and reliability over time. Therefore, accurate knowledge of terrestrial UV incident on the surface of the PV materials is essential to understand the degradation of PV modules and provide reliable assessment of their service life. As PV is deployed in various climate zones, it is crucial that terrestrial UV information is available at various locations. However, the availability of terrestrial UV data—measured or modeled—is extremely limited. On the other hand, total solar irradiance (TS) datasets are relatively abundant. In this study, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, its industry partners, and ASTM's International Subcommittee on Radiometry and Service Life Prediction are developing a simple method to estimate the clear-sky terrestrial UV irradiance (280–400 nm, 295–400 nm, 285–385 nm, or 295–385 nm) from total irradiance data (280–4000 nm). The goal is to provide reliable estimates of the UV received by samples as a function of location, orientation, tilt, and airmass, thus encompassing a variety of conditions. The Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine (SMARTS) model is used to estimate the UV:TS ratio under various scenarios, and examines the influences of atmospheric constituents, such as aerosols, precipitable water vapor or ozone, and of the local surface characteristics (albedo), on the predicted UV.

Nosogeography and Etiological Structure of Leptospirosis Focuses in The Republic of Kazakhstan

The article considers nosogeography of leptospirosis focuses and analysis of different animal species disease incidence in the Republic of Kazakhstan with composition of nosographical and etiological map on spread of the diseases among cattle and pigs. Different animals’ leptospirosis is registered serologically and bacteriologically almost in all geographical zones: in the majority of cases among cattle and pigs, in a less degree among horses and sheep, in singularity among camels. Incidence of people disease with availability of natural and zoonotic focuses of leptospirosis infection has been studied on the territory of Kazakhstan Republic. Identity of leptospirosis etiological structure of people, farm animals and rodents, which is generally presented by leptospirosis serogroups Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Tarasovi, Hebdomadis at the leading significance of the first two, has been detected. In accordance with the rules of international sub-committee on taxonomy and nomenclature of Leptospira, identification of local Leptospira strains isolated from people and animals in Kazakhstan has been carried out for the first time. It was established that Leptospira of people and animals are caused by 7 serotypes (Grippotyphosa, Tarasovi, monjakov, sorex-jalna, sejroe, Saxkoebinq, Canicola) from 6 serogroups (Grippotyphosa, Tarasovi, Pomona, Iavanica, Hebdomadis, Canicola).

AAN International Attendee Summit 2010

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) will again host an International Attendee Summit at the 2010 Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario. The Summit will take place on Monday, April 12th, from 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm (location yet undetermined). This is a free event for all members and nonmembers of the AAN. ![][1] The event will be hosted by Hanns Lochmuller, Chair of the AAN′s International Subcommittee. Members of the AAN′s Membership Committee and International Subcommittee will be attending this event, as well as other leaders of the AAN. Leaders of the AAN′s Science Committee and Education Committee will also be present to provide brief highlights of hot topics in international neurology. There will be time to ask any questions you may have about international membership in the AAN. If you would like to attend this free event, please e-mail Laurie Weyandt at lweyandt@aan.com. This newsletter reports … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif

EBC PRESS RELEASE: International Subcommittee for Isomerized Hop α-Acids Standards: New International Calibration Standard (ICS-R2) for HPLC Analysis of Reduced (rho) iso-α-Acids

Journal of the Institute of BrewingVolume 111, Issue 3 p. 344-345 Free Access EBC PRESS RELEASE: International Subcommittee for Isomerized Hop α-Acids Standards: New International Calibration Standard (ICS-R2) for HPLC Analysis of Reduced (rho) iso-α-Acids Richard Wilson, Richard Wilson ChairmanSearch for more papers by this authorOn behalf of the International Subcommittee for Isomerized Hop α-Acids Standards, On behalf of the International Subcommittee for Isomerized Hop α-Acids StandardsSearch for more papers by this author Richard Wilson, Richard Wilson ChairmanSearch for more papers by this authorOn behalf of the International Subcommittee for Isomerized Hop α-Acids Standards, On behalf of the International Subcommittee for Isomerized Hop α-Acids StandardsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 October 2012 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2005.tb00695.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume111, Issue32005Pages 344-345 RelatedInformation

The Health Effects of Tea and Tea Components: Opportunities for Standardizing Research Methods

Report of an International Workshop organized by the ILSI International Subcommittee on the Health Effects of Tea Components, November 17-18 1999, Washington, DC, USA

York-Antwerp Rules 1994 (*) /Final Report of the Chairman of the International Sub-Committee

York-Antwerp Rules 1994 /Final Report of the Chairman of the International Sub-Committee Uniform Law Review, Volume os-22, Issue 1, January 1994, Pages 227–267, https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-22.1.227 Published: 01 January 1994

Taxonomy of the rhizobia

Extensive cross testing on a relatively few legume hosts led initially to a taxonomic characterization of rhizobia based on bacteria–plant cross–inoculation groups. This has gradually become less acceptable, and has been replaced by taxonomic groupings derived from numerical taxonomy, carbohydrate metabolism, antibiotic susceptiblities, serology, and various molecular techniques. It has long been recognized that there are two distinct groups of rhizobia based on growth rate. The fast-growing genus Rhizobium includes R. leguminosarum, R. meliloti, R. loti, R. galegae, R. tropici, and R. huakuii. The slow-growing genus Bradyrhizobium contains only one recognized species, B. japonicum. Two new genera have been recognized: Azorhizobium, with one recognized species (A. caulinadans), and Sinorhizobium, with two species (S. fredii and S. xinjiangensis). Genetic studies of both the fast- and slow-growing groups show unacceptably wide intrageneric and intergeneric diversity. Although there have been some elegant studies of some of the genetic relationships among rhizobia, overall there has (have) not been the comprehensive study(ies) needed to allow a conclusive taxonomic scheme. Because proposals for revision are accelerating, minimum standards have been proposed by the International Subcommittee for the Taxonomy of Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Key words: Rhizobium taxonomy, classification of rhizobia, interrelationships of rhizobia.

The International Activities of the Civil GPS Service Interface Committee

The paper opens with a brief description of the formation and roles of the Civil GPS Service Interface Committee (CGSIC) and its various Sub-Committees, defining clearly the concept of civil GPS status and health information, and the information services which are necessary. The paper then concentrates on international implications, referring to the activities of the CGSIC's international Sub-Committee, the International Information Sub-Committee (IISC). The concepts of national points-of-contact and national information centres are introduced together with a description of their perceived functions, and this is followed by discussion of the products which they are expected to make available. The paper continues to describe the consequences that have been encountered by the IISC, and the action that has been or is being undertaken. The concept of so-called ‘active distribution’ is defined, and is followed by discussion of the dissemination not only of GPS status and health information, but of information about how that information can be obtained. The possibility of legal implications and the consequences is also discussed and developed towards the arguments for appropriate international agreements regarding the civil use of the Global Positioning System.

The epidemiology and natural history of streptococcal pyoderma: an endemic disease of the rural southern United States.

In order to study the natural history of endemic pyoderma, the host and environmental risk factors to infection, the immunologic response and the risk of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) a prospective study was done between June 29 and December 13, 1970 in 444 black children aged 2-6 years attending project Headstart centers in Holmes County, Mississippi. The weekly prevalence of pyoderma was about 40-50% during July and August but decreased to 4% during the last week of the study. "Pyoderma-type" serotypes of group A streptococci were isolated from about 70% of the skin lesions and similar serotypes were also commonly isolated from the pharynx. The seasonal prevalence and T and M typing pattern of most of the pharyngeal isolates mirrored the skin isolates. Many of the streptococci appear to belong to previously unrecognized M-types and one strain has been designated provisional M type 67 by the International Subcommittee on Pneumococci and Streptococci. Staphylococci were also isolated commonly from the skin lesions, especially late in their evolution. Despite an 80% incidence of streptococcal pyoderma during the summer months, only 3 children (0.67%) developed AGN; all of these children had clinically mild disease. The risk of a major outbreak of AGN in populations like these is substantial. Surveillance for clusters of AGN is indicated and widespread benzathine penicillin prophylaxis should be used in the event of an outbreak. Also, further research to determine the long term prognosis of clinically mild AGN and to detect useful laboratory markers of nephritogenicity are indicated.

Designation of Neotype Strains and of Biotype Reference Strains for Species of the Genus Brucella Meyer and Shaw

Among the five generally recognized species in the genus Brucella Meyer and Shaw, a type strain exists only for Brucella neotomae Stoenner and Lackman. Described herein are the characteristics of B. abortus (Schmidt and Weis) Meyer and Shaw, strain 544 (ATCC 23488); B. suis Huddleson, strain 1330 (ATCC 23444); B. melitensis (Hughes) Meyer and Shaw, strain 16M (ATCC 23456); and B. ovis Buddle strain 6690 (ATCC 25840). Each of these strains has features similar to those reported for the original isolates of the species, each simultaneously fits the revised species descriptions and, when viewed in toto, these strains reflect the current concept of this genus. Thus, in accordance with the recommendations of the International Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the Genus Brucella, these strains here are designated as the neotype strains of these species. Because three of the species in this genus are divided into biotypes that are of epidemiological significance we have, again at the recommendation of the International Subcommittee, selected a representative strain for each biotype for use as a reference. The characteristics of each of the reference strains are also described herein.

Calibration of contact microphones applied to the human chest wall.

The international subcommittee for calibration of microphones for phonocardiography expressed the need for: (a) the determination of the frequency response of microphones when applied to the chest wall; (b) easy methods for checking the performance and sensitivity of contact microphones. Starting from formulae for the voltage-output of microphones when applied to the chest wall two unknown parameters necessary for computation were determined experimentally. These were the mechanical impedance or force-velocity ratios of the microphone and of the chest wall. The mechanical impedance of the chest wall however proves to be a variable dependent on four factors: the subject, the location on the chest wall, the contact area of the knob, and the static pressure with which the knob of the microphone is applied on the chest wall.

Mycobacterium avium Chester: Designation of the Neotype Strain

The Judicial Commission has been requested (10) to issue an Opinion conserving the name Mycobacterium avium Chester. None of the strains on which the original description of this organism were based appears to be extant, and therefore strain SSC 1336 (=ATCC 25291) is here designated as the neotype strain of M. avium Chester. This strain was isolated from lesions of a hen and promptly deposited in the American Type Culture Collection for long-term preservation. It belongs to serotype 2, conforms to the current description of the species, and has the approval of the International Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mycobacteria for designation as the neotype strain. A description of the neotype strain is given.

Report (1968-1970) of the Subgroup on Microaerophilic Actinomycetes to the International Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the Actinomycetes: 10 August 1970

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.

Report of the Subgroup on Nocardiae to the International Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the Actinomycetes: 10 August 1970

Report of the Subgroup on Nocardiae to the International Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the Actinomycetes: 10 August 1970

1916. CS 2 still going strong : Industrial Medicine and Surgery (1969). Permanent Commission and International Association of Occupational Health. Report on the meeting of International Subcommittee for Occupational Health in Production of Artificial Fibres, Prague 22, 23 and 24 April 1968. ibid38 (7), 8. Freundt, K. J. & Kuttner, P. (1969). Oxidative drug metabolism following low carbon disulphide concentrations.

1916. CS 2 still going strong : Industrial Medicine and Surgery (1969). Permanent Commission and International Association of Occupational Health. Report on the meeting of International Subcommittee for Occupational Health in Production of Artificial Fibres, Prague 22, 23 and 24 April 1968. ibid38 (7), 8. Freundt, K. J. & Kuttner, P. (1969). Oxidative drug metabolism following low carbon disulphide concentrations.

Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira

In the last decade, it has been possible to offer convincing, seemingly test-tube tests that make it possible to distinguish museum parasitic strains of Leptospira from saprophytic ones by their hemolytic, oxidase and lipase activity, as well as by the ability of saprophytes (to reproduce in nutrient media without normal rabbit serum or in the presence of a certain concentration of sulfuric acid copper, in contrast to parasites, which do not reproduce in such conditions.The above results at one time served as the basis for the international subcommittee on taxonomy and nomenclature of leptospira to divide spirochetes of this genus into parasites and saprophytes. saprophytic properties Almost all attempts to differentiate leptospira using test tube tests were carried out in relation to sets of strains representing different serotypes, each of which was represented by one strain. in a comparative study of many differentiation tests with respect to the same strains of Leptospira. We were especially interested in the serotypes of Leptospira, represented by a homologous series of strains of various origins.

International Symposium on the Taxonomy of the Actinomycetales: Meetings of the International Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Actinomycetes, Meetings of the International Subgroups, Meetings of cooperators of ISP. Jena, September 17-21, 1968

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.

Small deoxyribonucleic acid-containing viruses (picodnavirus group).

THE picornavirus group was established in accordance with the decision of the International Subcommittee on Virus Nomenclature for classifying the major groups of viruses on the basis of common biochemical and biophysical properties1. Picornaviruses contain ribonucleic acid and protein, are insensitive to ether, and are extremely small in size (15–30 mµ in diameter). The capsids of those members of the group the symmetry of which has been studied appear to display cubic symmetry of the icosahedral pattern2. Members of the group derived from humans and lower animals are recognized. Certain plant viruses and the recently isolated RNA-containing bacteriophages have properties which suggest that they might be classified as picornaviruses. The cubic symmetry of the picornaviruses which have been studied is consistent with a capsid constructed from thirty-two morphological sub-units positioned at the vertexes of a rhombic triacontahedron2 (Fig. 1a).