International Statistics Research Articles

Identifying features of the level of digitalization of banking services in different countries

The object of the study is digitalization of banking services. The problem of assessing the level of digitalization of banking services in different countries is solved. The results obtained are: – classification of countries by the level of digitalization of banking services: high level (China, England), medium level (USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan) and low level (Spain, Italy, India, Brazil); – a reliable (R2=0.78) positive dependence of the level of digitalization of banking services on the ratio of non-cash payments to GDP and on the rating of favorable conditions for doing business was revealed; – additional competitive factors were added to the model: the positive dependence of the level of digitalization of banking services on the ratio of non-cash payments to GDP (t=3.338) and on the rating of favorable conditions for doing business (t=3.250) was confirmed. The obtained results are explained by the assumption of linear dependence of the level of digitalization of banking services, the volume of non-cash payments and Doing business rating and the construction of an econometric regression model of the dependence of the level of digitalization of banking services of a particular country on the factors affecting the development of digital technologies in the banking sector. The peculiarities of the results obtained consist in the development of a score assessment of the level of digitalization of banking services using three criteria derived from international statistics and its testing on 12 countries of different economic levels of development. The practical significance of this study is the possibility of applying the findings to increase the level of digitalization of banking services in the amount and conditions appropriate to the national economy.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-TECH PROJECTS USING DIGITAL MARKETING TECHNOLOGIES IN KAZAKHSTAN

The purpose of this article is to determine the contribution of digital marketing technologies to improving the quality of high-tech products in Kazakhstan, as well as to identify prospects for improving quality management practices in high-tech projects in Kazakhstan using a digital approach to marketing. Based on international statistics from IMD and WIPO for 2013–2022, using the correlation analysis method, the results of implementing high-tech projects in quality management using alternative approaches (digital and pre-digital) to marketing in Kazakhstan are compared. The key conclusion is that in Kazakhstan, quality management in high-tech projects using digital marketing technologies is preferable. The key ones are: personnel marketing, product marketing and process marketing. The theoretical significance of the obtained results is that they allowed us to rethink quality management processes in the implementation of high-tech projects in the digital economy of Kazakhstan, and also revealed promising digital marketing technologies based on AI, IoT, Big Data, the Internet, mobile devices, chatbots, machine vision, smart consultants and virtual assistants (VR / AR). The practical significance is due to the fact that the developed digital approach to marketing allows us to improve the practice of quality management in high-tech projects in Kazakhstan. The author's approach includes a marketing mix of quality management in high-tech projects using digital marketing technologies in Kazakhstan. The approach also reveals the organizational and technological aspects of quality management in high-tech projects in Kazakhstan with a digital approach to marketing.

Transformation of the functions of the institution of the welfare State: the evolution of views and modern challenges

The relevance of the chosen issues is determined by the subject of research - the institution of the welfare state, which plays a crucial role in ensuring the normative order in society and the balance of interests between different social groups. It also guarantees the realization of citizens' political and social rights.The study focuses on the transformation of the welfare state's functions and priorities in social policy, influenced by a rapidly changing internal and external environment. The main methodological foundation of the study is theoretical scientific methods and a systematic approach. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the research, the authors have drawn on both the results of sociological studies and a significant amount of data from international and domestic socio-economic statistics to address the identified issues. The authors have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the factors that contribute to socio-economic change and how these changes directly affect the functioning of the welfare state. They conclude that, despite differences in each country's stable preferences, external and internal socio-economic conditions influence the social functions of states, institutions, and the mechanisms for implementing these functions. Despite the fact that the principles and functions of the welfare state are implemented through specific measures that take into account the economic capabilities of the state, the peculiarities of state-building, national mentality, and the system of basic values, the idea of state paternalism remains at the heart of each model of the welfare state. This idea reflects the concept of state guardianship over the social sphere. In addition, there is a trend towards convergence among models of the welfare state in the modern world, which manifests itself in a steady trend towards unification of mechanisms for implementing social functions of the state and convergence in the scale of redistribution processes.

FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE TERMS “OVERSEAS STUDENT”, “FOREIGN STUDENT” AND “INTERNATIONAL STUDENT” IN DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS

The article analyzes the peculiarities of using the terms “overseas student”, “foreign student” and “international student” in various educational and cultural contexts. It was found that British scientists prefer to use the term “international student”, because it better reflects the realities of globalization, internationalization and student mobility, which meets the modern needs of educational institutions and the international community. It is emphasized that the term “foreign student” remains the dominant term in Ukrainian education due to its legal certainty and established practice, however “international student” is also gradually coming into use, especially in the context of European integration and educational exchanges. Analysis of the use of the terms “foreign” and “international” student on the example of the British Council and HESA shows how important is the correct definition of students in international education statistics. A change in the HESA counting methodology in 2009, when students were classified by nationality rather than place of residence, revealed a significant difference in the number of international students in the UK (a difference of 32%), highlighting the extent to which counting methodology can influence research outcomes and state policy.

Coffee in Indian Economy: Performance and Prospects

Coffee is a universal hot beverage, and its international trade volumes point to significant approval in favour of coffee consumption. For many nations in the tropics, coffee is a major source of foreign exchange. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the global and domestic coffee industry, with a particular focus on India's role based on the secondary data taken from different sources like ITC trade map, Coffee Board of India and international coffee organization statistics, etc. In 2022, global coffee production reached 10.89 million tons, with Brazil, Vietnam, and Indonesia leading the output. Despite being the eighth-largest coffee producer, India's export ranking is relatively low due to significant domestic consumption. This study employs standard econometric tools, such as compound annual growth rate, Cuddy Della Index, Markov chain analysis, etc. The Johansen co-integration test revealed a long-run equilibrium relationship among selected Arabica and Robusta coffee markets. Furthermore, the pair-wise Granger causality test identified unidirectional causality in price transmission among certain Arabica markets, while bidirectional causality was observed among Robusta markets. The paper also highlights the declining coffee yield in India due to biotic and abiotic stressors, despite an increase in production and cultivation area. The study concludes with a discussion on the dynamics of Indian coffee exports, where high domestic demand and fluctuating international prices contribute to the sector's variability. This research provides valuable insights into the performance and prospects of the coffee industry within the Indian economy, offering a basis for future policy and market interventions.

Where is my footprint located? Estimating the geographical variance of hybrid LCA footprints

AbstractCurrent implementations of hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) mostly do not fully exploit valuable information from multi‐regional input–output databases by aggregating regional supply chains to the lower geographical resolution of process LCA databases. We propose a method for sampling the various individual regions within the aggregated regional scope of LCA processes. This sampling maximizes the information content of hybrid LCA footprint results by preserving the regional variance, and it allows for regional price distributions from BACI/UN‐COMTRADE international trade statistics to be used to simultaneously improve the accuracy of the hybrid model. This work makes the previously hidden regional and price variance explicit and analyzes uncertainty of the hybrid carbon (global warming potential 100, GWP100) and land use footprints arising from these variances, both separately and in combination. We find that the median process footprint intensity increases by for the GWP100 due to hybridization, and for the land use footprint. Results show that the magnitude of the footprint uncertainty strongly depends on the product sector of the LCA process and environmental impact considered. In a case study of Swiss household consumption, we find truncation error estimates of for the GWP100 and for the land use footprint. Our results highlight the importance of regionalization of process LCA databases, as it has the potential to significantly improve both the precision and accuracy of derived hybrid LCA models. This article met the requirements for a gold/gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

The impact of the informal sector on supply chains in Africa

ABSTRACT The informal sector adds a systemic layer of uncertainty and risk for the performance of Food Supply Chains in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on interviews conducted among all the agents directly involved in the FSCs and international statistics, we analysed how the informal sector affects five mango FSCs in Burkina Faso in their economic, social and environmental performance. The informal sector accounts for about 30% of the total FSCs value, 67% of the total production, and 99% of the workforce. The lack of statistics, lack of legal compliance, lack of public infrastructure, increases the probability and severity of any given risk and therefore hinders investments. Firms internalise the risks with horizontal and vertical integration, the support of subsidies, or by avoiding the costs of international standards compliance. As a result, we distinguish subsidised resilience from informal resilience. FSC's resilience in sub-Saharan Africa will depend on how the level of state intervention, legal compliance and law enforcement will affect the informal sector.

International and domestic crime statistics indicators of sexual crimes

Aim: In this study, the Author reviews the criminal statistics indicators of sexual crimes. Sexual crimes can be grouped according to several classification systems – for example, the age of the victims, or the method of execution, or in light of whether they are committed with violence. Based on the latter, distinguished between violent and non-violent situations – a good example of the former is the crime of sexual violence, while the latter is child pornography. The analysis of the statistical data provides insight into how and to what extent the prevalence of sexual crime develops, as well as how and with what prevention campaigns these frequency indicators can be reduced. Methodology: In the study, the Author makes a statistical presentation, the sources of which are international and domestic crime statistics databases. Findings: Although the number of proceedings initiated for sexual crimes in Hungary can be considered average for the Central and Eastern European region, the numbers of cases detected are still at high levels. In order for these cases to decrease, programs are needed that effectively combat the effects of sexual violence myths, the fear of victim blaming, and stigmatisation. Value: This study is an overview that aims to present a complex statistical point of sexual crimes, which can serve as a basis for further comparative analyses.

International and domestic crime statistics indicators of sexual crimes

Aim: In this study, the Author reviews the criminal statistics indicators of sexual crimes. Sexual crimes can be grouped according to several classification systems – for example, the age of the victims, or the method of execution, or in light of whether they are committed with violence. Based on the latter, distinguished between violent and non-violent situations – a good example of the former is the crime of sexual violence, while the latter is child pornography. The analysis of the statistical data provides insight into how and to what extent the prevalence of sexual crime develops, as well as how and with what prevention campaigns these frequency indicators can be reduced. Methodology: In the study, the Author makes a statistical presentation, the sources of which are international and domestic crime statistics databases. Findings: Although the number of proceedings initiated for sexual crimes in Hungary can be considered average for the Central and Eastern European region, the numbers of cases detected are still at high levels. In order for these cases to decrease, programs are needed that effectively combat the effects of sexual violence myths, the fear of victim blaming, and stigmatisation. Value: This study is an overview that aims to present a complex statistical point of sexual crimes, which can serve as a basis for further comparative analyses.

Qatar's multifaceted humanitarian role in Afghanistan since August 2021

AbstractMotivationQatar's humanitarian role in Afghanistan, a less‐explored example of a non‐traditional actor, is crucial in understanding international responses to geopolitical crises. Examining Qatar's involvement provides insights into the complex dynamics of humanitarian assistance, diplomatic efforts, and post‐crisis challenges.PurposeThe study examines Qatar's multifaceted role in Afghanistan since 2021, highlighting its impact as a non‐traditional actor in complex humanitarian operations and diplomacy.Approach and methodsThe research combines a desk review of online sources, academic literature, reports, non‐governmental organization documents, and media articles with first‐hand observations and informal stakeholder interviews. It also analyses international aid statistics from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs' Financial Tracking Service and the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development's Development Assistance Committee.FindingsQatar emerged as a key humanitarian player in Afghanistan, adopting a whole‐of‐society approach. Its efforts encompassed emergency relief, evacuations, educational support, and humanitarian diplomacy, effectively bridging the Taliban with international actors after the takeover.Policy implicationsThis research highlights the impactful role of non‐traditional donors, as seen with Qatar in Afghanistan, emphasizing their potential in complex humanitarian scenarios. The study advocates recognizing and leveraging the unique capabilities of smaller states and non‐traditional actors in humanitarian responses, promoting capacity building to harness their institutional agility and societal resources effectively.

Estimating digital product trade through corporate revenue data

Despite global efforts to harmonize international trade statistics, our understanding of digital trade and its implications remains limited. Here, we introduce a method to estimate bilateral exports and imports for dozens of sectors starting from the corporate revenue data of large digital firms. This method allows us to provide estimates for digitally ordered and delivered trade involving digital goods (e.g. video games), productized services (e.g. digital advertising), and digital intermediation fees (e.g. hotel rental), which together we call digital products. We use these estimates to study five key aspects of digital trade. We find that, compared to trade in physical goods, digital product exports are more spatially concentrated, have been growing faster, and can offset trade balance estimates, like the United States trade deficit on physical goods. We also find that countries that have decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions tend to have larger digital exports and that digital exports contribute positively to the complexity of economies. This method, dataset, and findings provide a new lens to understand the impact of international trade in digital products.

Violence of Adult Sons Against Mothers in the Context of Matricide

This article endeavours to analyse an important and concerning phenomenon: women killed by their adult sons. It focuses on parricide (killing of parents or close relatives), with special attention on killing of mothers (matricide), while the term ‘homicide’ is used as an overarching term for killing human beings. The article gives an overview of statistics on reported cases of matricide over a five-year period. Employing qualitative analysis, it refers to four court judgments in instances of matricide committed by adult offspring in Lithuania between 2021 and 2023. Based on the analysis of recent international studies, crime statistics and court decisions, the aim of this study is to highlight deeper social problems, which predispose mothers to susceptibility to matricide. Therefore, the article contributes new knowledge to the discourse within the field of gender-based violence against women. Moreover, this study provides professionals in the field of domestic abuse with enriched comprehension of the matricide phenomenon and enhances institutional cooperation seeking prevention of violent behaviour and adequate protection of victims.

Особенности потребления продуктов питания в Республике Саха (Якутия)

Over the past decades, industrial development, urbanization, globalization, as well as economic development and socio-economic crises have caused rapid changes in diet and lifestyle of the population of Yakutia. According to existing international statistics, quality of diet has a significant impact on health and life expectancy of population. The article is concerned with specific features of food consumption patterns in Yakutia as a region, as well as with compliance of energy and nutritional value of the food consumed with the recommended standards. The study is based on a summary of state statistics data starting from the mid-1990s, which allowed to compare behavior and structure of food consumption with the key socio-economic indicators of living standards. Standard statistical methods were used for the analysis.

Childhood exposure to domestic violence: can global estimates on the scale of exposure be obtained using existing measures?

Childhood exposure to domestic violence and abuse (DVA) can lead to major short- and long-term effects on the victim. Despite this, there is no accepted measure for children's experiences, with most existing measures being validated only in high income countries and not in low- and middle- income countries. As a result, international statistics are not comparable. This paper seeks to critically appraise existing measures and discuss whether any are fit-for-purpose on a global scale. The COSMIN PROMs approach was followed to critically appraise and compare the appropriateness of measures. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken in seven journal databases for measures mentioned in formally peer-reviewed articles exploring childhood exposure to DVA. A literature search resulted in the identification of 10 measures and, following criteria to only keep original measures and remove modifications, four measures which have been validated cross-culturally are discussed in detail in line with the COSMIN PROMs criterion: The Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale, Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire and The Violence Exposure Scale for Children. Strengths and limitations of each are discussed, along with any validations undertaken not in the country of origin. Despite childhood exposure to DVA being an urgent research priority worldwide, the current measures to explore the extent of the issue are not validated cross-culturally, leading to concerns about comparisons across different population groups. The development and implementation of interventions to reduce the levels and effects of exposure relies heavily on cross-cultural comparisons, which may indicate different strategies are needed in different contexts. The lack of these validated comparisons is constraining advances, and the paper advocates for further efforts to be made in this regard.

Enhancing deadwood reporting for forest ecosystems: Bridge equations to convert deadwood measured at any diameter threshold to reference diameters

National as well as international requirements have led to an increased need to quantify deadwood stocks in forest ecosystems given their important role not only in terms of carbon storage and regulation of the carbon cycle but also as biodiversity refugia. However, differences in definitions and field monitoring as well as gaps in existing data on deadwood mean that comparisons among countries and retrospective analyses are difficult. In this research, we propose two potential approaches to solve the most common gaps in forest deadwood monitoring. First, we develop bridging functions capable of converting deadwood measurements with a specific reference diameter to 7.5 cm (minimum diameter value in Spain) and 10.0 cm (the most common minimum value for international statistics) diameters for the main forest types while also addressing the effect of raising the minimum measurable size on the quantification of deadwood. Furthermore, we aim to calculate the ratios between the amount of standing deadwood, the most common indicator monitored in National Forest Inventories, and the entire deadwood pool as a proxy for estimating complete deadwood stocks when data are not available. For this objective, we use information obtained from the Spanish National Forest Inventory, linear models and 10-fold cross-validation. We estimate the percentage of deadwood omitted when the minimum deadwood size is increased for the main eight forest types in Spain as well as for the entire country, using two different approaches. The ratio between the amount of standing deadwood and the entire deadwood pool ranged between 0.14 and 0.45 depending on the forest type. The lowest values of this ratio were found in Open woodlands and the largest in Mediterranean conifers. The validation statistics (R2 ranging from 0.82 in Evergreen broadleaves to 0.97 in Macaronesian broadleaves) indicate that the bridging functions we propose are robust and accurate. However, the ratios between the amount of standing deadwood and the entire deadwood pool performed poorer (R2 ranging from 0.26 in Macaronesian conifers to 0.65 in Macaronesian broadleaves) and led to an overestimation of the total stocks. Our results are of value not only for the purposes of comparison and harmonization but also for the implementation of new forest monitoring systems.

Legislative policy to criminalizing human trafficking in anti-trafficking law in Saudi Arabia

This research discusses one of the most important crimes against humanity, where national and international statistics and reports revealed that the bad living conditions or bad troubled situations have forced thousands of women, children and men in their countries to be susceptible to the trafficking and exploitation. The study has been divided into two main sections. The first section presents concept of the trafficking in persons in international charters and conventions, reasons, seriousness and elements of the crime in general. The second section studies the Saudi lawmaker's addressing the crime in terms of definition, forms, prescribed penalty and reasons for augmentation of penalty. The study has concluded to a set of results and recommendations, the most important of which is that the Saudi lawmaker adopted position of the international conventions in defining crime and determining its forms. Moreover, the Kingdom has also made great strides in combating this type of crime at both international and local levels. The study recommended the need to impose harsh penalties on employers, who practice patterns of forced slavery to their workers, as well as the need to intensify efforts in order to take adequate measures to prevent smuggling the illegal labor.

An Analysis About the International Debt of Developing Countries: A Case Study About China, India and Ukraine

In recent five years, debt crisis has been a focus issue which the default of US debt has led to an overwhelming situation for many countries especially for developing countries. Additionally, subsequent effects of Covid-19 are still insisted that global economic still at a trough since the virus started to spread. There are many factors contributed to the trend of change in debt by country. Base on the dataset produced by world bank named international debt statistics last 5 years, using the method of quantitative analysis on analyzing China, India and Ukraine to find the factors that influence debt change in different countries. According to this study, it has found out that US debt crisis and the depreciation of US$ could be the main reason why the debt scale were decreased in final two years. However, Covid-19 is the cause which debt continue to increase. Government structure is also a factor affect the change in debt.

IMBALANCE IN EU TRADE WITH SELECTED ASIAN ECONOMIES – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON GROSS EXPORTS AND DOMESTIC VALUE-ADDED

The European Union has a chronic trade deficit with Asia, the majority of which is with certain countries in East and South-East Asia. This conclusion is based on traditional international trade statistics. However, the international fragmentation of production processes and the new method of measuring trade by value-added are now making trade analysis closer to reality, allowing for more accurate conclusions to be drawn.This article’s main aim is to analyze and evaluate the EU’s trade imbalance with Asia and selected Asian economies, which is found in both traditional (gross) and new (value-added) international trade statistics. The analysis shows that the degree of trade imbalances concerning partners and groups of goods differs depending on the method of analysis. In the case of EU-Asian trade relations, imbalances do exist, but they generally show smaller deficits or surpluses when measured in value-added terms. The availability of statistical data determined the time and geographical scope of the study. The analysis covers the EU28’s trade with 15 Asian countries from 1995 to 2018, with a particular focus on China, Japan, and South Korea. The study applies a critical literature review, the descriptive-analytical method, and the method of inference based on statistical data obtained from international databases (Eurostat, OECD-WTO, and UNCTAD).

Comparison of the effectiveness of treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis between monotherapy with splints and splints in combination with platelet-rich plasma

Today there is a tendency to increase the prevalence of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis (TMJ) osteoarthritis, which is a chronic degenerative joint disease. According to international statistics, 28–38% of people in the age group of 9–90 years have signs of TMJ osteoarthritis. The aim of our study was to compare the effectiveness of treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis between monotherapy with splints and splinys in combination with Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP). The experiment involved 8 patients, divided into 2 level groups. The control group (4 patients) received treatment with splints, the experimental group – splits with PRP therapy. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by measuring the radiological density of the cortical plate of the mandibular head according to the Hounsfield scale, the degree of mouth opening, filling out a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and a questionnaire at the end of treatment. According to the results of the study, the experimental group received more effective treatment, which is confirmed by the VAS, the degree of mouth opening and changes in the radiological density of the cortical plate of the articular head. At the end of the treatment, patients completed a questionnaire about the improvement of their condition, where 0 points meant no effect from the treatment, and 10 points meant a subjective feeling of complete recovery. The arithmetic mean of the improvement scores in the control group was 6.75, and in the experimental group – 9.00 points. Based on the results of the experiment, we can state that the effectiveness of treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis with splints in combination with PRP therapy is greater than that of monotherapy with occlusal splints. Therefore, if the patient has no contraindications to treatment with platelet-rich plasma, we can recommend the use of splits in combination with PRP therapy for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Keywords: degenerative diseases, radiological density, articular head.

Priorities of Russia's social policy in the context of global social changes

The relevance of the topic chosen by the authors is determined by the very fact of global changes in the established social order taking place in the world, which create serious risks for the "welfare state" formed in the West after the Second World War. There is a transformation of the basic principles of the modern welfare state – the principles of social solidarity and social justice, the external and internal conditions for the modern state to perform its social functions are becoming more complicated. The ongoing global social transformations fully affect Russian society, especially since it was Russia that acted as their catalyst. Their socio–economic consequences for Russia are ambiguous. The purpose of this work is to analyze the identification of priorities of social policy in modern Russia in conditions associated with both risks and new opportunities in the context of global social changes. The main methodological basis of the research is theoretical scientific methods and a systematic approach. The interdisciplinary nature of the research within the framework of the identified issues requires the involvement of both the results of sociological research and a significant amount of data from domestic and international economic statistics. It is emphasized that in the field of social policy, which is initially based on the principles of redistribution of resources through the budget system, there are no solutions that provide all Russians with prospects for economic and social well-being. Given the complexity of developing universal government solutions capable of ensuring the realization of the social interests of all population groups, in order to preserve the solidarity of Russians in conditions of instability and resource constraints, it is necessary to identify the right priorities of social policy. Accordingly, the authors analyzed the main problems and prospects in the implementation of the main priorities of the social policy of the modern Russian state: overcoming inequality and poverty, support for the participants of the SVO and their families, family and demographic policy. The authors conclude that when developing and implementing social measures, the Russian state should avoid inflating "bubbles" of social obligations. In addition, it is necessary to keep in mind the limited budget resources and avoid "life on loan". Consequently, the authors substantiate the position on the need to implement the principles of rationality, targeting, and orientation towards solving the most acute social problems of modern Russian society in conditions of limited resources.