International Sources Research Articles

Identifying the Urban Development Pattern of Subway Cities Using Predictive Analysis

Starting from the hypothesis that there are structural differences in urban development between cities that have implemented underground transport and those that have not, the paper aims to provide a predictive analysis model to identify cities that show the pattern for the development of the subway network. In order to identify the predictive analysis model capable of classifying urban settlements, the predictive analysis part consisted of two stages. In the first stage, a Random Forest classification model will be estimated on a sample of the 27 capitals of the European Member States. Subsequently, based on this model, 9 cities in Romania will be classified from the perspective of the existence of the urban development pattern for the development of underground public transport. In order for the classification error of the predictive model to be as low as possible, variables from all areas specific to urban development (economic development, population density, circular economy, green city, digitalization, urban mobility) were used. The element of originality of the paper consists in calculating variables on the area of urban mobility, urban infrastructure and circular economy, using GIS coordinates. Thus, in addition to official international data sources, variables calculated by using geospatial technology (average distances, densities of green spaces, etc.) were included in this research. The main results of the research show that there are cities in Romania that present the same pattern of development similar to the capitals of the Member States of the European Union that have implemented underground public transport. Therefore, it can be said that for these cities it is necessary to implement this type of transport, the depreciation of the investment representing an easy process, which can be achieved in a medium or short term.

Public International Law and Tax Law: A Fair and Equitable Nexus in International Taxation

This article, inspired by the authors’ participation in the research of the Tax Committee of the International Law Association, calls into question the appropriateness of the traditional definition of “tax nexus” and stresses the need to reconcile the existing rules with the principles of international law. It outlines possible avenues for establishing workable, fair and common criteria and rules for the definition of “tax nexus” that operate globally. The article focuses on the existing rules on international tax nexus, inter alia, residence and source, taking into account the principles of public international law, such as those related to tax sovereignty. It proposes the development of a new fair and equitable tax nexus to address the challenges of the globalized modern world, which can potentially draw from the practice in other areas of law, such as competition law. In such a global context, the goal is to verify whether and in which cases multiple criteria for nexus can be replaced with a single nexus based on the concept of the closest connection to a single jurisdiction.

WOUND DRESSINGS FOR SORPTION THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF PURULENT WOUNDS: a review article

Surgical infections remain one of the most challenging and urgent issues in modern medicine, reaching a socio-ecological scale of significance nationwide. Despite advances in treating purulent wounds, the prevalence of patients with purulent surgical infections remains high. According to both domestic and international sources, surgical patients with purulent-inflammatory conditions comprise 35–45% of the total patient population in general surgery wards. In some cases, purulent infections become acute and can lead to the generalization of the purulent process, resulting in sepsis and even death. Mortality rates from acute surgical infections range from 19% to 70% within surgical hospitals. Additionally, there has been an increase in the transition of acute purulent processes to chronic stages, which prolongs the treatment duration for these patients. The prevention and treatment of surgical infections are therefore of paramount importance, representing one of the core challenges in surgical care. Optimal local treatment of purulent wounds requires adherence to essential principles, including active surgical intervention, antibiotic therapy throughout the wound healing stages, and local wound management under bandages. An analysis of the literature reveals that sorption-application therapy is gaining prominence in modern surgical practice for local wound management. This approach, which utilizes advanced interactive wound dressings with combined adsorption, osmotic, and necrolytic effects, has shown significant improvements in the effectiveness of purulent wound treatment.

The Political Economy of Variations in Energy Debt Financing by Two Chinese Policy Banks in Africa

ABSTRACTThis article examines the puzzle of why China's two policy banks, China Development Bank (CDB) and the Export‐Import Bank of China (Eximbank), have lending portfolios for power‐generation projects in Africa that have drastically different levels of carbon dioxide emissions. From the supplier side, Eximbank balances two imperatives: Beijing's ideational ambition as a new development provider to African recipients with sustainability commitments, and China's industrial goal to offshore non‐renewable capacity. In contrast, the CDB prioritizes its commercial interests, which results in the bank lending solely for coal projects. On the demand side, Eximbank's concessional capital has emerged as a second‐best option among international financial sources for renewable and hydropower generation projects. Conversely, CDB's market‐rate lending makes it the fiscal last resort for host countries seeking financial support for thermal‐power projects which are shunned by other financiers. This divergence can be understood through the polycentric development finance model, which captures the parallel decision‐making institutions governing Chinese energy financing in Africa. Specifically, the lending decisions of Eximbank are linked with institutionalized policy processes, translating priorities of Chinese and African state actors. Meanwhile, the loan origination processes of CDB are more independent of state actors, allowing greater autonomy for the financier to pursue commercial interests.

Collaborative governance flood disaster mitigation in Indonesia

The problem of flooding in the capital is still classified as a classic problem, but this problem still continues to emerge and becomes a trending problem during the rainy season in urban weather. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of governance collaboration in overcoming the Jakarta flood problem. This research uses qualitative analysis and a content analysis approach. This research found that flood management using a collaborative governance approach was running optimally, the involvement of the private sector and the community was a good and rare synergy. support from international funding sources is used with effective management with the aim of using the budget on target. In the end, this research concludes that collaborative governance in Jakarta flood management is carried out optimally but requires sustainable collaborative efforts. This research has limitations in reaching the involvement of personal actors as a source of supporting information in disaster mitigation studies. Further research requires a more comprehensive discussion by reviewing the involvement of important actors in flood disaster mitigation.

Corporate Education And ESG Practices: People Management Strategies To Strengthen Citizenship And Sustainability Within Organizations

Background: The growing demand for sustainable and socially responsible practices has encouraged companies to integrate ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) principles into their operations. In this context, corporate education has emerged as a vital tool for promoting corporate citizenship and solidifying sustainability efforts. This article examines the relationships between corporate education, people management, and ESG practices, highlighting their implications for building a more conscientious corporate culture. Materials and Methods: This research employed a qualitative approach aimed at understanding how corporate education and ESG practices can contribute to strengthening citizenship and sustainability within organizations. A bibliographic analysis was conducted, reviewing a wide range of national and international scientific sources covering corporate education, ESG, and their implications for people management. Results: The main objective was to analyze how corporate education and people management practices, guided by ESG principles, can reinforce organizational citizenship and promote sustainability within companies. The analysis in this article offers significant theoretical and practical contributions to the field of corporate sustainability by demonstrating the positive impact of integrating ESG principles into corporate education and people management policies. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of embedding ESG principles in corporate education and people management strategies as a means to foster a sustainable and socially responsible corporate culture. These findings provide valuable insights for companies aiming to strengthen their organizational citizenship and support long-term sustainability goals.

Establishment of Evidence-Based Nursing Indices for Dysphagia After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.

To select and obtain relevant evidence for the management of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery both domestically and internationally, clinical quality evaluation indicators were developed based on evidence-based nursing practices, and obstacles and promoting factors in evidence-based nursing practices were analysed. This research was aimed to provide a basis for evidence-based nursing practices to promote standardized management of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery. Dysphagia is the most common complication following anterior cervical surgery, but there is a lack of standard protocols and guidelines to direct clinical practice. Mixed methods were employed for the translational research to support evidence-based practice. This study was based on the JBI evidence-based health care model. According to the '6S Evidence Resource Pyramid Model', we searched from top to bottom. This study is guided by the knowledge to action (KTA) evidence-based practice model. Utilizing a comprehensive evidence-based approach and following the 6S evidence resource pyramid model, relevant evidence on the management of swallowing disorders after cervical anterior surgery was selected from both domestic and international sources. Based on the best available evidence, the Delphi expert consultation method was used to establish a management plan for swallowing disorders post-cervical anterior surgery. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted to identify barriers to clinical implementation, and clinical quality evaluation indicators, as well as promoting factors, were subsequently developed. Based on the 31 best evidence points, 12 evaluation indicators were developed. The baseline results of these indicators reveal that, apart from evaluation indicator 8, which has a compliance rate of 72.2%, the compliance rates for most of the other indicators are relatively low. Based on the results of the clinical quality review, the following main obstacles were analysed: negative behaviours and attributes, lack of professional knowledge, and lack of standardized management. Effective management of swallowing disorders after cervical spine surgery is crucial for enhancing treatment outcomes, reducing complications, shortening hospital stays and improving patient quality of life. This study identified the best evidence for managing dysphagia post-anterior cervical surgery and developed corresponding solutions. The next step involves applying these measures in clinical practice to improve patient prognosis and elevate the quality of care.

Egyptian pediatric kidney transplantation: highlights on post-transplant follow-up and management of complications by the Egyptian Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee (EPG) Nephrology Group

BackgroundPediatric kidney transplantation is unique when compared to adults. They need optimum post-transplant care to achieve longer graft and patient survival. Infections, rejection, recurrence, malignancy, bone problems, hypertension, and surgical complications are the most important challenges that require prevention, early detection, and management. Chronic allograft nephropathy needs different approaches based on its related causes, allograft pathology, graft function, and availability of re-transplantation.Aim/objectivesThis national adapted guideline aims to frame evidence-based post-transplant recommendations adopted or adapted from EB source guidelines to optimize post-transplant patient care.MethodsOur guideline is evidence based adapted from four national and international source guidelines with permissions [KDIGO 2020, RA/BTS 2022–2018, EAU 2018] that were appraised with AGREE II instrument tool. We followed the “adapted ADAPTE” CPG formal adaptation methodology that consists of 3 phases and 24 steps and tools. Virtual monthly meetings all through the year 2023 were activated for reviewing and validation of final adaptation of evidence-based guideline draft, considering all comments of external reviewers. This guideline was registered in the practice guideline registration for transparency (PREPARE), number: PREPARE-2023CN364.ResultsRecommendation statements in guidelines stand for results in articles. Discussion of important recommendations and the rationale behind selection of adopted statements and tailoring of others to suit our local facilities, expertise, and renal native disease profile was presented in the text with reasons and references.ConclusionThe provided guidelines aim to improve graft and patient outcome through prevention and early management of complications and suggest research areas lacking validated research recommendations.

Enhancing anti-corruption via investment arbitration: from red flags to due diligence

Abstract As the number of corruption allegations in investor–State disputes (ISDS) grows, tribunals must balance their duty to resolve disputes and to render enforceable awards. Given the difficulty of proving corruption, arbitrators increasingly consider red flags to detect it, but still struggle with drawing consequences for corrupt conduct that would serve as an effective deterrent. Our empirical analysis of 92 ISDS cases that involved allegations of corruption reveals that over a quarter of arbitral decisions already utilize a red flags approach, which helps tribunals assess corruption risks and provide circumstantial evidence. This article proposes a novel list of red flags based on the empirical analysis, domestic and international law sources as well as soft law instruments. It then frames a corresponding anti-corruption due diligence mechanism, which can minimize the risks of corruption occurring, bring more predictability to ISDS and disincentivize frivolous allegations of corruption.

Voices and Perspectives from Our Online Press on the State of English Language Teaching in Mexico

This documentary research on the discourse in electronic media surrounding the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language on the Mexico’s border describes the social framework and analyses various linguistic contexts to make provisional recommendations regarding foreign language policy in Mexico. The digital journalism selected issues an opinion on (1) the teaching of English as a language additional to Spanish in Mexico (English Language Teaching, ELT), and (2) Mexico’s position (at Federal and State level) implicit in their regional implementation of ELT. Thirteen articles from 12 regional, national, and international media sources were analysed using Guespin and Marcellesi’s (1986) and Arnoux and Bein’s (2015) theories, alongside Bardin’s (1996) content analysis method for linguistic contexts in border regions. Qualitative analysis techniques were employed to identify and categorize the positions on foreign language policy presented in the Mexican media. The authors conclude with recommendations for ELT policy, proposing actions for foreign language policy planning. We argue for raised teacher-training standards to improve foreign language learning in mainstream education and Private language schools, thus positioning the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California to take more agency in our regional support role to the Mexican Secretariate of Education

Under the shadow of legality: A shadow hauntology on the legal construction of the Women, Peace and Security agenda

Abstract Considered a landmark in feminist international politics, the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda of the UN Security Council has been the object of many feminist explorations. Feminist legal scholars, however, have grappled with the ‘shadowy’ legality of the agenda, mostly analysing it as an ‘unsuccessful’ legal project: a partial or in progress legal norm, a defective legal form that attests (and furthers) the exile of inclusion of feminists in international law, or yet a formalistic discussion with lesser impact for feminist activists on the ground. Drawing from Avery Gordon’s considerations on taking shadows seriously in our production of knowledge, I propose, however, that reckoning with the shadows of the WPS’s legality enables a more comprehensive analysis of how the agenda has been a successful legal project in its own way. Offering a ‘shadow hauntology’ for the legal status of the WPS, I zoom in on the competing legality perceptions shared by relevant actors, the (gendered and colonially-continuous) shadows that have haunted those perceptions into formation, and how these competing visions have shaped the legality of the WPS as a shadow of its own. This study then offers an alternative way of studying legality both to feminist legal scholarship and studies on international legal sources more broadly. More concretely, it embraces the irresolvability of the legal status of a norm to take stock of the different legal projects and legality perceptions advanced by feminist actors and gender experts, in an effort to understand, in their own terms, the successes achieved.

The current research status of Kansei engineering in the field of emotional clothing design

PurposeThis study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape of Kansei engineering (KE) within the domain of emotional clothing design. It explores the pivotal technologies, challenges and potential future directions of KE, offering application methodologies and theoretical underpinnings to support emotional clothing design.Design/methodology/approachThis study briefly introduces KE, outlining its overarching research methodologies and processes. This framework lays the groundwork for advancing research in clothing Kansei. Subsequently, by reviewing literature from both domestic and international sources, this research initially explores the application of KE in the design and evaluation of clothing products as well as the development of intelligent clothing design systems from the vantage point of designers. Second, it investigates the role of KE in the customization of online clothing recommendation systems and the optimization of retail environments, as perceived by consumers. Finally, with the research methodologies of KE as a focal point, this paper discusses the principal challenges and opportunities currently confronting the field of clothing Kansei research.FindingsAt present, studies in the domain of clothing KE have achieved partial progress, but there are still some challenges to be solved in the concept, technical methods and area of application. In the future, multimodal and multisensory user Kansei acquisition, multidimensional product deconstruction, artificial intelligence (AI) enabling KE research and clothing sales environment Kansei design will become new development trends.Originality/valueThis study provides significant directions and concepts in the technology, methods and application types of KE, which is helpful to better apply KE to emotional clothing design.

Regenerative agriculture in Australia: the changing face of farming

The agricultural and social landscape of rural Australia is changing, with many farmers interested in, and some actively moving towards, regenerative agriculture—but what do we understand of the farmers undertaking these transitions? Regenerative agriculture is a holistic way of managing landscapes that aims to move beyond sustainability to regenerate natural systems, while supporting farming system viability. While several authors have discussed the higher-level philosophical underpinnings of regenerative agriculture, there are few empirical studies exploring the motivators for farmers to implement a suite of practices within the regenerative agriculture tool-kit. By undertaking an online survey targeting regenerative farmers, this study identifies common attributes of regenerative farmers, as well as key motivators for, and barriers to change, including perceived benefits arising from the approach. An online survey was promoted through the social media pages of three farming groups, resulting in 96 self-identifying Australian regenerative farmers included in this analysis. Results demonstrate that a clear and recent shift has taken place for this group, who may feel ostracized within their local community, hence often rely on information from online and international sources of agricultural information. This article builds a core understanding of the goals, attributes, aspirations and challenges of regenerative farmers and offers a definition of regenerative agriculture that is derived from farmer responses.

Economic gains from geographic shifts in international sourcing

The geographic evolution of global value chains (GVCs) has been significantly changing the pace and structure of economic development in many countries. We first employ a global input-output (IO) model to quantify the contribution of geographic shifts in international sourcing to China's economic gains. In 2019, China's GDP per capita was 11% below the world average. We show, however, that the gap would have been 39% if there had been no international sourcing shifts between 1995 and 2019. We subsequently propose an optimization model in the global IO framework to explore potential strategies which further improve China's GDP per capita. The optimization results suggest that import substitution and export promotion could be two possible strategies. However, these strategies could fail if all countries adopt the same strategies and participate in the non-cooperative competition. Instead, our results suggest that promoting technological upgrading provides more sustainable opportunities for improving a country's gains.

Chinese expert consensus on blood lipid management in patients with diabetes (2024 edition).

Diabetes is a significant independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), with dyslipidemia playing a critical role in the initiation and progression of ASCVD in diabetic patients. In China, the current prevalence of dyslipidemia in diabetes is high, but the control rate remains low. Therefore, to enhance lipid management in patients with diabetes, the Endocrinology and Metabolism Physician Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, in collaboration with the Experts' Committee of the National Society of Cardiometabolic Medicine, has convened experts to develop a consensus on the management of dyslipidemia in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The development of this consensus is informed by existing practices in lipid management among Chinese diabetic patients, incorporating contemporary evidence-based findings and guidelines from national and international sources. The consensus encompasses lipid profile characteristics, the current epidemiological status of dyslipidemia, ASCVD risk stratification, and lipid management procedures in diabetic patients. For the first time, both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol have been recommended as primary targets for lipid intervention in diabetic patients. The consensus also includes a summary and recommendations for lipid management strategies in special diabetic populations, including children and adolescents, individuals aged 75 years and older, patients with chronic kidney disease, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, and those who are pregnant. This comprehensive consensus aims to improve cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients by contributing to the dissemination of key clinical advancements and guiding clinical practice.

The Existence and Development of Variants in English Writing Teaching in International Corpus based on Time Series Data Analysis

This study investigates the evolution and prevalence of variant forms in English writing instruction within an international context, utilizing a time series analysis of corpus data. Recognizing the dynamic nature of language, especially in educational settings, this research aims to identify and analyze the changes in teaching methodologies and language usage over time. By examining a comprehensive corpus compiled from diverse international sources, the study focuses on how English writing instruction has adapted to linguistic variations and evolving pedagogical approaches.The methodology involves a quantitative analysis of corpus data spanning several decades, enabling a longitudinal view of trends in English writing teaching. The corpus includes a wide range of educational materials, academic publications, and teaching resources from different countries, ensuring a global perspective. Time series analysis is employed to track the frequency and context of various teaching practices and linguistic forms, offering insights into their development and dissemination.Key findings reveal a significant shift in teaching strategies, reflecting an increased emphasis on learner-centered approaches and the integration of digital technologies. Variants in language usage, influenced by cultural and regional differences, are also evident, highlighting the importance of context-specific teaching methods.

The mechanism of cytokine regulation of cancer occurrence and development in the tumor microenvironment and its application in cancer treatment: a narrative review.

The occurrence and development of tumors in human tissues widely depend on their surrounding environment, known as the tumor microenvironment (TME), which comprises various cells, molecules, and blood vessels. Through modifications, organization, and integration, these elements serve as potential therapeutic targets in anti-cancer therapy, supporting and promoting the proliferation, invasion, and metabolism of tumor cells. Cytokines within TME are responsible for immune cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, thereby influencing the tumor's behavior. This article reviews the use of cytokines in tumor immunotherapy and combs the network signals that cytokines mediate in the development of malignancies. A literature search of international sources was carried out on the PubMed and Web of Science databases, using main keywords such as "tumor immunotherapy", "cytokines", "chemokines", "tumor microenvironment", "recombinant cytokine engineering", and "tumor necrosis factor superfamily". The review provides a thorough summary of the functions of tumor necrosis factor superfamilies, chemokines, and interleukins within the TME as well as their therapeutic uses. Their potential as novel targets for tumor treatment is also evaluated. Furthermore, this paper focuses on various feasible strategies for recombinant cytokines reported in recent years, especially the cytokine engineering methods for targeting tumors. Ultimately, this paper contributes to an enhanced understanding among researchers of the mechanisms underlying the impact of the TME on disease development, thereby laying a solid foundation for the future development of new tumor therapies based on cytokines within the TME. Cytokine immunotherapy holds promise on antitumor therapy. It is anticipated that the effectiveness of tumor treatment and the quality of life for tumor patients will continue to improve with ongoing research and development in this field.

LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF MILLENNIAL LEADERS AS A CHANGE AGENT IN THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ORGANIZATION

<p>The digital transformation era and Industry 4.0 provide ample opportunities for this generation to thrive with their rapid technological adaptation and openness to new ideas. This research examines millennial leadership behavioral development to enable them to effectively become change agents in digital organizations, using the case study of William Tanuwijaya at Tokopedia. Through a review of literature from international sources during 2020–2023, this study discusses millennial leadership theories and change management, highlighting the urgency and importance of adaptive leadership capable of managing change in the face of digital organizational challenges. The research findings indicate that millennial leadership styles vary according to organizational contexts. Millennials are confronted with change management, where organizational readiness to adapt is critical to success. Adaptive leadership, a key strategy in managing change, is crucial. Through William Tanuwijaya's leadership at Tokopedia, millennial leadership characteristics prioritizing social and environmental issues, sustainability, and the implementation of sustainable values are evident, alongside collaboration with the government to create an inclusive environment and focus on innovation and digital transformation in the economy. Leaders like William Tanuwijaya start by building teams consisting of celebrities or public figures in Indonesia to promote Tokopedia and strengthen the company's image while formulating the company's vision and initiatives, motivating employees, overcoming obstacles such as improving work efficiency, implementing successful minor changes, ensuring smooth change integration, and making change an integral part of the organizational culture and system.<strong></strong></p>

Unlocking whistleblower protection: legal basis to be aware of

Hardly any negative social phenomenon is as specific as corruption, which creates an intriguing paradox in law. In particular, there is no phenomenon that is mentioned more often on a daily basis, even in colloquial speech, than corruption; there is no group of criminal offences (corruption) that the whole society knows more about; there is no legal topic on which legal scholars and practitioners are more in agreement on the criminal law consequences that corruption creates and are not willing to prevent it by creating various models of its prevention; and, again, many countries are constantly failing in the fight against it. Many people improve their perception of corruption only as the situation worsens. This paradox gives rise to a vision of corruption as an intractable, powerful giant, present since ancient times, with obvious obstacles that cannot be removed even in the most developed countries. Against this backdrop, it is important to ask, and this article attempts to answer, what role whistleblowers can play in the fight against corruption and whether their more effective protection can play an important role in protecting society from corruption. This study explores the recognition of whistleblowers' importance in these efforts, including the basis and nature of their legislative protection, through a legal analysis of selected regional and international legal sources that directly or indirectly refer to whistleblowers and their protection. The analysis shows that most of these sources indicate the importance of achieving the three whistleblower protection mechanisms. To achieve the above goals, regulatory and descriptive legal methods will be used.

Transarterial radioembolization vs transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for treating hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Japanese healthcare system.

Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is effective for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma; however, it awaits approval in Japan. This study aimed to simulate the cost-effectiveness of TARE over chemoembolization when TARE is approved in Japan and identify the requirements for cost-effectiveness. A Markov model was constructed to analyze the costs and effectiveness associated with TARE and transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads (DEB-TACE) for 2-month cycles over 5years. In the primary analysis, the intention-to-treat survival data were used to calculate transition probabilities, whereas the ancillary analysis assessed the per-protocol survival data. DEB-TACE costs were calculated using the Japanese nationwide claims Diagnosis Procedure Combination database between April 2018 and March 2022, whereas TARE costs were estimated using database and international sources. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was determined based on the payer's perspective and compared with the Japanese willingness-to-pay threshold of 5 million Japanese yen (JPY) (31,250 USD) per quality-adjusted life years (QALY). From the claims database, 6,986 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who received DEB-TACE were identified. In the primary analysis, the ICER was 5,173,591 JPY (32,334 USD)/QALY, surpassing the Japanese willingness-to-pay threshold. However, the ancillary analysis showed a lower ICER of 4,156,533 JPY (25,978 USD)/QALY, falling below the threshold. The one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis identified progression-free survival associated with TARE and DEB-TACE, DEB-TACE costs, and radioactive microsphere reimbursement price as key ICER influencers. The primary analysis suggested that setting the reimbursement price of radioactive microspheres below 1.399 million JPY (8,744 USD), approximately 2.8% lower than the price in the United Kingdom, would place the ICER below the Japanese willingness-to-pay threshold. Under specific conditions, TARE can be a more cost-effective treatment than DEB-TACE. If the reimbursement price of radioactive microspheres is set approximately 2.8% lower than that in the United Kingdom, TARE could be cost-effective compared with DEB-TACE.