International Society Of Sports Nutrition Research Articles

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance.

Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation - with and without the benefits of exercise - on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5-3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15-18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.

International society of sports nutrition position stand: coffee and sports performance.

Based on review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the contents and physiological effects of coffee related to physical and cognitive performance conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society:(1) Coffee is a complex matrix of hundreds of compounds. These are consumed with broad variability based upon serving size, bean type (e.g. common Arabica vs. Robusta), and brew method (water temperature, roasting method, grind size, time, and equipment).(2) Coffee's constituents, including but not limited to caffeine, have neuromuscular, antioxidant, endocrine, cognitive, and metabolic (e.g. glucose disposal and vasodilation) effects that impact exercise performance and recovery.(3) Coffee's physiologic effects are influenced by dose, timing, habituation to a small degree (to coffee or caffeine), nutrigenetics, and potentially by gut microbiota differences, sex, and training status.(4) Coffee and/or its components improve performance across a temporal range of activities from reaction time, through brief power exercises, and into the aerobic time frame in most but not all studies. These broad and varied effects have been demonstrated in men (mostly) and in women, with effects that can differ from caffeine ingestion, per se. More research is needed.(5) Optimal dosing and timing are approximately two to four cups (approximately 473-946 ml or 16-32 oz.) of typical hot-brewed or reconstituted instant coffee (depending on individual sensitivity and body size), providing a caffeine equivalent of 3-6 mg/kg (among other components such as chlorogenic acids at approximately 100-400 mg per cup) 60 min prior to exercise.(6) Coffee has a history of controversy regarding side effects but is generally considered safe and beneficial for healthy, exercising individuals in the dose range above.(7) Coffee can serve as a vehicle for other dietary supplements, and it can interact with nutrients in other foods.(8) A dearth of literature exists examining coffee-specific ergogenic and recovery effects, as well as variability in the operational definition of "coffee," making conclusions more challenging than when examining caffeine in its many other forms of delivery (capsules, energy drinks, "pre-workout" powders, gum, etc.).

Proceedings of the Twentieth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo.

Proceedings of the Twentieth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo.

Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo.

Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo.

International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition.

ABSTRACTThis position stand aims to provide an evidence-based summary of the energy and nutritional demands of tactical athletes to promote optimal health and performance while keeping in mind the unique challenges faced due to work schedules, job demands, and austere environments. After a critical analysis of the literature, the following nutritional guidelines represent the position of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).General RecommendationsNutritional considerations should include the provision and timing of adequate calories, macronutrients, and fluid to meet daily needs as well as strategic nutritional supplementation to improve physical, cognitive, and occupational performance outcomes; reduce risk of injury, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease; reduce the potential for a fatal mistake; and promote occupational readiness.Military RecommendationsEnergy demands should be met by utilizing the Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRIs) established and codified in Army Regulation 40-25. Although research is somewhat limited, military personnel may also benefit from caffeine, creatine monohydrate, essential amino acids, protein, omega-3-fatty acids, beta-alanine, and L-tyrosine supplementation, especially during high-stress conditions.First Responder RecommendationsSpecific energy needs are unknown and may vary depending on occupation-specific tasks. It is likely the general caloric intake and macronutrient guidelines for recreational athletes or the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for the general healthy adult population may benefit first responders. Strategies such as implementing wellness policies, setting up supportive food environments, encouraging healthier food systems, and using community resources to offer evidence-based nutrition classes are inexpensive and potentially meaningful ways to improve physical activity and diet habits. The following provides a more detailed overview of the literature and recommendations for these populations.

Nutritional strategies of young, physically active residents of Wrocław

Proper diet is a well-established factor influencing the effectiveness of training. to assess the knowledge of young sportspeople from Wrocław about sport nutritional strategies an online survey was distributed to Wrocław sport schools and clubs. the respondents were asked to answer questions regarding their sport activity, diet and the knowledge of nutrition strategies. the answers were then compared with the recommended strategies of international Society of Sports Nutrition (iSSN) and other research on this topic.147 answers were analyzed. 38% of the respondents modified their diet due to training. their most popular strategy was an additional pre-workout meal. in the group that did not modify the diet, the majority (82%) heard of some sport nutrition strategy. 52% of the respondents consumed a protein peri-workout meal. estimated 30% consume the amount of protein recommended by iSSN. Percentage of young sportspeople adjusting diet to training seems to be low, taking into account both established importance of such proceedings and awareness of sport nutrition strategies in this group. interestingly, more men than women do so. Group of respondents following well-documented iSSN recommendations is comparably modest. Perhaps the topic of nutrition strategies should be given more emphasis in schools and sport associations.

Dietary practices of soccer athletes registered at the University of Limpopo, Limpopo Province, South Africa

BackgroundThere is a growing number of athletes participating in soccer sports within the higher institutions of learning. However, studies involving the dietary practices of these athletes remain relatively scarce.ObjectiveTo determine the dietary practices of soccer athletes registered at the University of Limpopo, Limpopo Province, South Africa.MethodologyThis was a descriptive quantitative study, which adopted a purposive sampling technique to obtain 31 out of 40 registered soccer athletes representing the University of Limpopo as a team. The approval was obtained from the Turfloop Research and Ethics Committee (TREC). Data were collected at the University of Limpopo sports grounds, in the afternoons before the commencement of the training. The demographic status which included the gender, weight, and duration of athletes involved in sports of soccer at the University were collected. The weights of the athletes were also measured using a digital scale from SECA to calculate the nutrient requirements. The dietary practices of athletes were collected using the modified 24-h recall questionnaire on three different days. Athletes were required to recall all food items consumed in the previous 24 h. The researchers used household measuring utensils and food models to assist athletes in estimating food quantities. Athletes were required to recall incidences that took place in the previous to associate with food items taken. Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to determine the regularity of consumption of different food items. The nutrient intake for the athletes was obtained from the average analysis of the three 24-h recall questionnaires through MRC Food Finder (version 3.0). The SPSS software (24.0) was then used to determine descriptive tests expressing variables as percentages, means, standard deviations (± SD), and minimum and maximum values. The obtained test results were then compared to the recommendations by the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2018).ResultsMajority (81.0%) of athletes engaged in soccer sport for ≤ 2 years while at University. Overall, 61% of athletes consumed three meals/day. Only 65% consumed meals 2–3 h before the training. Majority of the athletes (≥ 61%) consumed carbohydrates, protein, and fat below the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) recommendations. Additionally, more than 65% of the same athletes consumed vitamins and minerals below the recommendations. None of the athletes consumed any food immediately after training.ConclusionThe dietary intakes were below the ISSN recommendations. The dietary practices of athletes involved in the sport of soccer at the University of Limpopo were not adhering to soccer nutritional guidelines. Therefore, athletes need to receive nutrition support through the appointment of nutrition experts or dietitians to assist in nutrition and dietary related practices of athletes. Involvement of other multidisciplinary members is also warranted in sports of soccer and other sports categories to improve athletes’ performance without compromising their health.

Nutritional Practice and Nitrogen Balance in Elite Japanese Swimmers during a Training Camp.

The protein requirement in athletes increases as a result of exercise-induced changes in protein metabolism. In addition, the frequency, quantity, and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the protein intake modulates the protein metabolism. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether nutritional practice (particularly, protein and amino acid intake at each eating occasion) meets the protein needs required to achieve zero nitrogen balance in elite swimmers during a training camp. Eight elite swimmers (age 21.9 ± 2.3 years, body weight 64.2 ± 7.1 kg, sex M:2 F:6) participated in a four-day study. The nitrogen balance was calculated from the dietary nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The amino acid intake was divided over six eating occasions. The nitrogen balance was found to be positive (6.7 ± 3.1 g N/day, p < 0.05) with protein intake of 2.96 ± 0.74 g/kg/day. The frequency and quantity of leucine and the protein intake were met within the recommended range established by the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Thus, a protein intake of 2.96 g/kg/day with a well-designated pattern (i.e., frequency throughout the day, as well as quantity and quality) of protein and amino acid intake may satisfy the increased need for protein in an elite swimmer.

Analysis of health claims regarding creatine monohydrate present in commercial communications for a sample of European sports foods supplements.

To analyse the information on health claims present in the labelling of creatine monohydrate (CM) products. A descriptive study of a selection of products marketed as CM, with health claims, and that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, was conducted using the Amazon and Google Shopping websites. The adequacy and compliance of the health claims were evaluated with the European legislative requirements (European Food Safety Authority and European Commission). The results were discussed with scientific evidence criteria from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Olympic Committee, and International Society of Sports Nutrition, as well as the systematic review carried out by Mielgo-Ayuso in 2019. Health claims in the commercial communications of a sample of CM supplements, in relation to current legislation and scientific knowledge. A total of 554 CM products were obtained. Of the total sample, only 167 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of these, 30·5 % recommended a CM dose of 5·0-5·9 g/d, while 29·9 % recommended 3·0 to 3·9 g/d. As for the health claims, 'Enhances physical performance' appeared in 73·1 % of the supplements, in most cases referring to a dosage of 3·0 to 3·9 g/d for these products. The rest of the declarations were not adequate or needed to be modified. Only 25 % of the health claims complied with the criteria established by the scientific reference documents. Most of the declarations must be modified or eliminated, as they could be considered fraudulent and/or misleading for the consumer.

Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Effectiveness Of Two Different Forms Of Marine Oil On Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise

PURPOSE: We have previously shown1 that four weeks of supplementation with PCSO-524®, a marine lipid fraction of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), rich in omega-3 fatty acids, attenuates muscle damage and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) following eccentric exercise in untrained men. The present study sought to determine if a blend of 75% PCSO-524® and 25% krill oil (ESPO-572®) will be ‘at least as good’ as PCSO-524® in attenuating DOMS and functional indices of muscle damage during recovery from muscle damaging exercise in untrained men. METHODS: This study was conducted as a randomized, parallel group, double-blind non-inferiority trial. Fifty-one untrained men were randomly assigned to consume 600 mg·d-1 (4 capsules) of either PCSO-524® (n=24) or ESPO-572® (n=27) for 26 d prior to muscle damaging exercise (downhill running), and continued for 72 h following exercise. DOMS, pressure pain threshold (PPT), limb swelling, knee extensor range of motion (ROM), and isometric torque (MVC), were assessed at baseline following supplementation before eccentric exercise, and at 24, 28 and 72 h post-eccentric exercise. For data analysis purposes we included placebo group (olive oil) (n=16) data generated from our previously published work1 that followed an identical study design. RESULTS: ESPO-572® is ‘at least as good’ as PCSO-524®, but both blends were significantly better (p<0.05) than placebo, in reducing DOMS at 24, 48, 72 h following muscle damaging exercise. At 24 and 48 h following the eccentric exercise bout ESPO-572® significantly increased (p<0.05) ROM compared to PCSO-524®. Compared to placebo, ESPO-572® significantly improved (p<0.05) ROM at 24, 48 and 72 h, while PCSO-524® significantly increased (p<0.05) ROM at 48 and 72 h during recovery. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between ESPO-572® and PCSO-524® for PPT, limb swelling and MVC during recovery from muscle damaging exercise. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that ESPO-572® may represent a useful therapeutic agent for attenuating muscle soreness following eccentric-type exercise in untrained men. 1Mickleborough et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2015) 12:10. Supported by a grant from Pharmalink International Ltd, Hong Kong.

Circulating Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) In Response To Three-day Ultra-endurance Racing

Cardiovascular exercise is known to exert a variety of positive physiological and psychological benefits on neurocognitive function, glucose and fatty acid metabolism, and muscle recovery. Many of these effects are thought to be mediated by brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), a neurotropin produced both centrally and peripherally. The fate of BDNF during prolonged endurance exercise is unknown and may be implicated to mitigate potential negative consequences to ultra-endurance racing. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of a three-day ultra-endurance triathlon on serum BDNF concentrations pre- and post-race. METHODS: Twenty triathletes (age: 40 ± 8.8 yrs) who competed in the 2015 (N=13 men, 3 women) and 2017 (N=3 men, 1 woman) Ultraman Florida triathlon participated in the present study. Blood samples were collected 24-36 hrs pre-race and within 12 hrs post-race. Serum BDNF levels were measured via ELISA. A paired sample t-test was used to evaluate differences between pre- and post-race BDNF concentrations. Values are reported as mean ± SD with significance accepted as p<0.05. RESULTS: BDNF significantly increased from pre- to post- race (0.17 ± 0.9 pg/mL vs. 0.23 ± 0.14 pg/mL; +9.6%; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, BDNF is shown to significantly increase after a three-day ultra-endurance race. These findings may indicate that BDNF concentrations are elevated to potentially counteract any negative consequences derived from ultra-endurance exercise. The influence of both duration and intensity of exercise on BDNF concentrations need to be further elucidated due to its array of positive implications on cognitive and physical function and recovery from prolonged endurance exercise. Supported by the International Society of Sports Nutrition and Florida State University.

Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Analysis of food and fluid intake in elite ultra-endurance runners during a 24-h world championship

BackgroundProperly replacing energy and fluids is a challenge for 24-h ultramarathoners because such unusually high intake may induce adverse effects (gastrointestinal symptoms [GIS] and exercise-associated hyponatremia [EAH]). We analyzed such intake for 12 twelve elite athletes (6 males and 6 females; age: 46 ± 7 years, height: 170 ± 9 cm, weight: 61.1 ± 9.6 kg, total distance run: 193–272 km) during the 2019 24-h World Championships and compared it to the latest nutritional recommendations described by the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2019. We hypothesized that these elite athletes would easily comply these recommendations without exhibiting detrimental adverse symptoms.MethodsAd libitum food and fluid intake was recorded in real-time and energy, macronutrient, sodium, and caffeine intake then calculated using a spreadsheet in which the nutritional composition of each item was previously recorded. GIS, markers of dehydration (body mass modifications, plasma and urine osmolality, and plasma volume; samples obtained 26 h before and just after the race) and EAH (plasma and urine sodium concentrations) were also assessed.ResultsFluid, energy, and carbohydrate intake of the 11 finishers was 16.4 ± 6.9 L, 35.1 ± 15.7 MJ, and 1.49 ± 0.71 kg, respectively. Individual analyses showed that all but one (for fluid intake) or two (for energy and carbohydrate intake) consumed more than the minimum recommendations. The calculated energy balance remained, however, largely negative (− 29.5 ± 16.1 MJ). Such unusually high intake was not accompanied by detrimental GIS (recorded in 75%, but only transiently [3.0 ± 0.9 h]) or EAH (0%). The athletes were not dehydrated, shown by the absence of significant body mass loss (− 0.92 ± 2.13%) and modifications of plasma osmolality and an increase in plasma volume (+ 19.5 ± 15.8%). Performance (distance ran) positively correlated with energy intake (ρ = 0.674, p = 0.023) and negatively (ρ = − 0.776, p = 0.005) with fluid intake.ConclusionsOverall, almost all of these elite 24-h ultramarathoners surpassed the nutritional recommendations without encountering significant or the usual adverse effects.

Nutrient Status and perceptions of energy and macronutrient intake in a Group of Collegiate Female Lacrosse Athletes

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to compare nutritional intakes against recommended values as well as between the perceived intake and needs of female lacrosse players.MethodsTwenty female NCAA Division II lacrosse players (20.0 ± 1.7 yrs., 169.7 ± 6.4 cm; 69.9 ± 10.7 kg; 27.5 ± 3.3% fat) completed a four-day monitoring period during in-season. Athletes were outfitted with an activity monitor over four consecutive days and completed four-day food records to assess total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and dietary intake. Body composition was assessed and used to calculate recommended dietary intakes. Actual intake was self-reported using a commercially available food tracking program (MyFitnessPal©, USA). Daily average values were calculated for total and relative energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake. These values were then compared to published nutritional recommendations established by the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Appropriate pairwise comparisons were made depending on the normality of the distribution.ResultsAthletes ate significantly less than recommended values for energy, carbohydrates and protein. (p < 0.001). Significant discrepancies (p < 0.001) were also observed between perceptions of intake versus actual intake.ConclusionsAthletes significantly underestimated perceived intake of dietary fat and carbohydrate when compared to perceived needs. Massive standard deviations and ranges were observed, suggesting that some athletes lack a basic understanding of their daily needs. Results from this data suggest that collegiate athletes lack appropriate understanding of basic nutrition needs and could benefit from basic nutrition education as it pertains to their health and performance.

Efficiency of diet, A nutritional perspective on sports person

Creatine has become a popular nutritional supplement among a the letes. recent studies have shown a number of potential therapeutic use of creatine. Creatine is an amino acid, like building blocks that made up of proteins. creatine has been accepted as a safe and useful ergogenic aid. The creatine has attracted market by proven significantly, in enhancing an a the lete performance. Majority of studies have focused on efforts of creatine monohydrate on performance and health. A quantitative scientific summary and view of knowledge showed. the effect of creatine supplement entation in a the letes by international society of sports nutrition. more recent literature has provided greater insight in increasing and enhancing a the lete performance by the use of creatine supplement.

Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Fulfillment Of The Daily Protein Intake Recommendations In College Athletes Compared By Sex

PURPOSE: To compare by sex the proportion of college athletes that consume protein below, inside and above the recommended amount. METHODS: We evaluated 341 athletes (192 males and 149 females) from different sports. Food intake was evaluated through a 24-hour reminder for a habitual training day. Afterwards, daily protein intake was estimated and then calculated for g/kg body weight. Afterwards, subjects were categorized into one of three categories according to their daily protein intake: below (<1.4 g/kg/day); inside (1.4 to 2.0 g/kg/day), and above (>2.0 g/kg/day) the recommended amount (as suggested by the International Society of Sports Nutrition). The results were counted and expressed as percentage of subjects at each category. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each percentage. This analysis was performed in both male and female athletes and compared by sex RESULTS: The general characteristics of the evaluated subjects for age, weight, height and BMI were 21.2 ± 2.1 y, 74.7 ± 14.1 kg, 176.2 ± 6.9 cm, 24.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2 for males, and 20.6 ± 1.9 y, 61.5 ±11.2 kg, 163.4 ± 6.6 cm, 23.0 ± 3.7 kg/m2 for females, respectively. We observed that the number of male athletes that consumed protein below and inside the recommended amount was the same (61 subjects each; 31.8%, CI 25.2 - 38.5), and the remaining 70 subjects (36.4%, CI 29.5 - 42.3) consumed above the recommended amount of protein. Similarly, the majority of the female athletes consumed above the recommended protein amount (55 subjects; 36.9%, CI 29.1 - 44.7), followed for those who ingested below (53 subjects; 35.6%, CI 27.8 - 43.4) and inside (41 subjects; 27.5%, CI 20.2 - 34.8) the recommended amount. There were no significant differences by sex (p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of athletes consuming protein below, inside and above the recommended amount were similar regardless of sex. Most of the male and female athletes consumed more than 2.0 g/kg/day.

Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Six Grams of Fish Oil Supplementation Mitigates Perceived Muscle Soreness Following Acute Resistance Exercise

High-intensity eccentric exercise is known to cause skeletal muscle damage and microstructural changes to muscle tissue with an associated inflammatory response. Previous research demonstrates increased pro-inflammatory cytokine and prostaglandin concentrations are linked with perceived muscle soreness. The omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), commonly found in fish oil supplements, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties that have been reported to attenuate the overall perception of muscle soreness. PURPOSE: To investigate the dose-response effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation on the magnitude and time-course of post-eccentric resistance exercise muscle soreness. METHODS: Thirty-two, college-aged, resistance-trained males (n = 16; 23.8 ± 2.7 years, 81.5 ± 9.9 kg, 175.7 ± 4.5 cm, 16.3 ± 3.6 %) and females (n = 16; 23.4 ± 3.1 years, 61.7 ± 7.2 kg, 170.4 ± 6.2 cm, 23.6 ± 5.0 %) completed a double-blind placebo controlled 7-week supplementation period of either: 2.0, 4.0, or 6.0 g·d-1 FO or placebo (PL). Subsequently, participants completed a muscle damaging resistance exercise protocol (10 sets of 8 four-second eccentric squats at 70% one-repetition maximum and 5 sets of 20 split-squat jumps). Perceived muscle soreness (PS; 0–10 cm scale) was measured pre-exercise (PRE), immediately post (IP), as well as 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours (h) post-exercise. RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a group x time interaction for PS (p < 0.001), where compared to PL, lower PS scores were observed at IP for 6 g·d-1 (mean difference: 4.0 cm, p = 0.024), at 1h for 6 g·d-1 (mean difference: 2.74 cm, p = 0.046), at 24h for 4 g·d-1 (mean difference: 2.38 cm, p = 0.023), and 6 g·d-1 (mean difference: 3.45 cm, p < 0.001), at 48h for 6 g·d-1 (mean difference: 4.45 cm, p < 0.001), and at 72h for 6 g·d-1 (mean difference: 3.0 cm, p = 0.003). Other group differences were variable by time point. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that supplementation with 6 g·d-1 of FO is effective at attenuating PS following damaging eccentric resistance exercise for up to 72h. Supported by the International Society of Sports Nutrition and MusclePharm Grant