International Shipping Routes Research Articles

3D bathymetric images of the Truong Sa Archipelago (Spratly Islands)

This article centers on the creation of three-dimensional (3D) bathymetric images of the Truong Sa Archipelago, utilizing gridded bathymetric data from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) to unveil the submerged topography of this archipelago. The study's outcomes provide a comprehensive understanding of 3D bathymetric imaging of the Truong Sa Archipelago, underscoring the research's significance in unraveling the complex underwater landscape.The importance of this study extends to geopolitical considerations, emphasizing the strategic value of precise bathymetric mapping in resolving territorial disputes. The global interest in the bathymetric and environmental exploration of the Truong Sa Archipelago is highlighted, emphasizing the potential applications of GEBCO bathymetric data at both regional and global scales. The study also reveals prospects in the future for fostering collaboration among sovereign nations within the Truong Sa Archipelago to enhance bathymetric data resolution, thereby creating maps for safe international shipping routes through the archipelago. Consequently, these 3D bathymetric images not only advance scientific understanding but also bear practical implications for maritime navigation, environmental conservation, and geopolitical assessments of this unique maritime region.

Analisis Kesuksesan Aplikasi M-Paspor di Kota Batam dengan Menggunakan Model Delone dan Mclean

M-Paspor is a new version of the APAPO application launched at the end of 2021. Since the launch of the M-Paspor application, Indonesian citizens have been directed to submit passport queue applications through the M-Paspor. Batam City is a city that is on international shipping routes and borders directly with Singapore and Malaysia. With these advantages, many Indonesian citizens travel through the City of Batam, causing passport applications in the City of Batam to increase. This research aims to analyze the success of the M-Passport application in the City of Batam using the DeLone and McLean model. The method used in this research is a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative, with 30 qualitative data and 500 quantitative data collected. This research utilizes SPSS and AMOS technology to test validity, reliability, SEM, descriptive statistics, and R Square. The results obtained from this research show that all dependent variables have a positive effect on the independent variables with R Square values obtained as much as 61.3%, 58.9%, and 61.9%. By conducting this research, it is hoped that it can help M-Paspor application developers and the TPI Batam Class I Immigration Office to pay more attention to the quality of information, systems, and services from M-Paspor to improve increase public user satisfaction in public services.

Assessing the emissions of short sea international shipping: a case study of the Mytilini–Ayvalik route

Short sea shipping involves transporting passengers and cargo between European ports and coastal countries bordering Europe on enclosed seas. Challenges include aging fleets and environmental concerns, but efforts to reduce emissions are in progress through the use of low-sulfur fuels, hybrid and electric vessels, and improved energy efficiency. This study focuses on emissions from international short shipping routes between Mytilini and Ayvalik, using standardized emission factors to calculate CO2, SO2, NOx, PM, and HC emissions. The research aims to bridge knowledge gaps and provide insights into these emissions, identifying the main commercial ships on the route, analyzing their emissions, and discussing the findings. Overall, six ships completed the route, consuming an average of 60 L of fuel per hour per 100 HP, depending on factors like speed and total load. Notably, NOx emissions are the highest, followed by sulfur oxides, with values exceeding 12.9 and 3.5 tons, respectively. As anticipated, cruising is the shipping practice with the highest energy footprint, amounting to 695 MWh. An essential discovery is that hoteling plays a significant role in energy consumption and emissions, accounting for 152 MWh out of the total 881 MWh consumed across all shipping practices. The potential adoption of hydrogen as a fuel holds the promise of substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, enhancements in air quality, and noise pollution mitigation.

Comparative analysis of entropy and environmental impacts of shipping operations on arctic and international routes

With the increasing interest in Arctic shipping operations mostly due to global warming, while increasing the sectoral effects in route management, possible environmental sustainability effects are noteworthy. This study aims to comparatively analyze the entropy and environmental impacts of ships operating in the Arctic and international shipping routes. In this study, the entropy productions caused by 11 container ships with different DWTs were calculated and their environmental impacts were examined using two basic indices. According to the results, the Transpolar Sea Route operations without icebreaker escort were forecasted to be all-year-around by 2050 and Northwest Passage Deep Water Route by 2050 routes, produce entropy at approximately 52% higher than the Suez Canal route operations, and their environmental impact was 40.51% higher than the Suez Canal route. Moreover, according to the predicted environmental impact indices for current routes, the Suez Canal route had an average of 34.43% higher environmental pollution compared to the other two routes. However, the average improvement potential for reducing fuel-related environmental effects was found to be 56.35% for the Suez Canal route. Finally, recommendations were presented for the energy, economic potential effects, and sustainability of the Transpolar Sea Route and Northwest Passage Route for future shipping operations.

Conflict in Yemen and its impacts on China’s interests in the region

The conflict in Yemen, which has been going on for 8 years, has great repercussions for Yemen and the entire region. Yemen’s strategic position has made it a key player in a crucial area that influences energy supplies, and international shipping routes, as well as a point of contact between Asia, Africa, and Europe. China, the area’s greatest economic partner and largest importer of oil, was one of those affected, particularly with the announcement of the Chinese BRI and its massive projects in the region. The prolonged conflict in Yemen has hampered Chinese investments and the construction of several key and strategic BRI projects in Yemen, as well as jeopardising many of its mega projects in the region. It also posed a new threat to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden’s sea routes, as well as the establishment of new military bases in strategic areas capable of controlling international trade routes and intensifying military rivalry in the region.

Эволюция российской государственной политики развития СМП (2018–2022 гг.): влияние геополитических и геоэкономических факторов

Russia has published a series of documents from 2018 to 2022 indicating its desire to transform the Northern Sea Route (NSR) into a globally competitive international shipping route due to its awareness of the importance of the NSR for the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federa-tion. This article examines the evolution of Russian policy through a regulatory analysis combined with an empirical analysis of shipping along the NSR over the period 20182022, as well as the impact of Western sanctions. The aim of the article is to examine the viability of Russia’s new infrastructure plan for the NSR, published in August 2022. The analysis of Russia’s policy towards the NSR suggests that Russia needs to review its policy in relation to the imposed Western sanctions. This would entail a new focus on revitalising the shipbuilding industry. The targets set earlier, and then in 2022, for shipping cargo on the NSR should be redefined taking into account current realities. The practical significance of the article is in its use by policymakers engaged in the development of the NSR and researchers of Arctic shipping.

The Urgency of the Diplomatic Role of the Indonesian Navy in Supporting Security Stability in the Indo-Pacific Region

Over the past few years, the intensity of use of the term "Indo-Pacific" has been increasingly encountered in various strategic discussions. Currently, the Indo-Pacific is an important area that reflects global geopolitics in the 21st century because it is the most strategic international trade and shipping route. In addition to its strategic location, the Indo-Pacific also causes various threat dynamics, especially due to the presence of various large countries in the region that are trying to exercise their hegemony. The dynamics of threats that are often encountered in this region include issues of the South China Sea, US-China rivalry, maritime disputes, and maritime security. In the midst of the increasingly complex dynamics of threats in the Indo-Pacific region, the Indonesian Navy has the duty and support for creating regional security through the role of Navy diplomacy. This article uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The several theories used are regional security complexity theory, threat theory, and naval diplomacy. There are three important points elaborated in the discussion including: The security complexity and dynamics of threats in the Indo-Pacific region, Regional cooperation to achieve regional stability, and Implementation of the Indonesian Navy's diplomatic role in the region.

ARCTIC RESEARCH IN CHINA: ANALYSIS BASED ON SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

Arctic region is rapidly transforming into a global theatre with a growing number of non-Arctic stakeholders. One illustration of this transformation process is China's growing presence in the Arctic. This article analyses the scientific literature, including scientific journals, doctoral and master's theses, statistical yearbooks, e-books, patents and standards available in the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) - Chinese-language scientific publications database, the Russian scientific portal's equivalent, elibrary. Priority topics in Chinese Arctic research were identified -meteorology, oceanography, education, China's international relations, biology. It is obvious that most Chinese scientists are interested in issues linked with the Northern Sea Route development in various aspects - transport infrastructure, international transit regime, oceanography. China's position is defined: the Northern Sea Route is primarily an international shipping route, and not Russian asset. For the last 5 years, several new conceptual documents have appeared that provide a clearer picture of China's Arctic policy (China White Paper 2018). In 2023, a joint Russian-Chinese working body for the development of the Northern Sea Route is planned to be established. The list of the most cited Chinese authors and the most famous Chinese scientific papers is presented in the article in order to recognize and highlight Chinese scientific research on the Arctic in Chinese. The goal of the article is to demonstrate Chinese scientific research access to the Russian audience, as well as to evaluate both volumes and topics of scientific work created in Chinese and related to the Arctic.

Understanding the Mechanism of Currents through the Malacca Strait Study Case 2020 – 2022 : Mean state, Seasonal and Monthly Variation

The Malacca Strait is the importance waters for international shipping routes and more 200 cases of ship collisions in the period 1970-2015 in this strait. That is related to some a shallow depth waters with many small islands and strong current which is making this strait have a highest risk in certain seasons. The CMEMS data used to understanding of mechanism of current, illustrate the pattern and tranport volume. The research uses descriptive and the statistical methods to understanding of mechanism and variability of current. The analysis of current patterns and water level shows that during the monsoon winds active, the current always moves to the Andaman Sea, we called the southeast current system. The Northeast (NE) and Southwest (SW) monsoon wind is strongly influence to the mechanism of formation southeast current system, which causes the varition in sea level hight in eastern and western of Malacca Strait. During the NE monsoon season, the water masses of the South China Sea are push away into the Karimata Strait, causing the sea level in the eastern part to be higher than the western part and will increase the current speed. On the other hand, during the SW monsoon season, the water masses from the Karimata Strait is pushed away from the eastern part of the Malacca Strait which causes the sea level decrease and causes the current speed to weaken. Numbers eddies phenomenon were found at the Malacca Strait each season. The anticyclonic eddies occurred almost every season centered at 3° - 5° N, 97° - 100° E. Meanwhile anticyclonic eddies appear around the northern part of Sumatra centered at 4° - 5°N, 99° - 101°E during SW Monsoon season and the eddies formation also existed during the second transition monsoon season.

Comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of Arctic and international shipping routes: A Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process

The cost-effectiveness of six Arctic route alternatives, including the Arctic routes likely to be opened in far future due to ice melting faster than expected stemming from the global warming, and current Suez and Panama Canal routes are analyzed for shipping between Asian and European ports. Eleven different size, fully loaded real container ships' single transit voyage from Shanghai to Rotterdam on eight alternative routes at different sea conditions, without interim port calls enroute are studied. A basic cost, revenue and profit empirical calculation model is applied first with near-term data to provide input for FAHP. Then, to evaluate cost-effectiveness and profitability of the routes under a multi-criteria decision environment, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is applied as a tool to obtain refined results. For the predictions of transportation sector and shipbuilding industries, it is shown that the Central Arctic Ocean and Northwest Passage routes may become cost-effective for transit voyages between Asia and Europe ports in a few decades.

Flexible Optimization of International Shipping Routes considering Carbon Emission Cost

Carbon emissions cost is a potential effective measure to restrict hydrocarbon pollution in the international shipping trade. The minimization of the total cost is pursued by ship operators, whereas voyage cost is increasingly involving the replacement of clean fuel and changing the cost of the shipping route. A flexible optimization method focusing on maximizing the total profit is developed in terms of sailing speed optimization and single port skips integrate carbon emission influence. An actual ocean shipping route from Shanghai to Rotterdam is applied to validate the effectiveness of the proposed models. The results have shown that the shipping route profit is volatile along with the sailing speed and the number of port calls. However, the profit will be maximized when applying the single port skip and will slow down the sailing speed at the same time. The demand of planned skip port can be supported by a short line container. A system composed of ocean container liner and short line container can improve the profit by 4.05% and reduce the carbon emission by 19.70%. Furthermore, sensitive results show that the profit is less affected by the changing of the carbon emission cost. A small size container has enough ability to solve the short transportation demand in adjacent ports and convert extraberthing cost into profit. These findings can provide reliable support for the shipping route decision process considering future carbon emission costs.

MEANS OF INDONESIAN MARITIME DEFENSE STRATEGY IN SEA CONTROL ON THE INDONESIAN STRATEGIC STRAITS TO SUPPORT TOTAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY SYSTEM

<p>Indonesia is a country with a water area of 6.4 million km<sup>2</sup> or about 2/3 of its territory is the sea. Geographically, Indonesia's position is very strategic because of an international shipping route on it as well as a crossing point between the continents of Asia and Australia and the Pacific and Indian oceans. This configuration of the Indonesian sea area requires strict control to meet all types of demand at all Archipelagic Sea Lanes’ choke points. Therefore, this study was conducted to answer what kind of strategy that needed in controlling the sea at Indonesia's four strategic choke points to support the Total Defense System. This study used a qualitative method with an exploratory approach because the researchers explored deeper and analyzed the objectives, resources, and methods of controlling the sea at four strategic points in Indonesia. The theory of strategy researchers used to discuss problem formulation was assisted by NVivo 12 tools in processing data and Soft System Methodology (SSM) to analyze research data. The results of the research prove that the resources used to achieve Indonesia's maritime defense in controlling the sea at Indonesia's four strategic choke points are the empowerment of power, inter-agency cooperation, and regulation-making in determining maritime defense strategies.</p>

Северный морской путь: перспективы легитимизации национального статуса в рамках международного права (часть 2)

The second part of the paper shows that the regime of navigation in the Arctic, particularly on the NSR, defended by Russia today, is much more liberal than that which existed in the Soviet years: up to the Gorbachev’s 1987 Murmansk speech the Soviet Arctic was a closed sea region for foreign navigation. Per-missive order of passage established today at the level of Russian national legislation applies only to civil ships, and in the framework of the 1982 Convention, measures to protect the marine environment from pollution from ships cannot be applied to warships, military auxiliary ships, and ships on the state non-commercial service. However, the presence on the Northern Sea routes of water areas with the status of internal historical waters, including several Arctic straits, plus the special legal status of the Arctic, which is not limited exclusively to the 1982 Convention, allows Russia to insist on the applicability of the permit regime also to foreign warships. This approach is based mainly on the two states’ practice with the longest coastline in the Arctic: the USSR and Canada. Navigation along the NSR in today’s ice conditions is not yet possible without passing through the waters of the Russian Arctic Straits, whose waters are classified by the USSR as internal on historical legal grounds. Although under the 1982 Convention, they can be conditionally regarded as international, the lack of permanent transit through them makes it possible not to recognize them as such. However, the Russian Federation’s task to turn the NSR into an international shipping route may lead to a weakening of the current legal position. A similar situation may arise concerning the enforcement of Article 234 “Ice Covered Areas” of the 1982 Convention, which gives the Arctic countries additional rights in the field of navigation control. Lack of ice cover in the Arctic during most of the year can significantly strengthen the position of Russia’s opponents, who insist on a too broad interpretation of this article on our part. Finally, climatic changes may lead to the NSR becoming more latitudinal, and then the Russian Federation will lose any legal grounds to regulate navigation.

The window fill rate in a periodic review inventory system with order crossover

Many periodic review inventory studies make the simplifying assumption that orders do not crossover, that is, that they are delivered in the same sequence as they were issued. In many real-life situations, however, long international shipping routes result with frequent crossovers. Accordingly, we investigate a periodic review inventory system with backlogged compound Poisson demand in which order may crossover. We develop an exact formula for the window fill rate, i.e. the probability for customers to receive service within their tolerable wait. Evaluating the window fill rate using the exact formula is very time consuming and therefore an efficient approximation formula that assumes that orders do not crossover is considered. Lead times of actual global supply lines demonstrate that this approximation results in considerable overstocking when customers' tolerable wait is high, or understocking when the tolerable wait is low. Replacing the actual lead times distribution with the effective lead times distribution improves the approximation formula's accuracy considerably. This result allows us to show how the window fill rate depends on the model parameters and make practical observations about the trade-off between the tolerable wait and stock levels needed to maintain a required level of window fill rate.

Международные морские пути грузоперевозок в Арктике

Международные морские пути грузоперевозок в Арктике

Modular gateway-ness connectivity and structural core organization in maritime network science

Around 80% of global trade by volume is transported by sea, and thus the maritime transportation system is fundamental to the world economy. To better exploit new international shipping routes, we need to understand the current ones and their complex systems association with international trade. We investigate the structure of the global liner shipping network (GLSN), finding it is an economic small-world network with a trade-off between high transportation efficiency and low wiring cost. To enhance understanding of this trade-off, we examine the modular segregation of the GLSN; we study provincial-, connector-hub ports and propose the definition of gateway-hub ports, using three respective structural measures. The gateway-hub structural-core organization seems a salient property of the GLSN, which proves importantly associated to network integration and function in realizing the cargo transportation of international trade. This finding offers new insights into the GLSN’s structural organization complexity and its relevance to international trade.

Land Suitability Analysis of Over the Horizon Surface Radar for Sea Defense using Geographic Information System

Study of Land suitability using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a way to determine the location for many fields, including in the defense field. The Sunda Strait is part of the international shipping route where there are several cases of international smuggling in this region, so that it becomes a concern for Indonesia defense. The concept of marine defense by applying Radar is something must be done at this time. Over The Horizon (OTH) Surface Radar is a type of High-Frequency (HF) radar with a detection distance that goes beyond the earth horizon. Research on OTH Surface Radar Placement is something that can be done at this time, considering Indonesia has not applied it at this time. The method used in this study is to determine the best placement by comparing the parameters of two types of OTH Surface Radar that have been used in other countries to determine the criteria of placement parameters. The analysis process will use the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) by determining the importance of the parameters for OTH Surface Radar Land Suitability. The GIS process is carried out using the Overlay method which is used to determine the suitability based on a matrix of geographic parameters obtained between weight and class. The result is one suitable location to be the main area in the placement of OTH Surface radars for defense in the Sunda Strait located in the district of Pulo Merak, Serang Regency.

The Potentiality of Operational Mapping of Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea near the Entrance of the Suez Canal Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data

The Suez Canal, being a main international maritime shipping route, experiences heavy ship traffic with probable illegal oil discharges. Oil pollution is harming the marine ecosystem and creates pressure on the coastal socio-economic activities particularly at Port Said city (the area of study). It is anticipated that the damage of oil spills is not only during the event but it extends for a long time and normally requires more effort to remediate and recover the environment. Hence, early detection and volume estimation of these spills is the first and most important step for a successful clean-up operation. This study is the first to use Sentinel-1 space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images for oil spill detection and mapping over the north entrance of the Suez Canal aiming to enable operational monitoring. SAR sensors are able to capture images day and night and are not affected by weather conditions. In addition, they have a wide swath that covers large geographical areas for possible oil spills. The present study examines a large amount of data (800 scenes of sentinel 1) for the study area over a period of five years from 2014 till 2019 which resulted in the detection of more than 20 events of oil pollution. The detection model is based on the quantitative analysis of the dark spot of the radar backscatter of oil spills. The largest case covered nearly 26 km2 of seawater. The spill drift direction in the area of spills indicated potential hazard on fishing activities, Port Said beaches and ports. This study can be the base for continuously monitoring and alarming pollution cases in the Canal area which is important for environmental agencies, decision-makers, and beneficiaries for coastal and marine socio-economic sustainability.

Facility Security Measures at Ujung Jabung Port a Review in Terms of The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code

Ujung Jabung is a region located in the District of Sadu at Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province, Indonesia. The area strategically lies in the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane 1 (ALKI 1), which is the international trading and shipping lane. It brings about an excellent opportunity for economic development in Jambi Province. With this in mind, the Government of Jambi develops the region into a strategic area that includes Ujung Jabung Port. Based on the 2011-2031 Region’s Spatial Plan (RTRW) of East Tanjung Jabung Regency, the regency designed it to be the main port with the name of Samudera Ujung Jabung Port. The international shipping routes at the port are Ujung Jabung-West Asia-East Europe and Ujung Jabung-Southeast Asia-East Asia. Due to its international nature, the construction of Samudera Ujung Jabung Port should follow the international measures on the security of the port, shipping, and facility. As a Member of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), Indonesia is subject to international law. It ratifies the United Nations Convention on Safety on Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 and the auxiliary instrument of International Ships and Port Facility Code (ISPS Code). Accordingly, the construction of Samudera Ujung Jabung Port should comply with the international safety standard as written in the ISPS Code.

Gene Flow Patterns among Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, dengue is the most serious arboviral disease. Recent increases in dengue cases suggest a higher infection rate and spread of the disease to new areas. The present study explores gene flow patterns of Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue disease, among 10 collection sites including major ports and inland cities using variations at 11 microsatellite loci. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and k-means clustering estimated eight genetic clusters. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) estimated equal variances among cities and among collections in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Significant evidence, although weak, was detected for isolation by distance. Analysis of gene flow rates and directions using MIGRATE-n indicated that populations throughout the island served as a source of immigrants for Colombo with abundant gene flow among major commercial cities in Sri Lanka, which appear to receive migrant mosquitoes from throughout Sri Lanka. The observed patterns probably arise through human movement of Ae. aegypti during commerce from throughout Sri Lanka into Colombo increasing the risk of spread. The patterns uncovered in this study are significant for global health as Sri Lanka is situated along a key international shipping route.