International Science Program Research Articles

DDE KG Editor: A data service system for knowledge graph construction in geoscience

AbstractDeep‐time Digital Earth (DDE) is an innovative international big science program, focusing on scientific propositions of earth evolution, changing Earth Science by coordinating global geoscience data, and sharing global geoscience knowledge. To facilitate the DDE program with recent advances in computer science, the geoscience knowledge graph plays a key role in organizing the data and knowledge of multiple geoscience subjects into Knowledge Graphs (KGs), which enables the calculation and inference over geoscience KGs for data mining and knowledge discovery. However, the construction of geoscience KGs is challenging. Though there have been some construction tools, they commonly lack collaborative editing and peer review for building high‐quality large‐scale geoscience professional KGs. To this end, a data service system or tool, DDE KG Editor, is developed to construct geoscience KGs. Specifically, it comes with several distinctive features such as collaborative editing, peer review, contribution records, intelligent assistance, and discussion forums. Currently, global geoscientists have contributed over 60,000 ontologies for 22 subjects. The stability, scalability, and intelligence of the system are regularly improving as a public online platform to better serve the DDE program.

Examining online international health professions education: a mixed methods review of barriers, facilitators, and early outcomes★.

Access to quality healthcare education across the world is disproportionate. This study explores the potential for Cardiovascular Perfusion education to be delivered online to reach international students. Exploratory mixed methods were used to identify the barriers, facilitators, and early outcomes of online international health professions education. Qualitative analysis yielded four primary and nine subthemes. Multiple interventions were implemented in the planning of a novel online international Extracorporeal Science (ECS) program based on these themes. Quantitative data from the first semester of the new ECS program was collected along with data from the traditional entry-level program and historic data from previous entry-level cohorts. No significant correlations or differences were found between students. Student satisfaction surveys were determined to be equivalent for each group. Mixed data analysis revealed exceptional student satisfaction in areas where qualitative feedback was incorporated into the program design. Online international education may be a viable option in the health professions. Barriers and facilitators to this mode of education were identified and utilized in designing one such program. Early outcomes from the novel ECS program reveal that student performance and satisfaction are equivalent to those of a traditional in-person training program.

Preface to the Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Modern Optics and Its Applications (ISMOA)

We are pleased to present the proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Modern Optics and Its Applications (ISMOA), held from August 1 to August 4, 2023, at Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) in Bandung, Indonesia. The event was organized by the Indonesian Optical Society (InOS) in collaboration with Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Padjadjaran and the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia.This 14th instalment of a bi-annual meeting gathered scientists and researchers to discuss the latest developments in optics. ISMOA covered a range of topics, from nonlinear optics to quantum entanglement, with a focus on practical applications. An interesting aspect of ISMOA is the involvement of OPTICA Fellows, promoting interactions between speakers, students, and contributors. This inclusive approach aims to encourage collaboration among regional scientists and international speakers. The May-On Tjia Lecture, initiated in 2021 to honor the late Prof. May-On Tjia, continued to be a key feature in 2023. The lecture by Dr. K. Hendrik Kurniawan and Dr. Indra Karnadi focused on H-D Isotopic Analysis Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, reflecting Prof. Tjia’s commitment to excellence and collaboration in optics and photonics.To broaden the reach of optics and photonics education, the Indonesian Optical Society organized the Summer Course on Modern Optics and Its Applications (SCoMOA), a free program that attracted over 250 participants both in-person and online. This initiative, in collaboration with local and international universities, set the stage for ISMOA, incorporating joint activities with Tutorial Lecture Sessions on the first day. The SCoMOA course materials are now open for public through UNESCO learning platform.ISMOA 2023 featured 84 presented papers, including contributions from 12 invited speakers. More than half of the 117 participants were students, emphasizing the symposium’s commitment to nurturing the next generation of optical scientists. This symposium marked a significant point in the ISMOA series, characterized by a record number of papers and active participation from students and researchers. Twenty-three of the presented papers have been selected and reviewed by international Board of Reviewers are presented in this proceeding. It is our hope that the findings presented in these papers may contribute to the advancement of knowledge and applications of optics and photonics.We express our gratitude to all participants, contributors, sponsors, and organizers for their contributions to the success of ISMOA 2023. The following proceedings capture the knowledge and collaborative spirit of this international gathering on modern optics and its applications.Editors, Alexander A.P. Iskandar Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Henri P. Uranus Universitas Pelita Harapan, IndonesiaChairs of the Organizing Committee Rachmat Hidayat Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia F. Fitrilawati Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia Isnaeni National Research and Innovation Agency, IndonesiaList of International Scientific Program Committee, Organizing Committee, Board of Reviewers are available in this pdf.

Integration of Gamification in Teaching Measures of Position of Grade 10 – Mathematics

The alarming findings from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) concerning the Philippines were a cause for concern. This presented a significant challenge to all those involved in the country’s education system, including teachers, students, and stakeholders, particularly given the context of the ongoing pandemic. Gamification, which refers to incorporating elements of game design into non-game situations, stands out as a promising avenue, leveraging technology to motivate student learning. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of integrating gamification in teaching measures of position to the performance of grade 10 students in mathematics in a private school in Bogo City, Cebu, Philippines. Employing a quasi-experimental approach with pre-and post-test measurements, the study consisted of both a control group taught through traditional lecture-based methods in online distance learning, and an experimental group exposed to gamification techniques. The statistical analysis, utilizing t-tests, indicated that there was no significant difference in the average scores of the experimental group before and after the intervention. This suggests that the use of gamification does not affect students’ motivation. However, the t-test results also demonstrated noteworthy progress in the performance of the experimental group in Mathematics 10, indicating that integration of gamification in teaching measures of position improves student performance. Keywords: Gamification, Motivation in Mathematics, Performance in Mathematics

Single-cell mapping reveals several immune subsets associated with liver metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Identifying a metastasis-correlated immune cell composition within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) will help to develop promising and innovative therapeutic strategies. However, the dynamics of immune cell lineages in the TME of advanced PDAC remains elusive. Twenty-six samples from 11 patients (including 11 primary tumor tissues, 10 blood, and 5 lymph nodes) with different stages were used to develop a multiscale immune profile. High-dimensional single-cell analysis with mass cytometry was performed to search for metastasis-correlated immune changes in the microenvironment. The findings were further validated by published single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data and multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry. High-dimensional single-cell profiling revealed that the three immune-relevant sites formed a distinct immune atlas. Interestingly, thePDAC microenvironment with the potential for metastatic spread to the liver was characterized by a decreased proportion of CD103+PD-1+CD39+ Tcells with cytotoxic and exhausted functional status and an increased proportion of CD73+ macrophages. Analysis of scRNA-seq data of PDAC further confirmed the identified subsets and revealed strong potential interactions via various ligand-receptor pairs between the identified T subsets and the macrophages. Moreover, stratified patients with different immune compositions correlated with clinical outcomes of PDAC. Our study uncovered metastasis-correlated immune changes, suggesting that ecosystem-based patient classification in PDAC will facilitate the identification of candidates likely to benefit from immunotherapy. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, the Shanghai International Science and Technology Collaboration Program, the Shanghai Sailing Program, and the Key Laboratory of diagnosis and treatment of severe hepato-pancreatic diseases of Zhejiang Province.

GIREP Malta Webinar 2021

Preface After the success of the GIREP Malta Webinar 2020, both GIREP Board members and the organisers/hosts from the University of Malta decided to plan for another meeting for GIREP members, to be organised in 2021. Restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic had automatically led the organisers of the first meeting to decide in favour of organising a webinar. There was hope, from both organisers and participants, that the 2nd meeting would be held face-to-face in Malta. But even this idea had to be abandoned in 2021. So a second webinar was organised instead. Seeing that participants of the first webinar indicated the need for further discussion related to physics teacher education, this being such an important topic, the GIREP Board decided that Webinar 2021 would still focus on ‘Physics Teacher Education: What matters?’ This was the title of the GIREP Malta Webinar 2021.During the Webinar, various keynote speeches were presented. Participants were then sub-divided into groups, according to the workgroups of their interest. The workgroups dealt with specific topics for discussion, led by experts in the field. Participants had time at their disposal to present their work and research. They actively interacted with each other and the group leaders, during discussions. A number of papers were submitted, post-webinar. Each paper was independently and anonymously reviewed by two experts.The workgroups dealt specifically with the following topics:• Preparing teachers for TPACK (technological, pedagogical and content knowledge) and Lab work;• Developing and evaluating teacher PCK (Pedagogical Content Knowledge) in Quantum Mechanics (tools and approaches);• In-service Physics teacher education for early childhood and primary levels;• Pre-service Physics teacher education at all levels;• In-service Physics teacher professional learning for second and higher level education.The topic titles shown above have been used as Section Titles for this Journal of Physics: Conference Series publication. Published papers have been sectioned according to the working group in which they were originally presented.Once again, we must admit that organising the GIREP Malta Webinar 2021 and finalising the editing process for the post webinar publications has been quite a challenge. We have worked with passion and enthusiasm. We firmly believe that discussions, interactions and publications of this kind can help improve teaching and learning at all levels, offering creative ideas that can be used personally by teachers to enhance the class environment, both physically and mentally, as well as creating the important link between theory and practice. We would like to thank all those who contributed to the publication of these papers, including the GIREP board, the authors and reviewers. Thank you for your time and effort.List of International Advisory Committee and Scientific Programme Committee, Local Organising Committee, The Editors are available in this Pdf.

The Effectiveness of a Technology-Based Isometrical Transformation Flipped Classroom Learning Strategy in Improving Students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills

Isometric Transformation is one of the essential topics in the Malaysian Secondary School Mathematics Curriculum. In general, Malaysia’s achievements in Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) were found to be less encouraging, especially in the field of Geometry. This fact clearly implies that the mastery of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of Malaysian students is still low, especially in the topic of Isometric Transformation. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop Flipped Classroom Learning Strategy (FCLS) activities and evaluate their effectiveness in increasing Malaysian secondary school students’ HOTS in Isometric Transformation. This study was conducted in two stages whereby the first stage involved the development of FCLS activities, while the second stage was run to evaluate the effectiveness of FCLS activities in enhancing students’ HOTS for the topic of Isometric Transformation. The development of activities involved three phases. The first phase was the needs analysis phase which involved a preliminary survey towards students’ learning difficulties at each level of HOTS in the topic of Isometric Transformation. The second phase was the design and development stage of FCLS activities, involving the learning activities inside and outside the classroom in line with the topic of Isometric Transformation. The last phase was the evaluation phase which involved the content validation and evaluation on the suitability of FCLS activities by 11 experts. Next, the second stage was a quasi-experimental design which involved 131 Form 2 students from two secondary schools in Johor. The study sample was divided into two groups which were the treatment group and the control group. The study was conducted over eight weeks. Mann-Whitney test results showed a significant difference (p =.000 <.05) in the overall level and also for all of the four levels of HOTS for both control and treatment groups. The results of this study showed that the teaching and learning process that used FCLS activities successfully created an effective learning situation in improving students’ HOTS in the topic of Isometric Transformation. In conclusion, these FCLS activities should be used as guidelines for educators to increase HOTS in mathematics education.

Трансформація процесів розвитку інтелектуального потенціалу: історично-філософські аспекти

The aim of the article is to provide a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the historical and philosophical aspects of the transformation of the processes of development of intellectual potential. According to the results of the carried out study, it is found that the problems of globalization in modern science began to be studied relatively recently. The science of globalization (globalistics) has been transformed into one of the most dynamic scientific directions, which is not only an integral system of knowledge, but also the most important element of the contemporary academic field. Globalization is a problem of great practical importance, since in the modern world no country can develop gradually and efficiently if there is no clear and substantiated strategy of behavior that affects the transformation of the development of intellectual potential. The demographic problems of globalization have been understudied, even though the issue of «globalization and human population» is on the agenda of regularly organized UN conferences on population and development, as well as meetings on human development, which are the basis for the formation of intellectual potential. Some aspects of this set of problems are studied within the framework of international scientific programs, individual scholars also consider certain elements of this globalization. However, in most studies, human potential is perceived as something passive. The decrease in the number of able-bodied and professionally active population of the country can be largely compensated by improving the quality of human resources. The current stage of development of society has set new tasks, the main of which are the qualitative renewal of society and, above all, of the person himself. It is about increasing the level of his or her professional, moral, spiritual and aesthetic education, as well as health promotion and physical improvement. The current trend towards depopulation of the professionally active members of the public will have the most negative impact on the country’s economy.

Synthesis of dichloroacetamides and study of their anti-tumor activity

Dichloroacetic acid and its derivatives exhibit the properties of metabolic cytoprotectors and apoptosis inducers. Nowadays evaluation of these derivatives is being conducted regarding the induction of immunogenic cell death. Therefore, the search for new derivatives of dichloroacetic acid as potential antitumor agents has a certain perspective and may be successful for the molecular design of «drug-like» structures.&#x0D; The aim of the work was the development of synthetic approaches to the obtaining of dichloroacetic acid amides and the primary screening of the antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds.&#x0D; Synthetic studies were conducted using reagents from the companies «Merck» (Darmstadt, Germany) and «Sigma-Aldrich» (Missouri, USA). 1H NMR spectra were measured on a Varian VXR-400 instrument, and LC-MS spectra on an Agilent 1100 Series LCMS instrument. The anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was studied according to the international scientific program of the US National Cancer Institute – DTP (Developmental Therapeutic Program).&#x0D; Amides were synthesized based on acylation reactions of the corresponding substituted ethylamines and aminobenzoic acids with methyldichloroacetate and dichloroacetyl chloride. The use of two methods of acylation of amines allows obtaining the target compounds with sufficient purity and satisfactory yields (44–98%). The structure and purity of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the methods of elemental analysis, LCMS spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy.&#x0D; It was shown that dichloroacetyl chloride and methyl dichloroacetate are effective acylating agents, which was confirmed by the synthesis of a series of amides based on substituted ethylamines and aromatic amino acids. Moderate antitumor activity of dichloroacetamides was established on some melanoma, leukemia, and renal cancer cell lines. The highest activity was observed for 4-(2,2-dichloroacetylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, against which the mitotic activity of the LOX IMV melanoma line was 45.83%. Preliminary data on the antitumor activity indicate certain prospects for the search for anticancer agents in the group of dichloroarylacetamides in comparison with alkyl amides.

The potential of citizen science data to complement satellite and airborne lidar tree height measurements: lessons from The GLOBE Program

The Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Program is an international science, citizen science, and education program through which volunteers in participating countries collect environmental data in support of Earth system science. Using the program’s software application, GLOBE Observer (GO), volunteers measure tree height and optional tree circumference, which may support the interpretation of NASA and other space-based satellite data such as tree height data from the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation instrument. This paper describes tree heights data collected through the GO application and identifies sources of error in data collection. We also illustrate how the ground-based citizen science data collected in the GO application can be used in conjunction with ICESat-2 tree height observations from two locations in the United States: Grand Mesa, Colorado, and Greenbelt, Maryland. Initial analyses indicate that data location accuracy and the scientific relevance of data density should be considered in order to align GLOBE tree height data with satellite-based data collections. These recommendations are intended to inform the improved implementation of citizen science environmental data collection in scientific work and to document a use case of the GLOBE Trees data for the science research community.

People in Motion: Introduction to Transnational Movements and Transwar Connections in the Anthropological and Genetic Study of Human Populations

People in Motion: Introduction to Transnational Movements and Transwar Connections in the Anthropological and Genetic Study of Human Populations

Anticancer evaluation of difunctional substituted 1,2-dihydrophthalazines

Anticancer activity of a series of difunctional substituted 1,2-dihydrophthalazines has been studied within the international scientific program “NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Lines Screen”. Screening was performed in vitro on 60 cell lines of lungs, kidneys, CNS, ovaries, prostate, and breast cancer, epithelial cancer, leukemia, and melanoma. The most effective compounds were those with an aryl substituent at N-2 of the phthalazine cycle: 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-dihydrophthalazine (average lg GI 50 = -5.79, lg TGI = -5.42, lg LC 50 = -4.97), and 2,4-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2-dihydrophthalazine (average lg GI 50 = -5.57, lg TGI = -5.08, lg LC 50 = -4.61).

Innovative Methodological Approach to Analyze Innovation and Social Impact

The scientific literature has presented evidence of the links between innovation and change and has published excellent methodologies to analyze them. Nowadays, international scientific programs like Horizon Europe prioritize social impact and co-creation; researchers need to develop methodologies to analyze the link of innovation with change and new knowledge and specially with social impact. This paper presents an innovative methodological approach to this endeavor using Social Media Analytics to investigate citizens' participation in paying attention to and differentiating between innovations with social impact and innovations without social impact. The method used to address this aim is Social Media Analytics, specifically through a Twitter sample on innovation and social impact composed of 16,794 tweets obtained during January–June 2021. The result obtained indicates that the definition of methodologies to capture citizens’ participation in paying attention to and differentiating between innovation and social impact is crucial for advancing this innovative methodological approach to analyze innovation with social impact.

Characterization and qualification of neutron radiation effects – Summary of Japan-USA Joint Projects for 40 years –

The Joint Projects under the Japan-USA Fusion Cooperation Program started in 1981 and has continued for more than 40 years. In the Joint Projects, although a wide range of fusion materials and engineering issues were covered, neutron radiation effects on fusion reactor materials have always been the major research emphases, and the neutron irradiation facilities in the US were jointly used by Japanese and US researchers. Japanese test facilities including neutron and charged particle irradiation facilities were complementarily used.The initial focus of the Joint Projects was on fundamental fusion neutron radiation effects and irradiation correlation. Systematic comparison of fission and fusion radiation effects in comparable damage levels and the effects of transmutation-induced helium were investigated. The collaboration was then focused on the effect of dynamic irradiation effects in variable conditions. In addition to the relatively fundamental studies, the Joint Projects contributed largely to development of candidate materials such as RAFM steels, vanadium alloys, SiC/SiC composites, and tungsten alloys, through a mechanism-oriented approach. The Joint Projects also covered issues specific to materials application to fusion blankets and plasma-facing components, including neutron radiation effects such as tritium retention and permeation of neutron-irradiated plasma-facing materials. Various irradiation technologies were developed and applied to the irradiation experiments, including those for in-situ testing.Considering that high energy neutron sources, such as A-FNS and IFMIF-DONES, now have high viability, the research supporting the neutron source programs is essential. The knowledge obtained through the Joint Projects is valuable and should be advanced for this purpose. To this end, it is of urgent necessity to launch an international scientific program accumulating knowledge of fusion neutron radiation effects, including their fundamental aspects.

Synthesis and study of the anticancer activity of some new 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines

The problem of finding effective low-toxic anticancer agents is one of the most important in modern medicine and pharmacy. Despite a large selection of anticancer drugs and a variety of mechanisms of their action, the effectiveness of existing drugs continues to be insufficient. Among the numerous natural and synthetic heterocyclic compounds that exhibit anticancer activity, 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives, which are able to initiate different pathways of tumor cell death. Based on this, the synthesis of new derivatives of this class of compounds and the study of their anticancer properties is relevant. The aim of the work is to synthesis of new 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines and study their anticancer activity. Materials and methods. It was used methods of organic synthesis, physical and chemical methods of analysis organic compounds (1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis). Results. In order to obtain new 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines, the interaction implemented of 4-amino-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiols with the corresponding bromoacetophenones. The reaction proceeds by heating the above reagents in alcohol with the closure of the thiadiazine ring and the formation of 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine systems. The structure of all synthesized compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis data. The study of the anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was carried out in the framework of the international scientific program DTP (Developmental Therapeutics Program) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). It was found that the synthesized compounds exhibited different levels of anticancer activity. The most active among the tested substances was compound 3j with an average GP value of 28.73. The most sensitive to it were the lines of melanoma MDA-MB-435 and SK-MEL-2, kidney cancer A498 and RXF 393, CNS cancer SNB-75, and non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H522. The secondary stage of studies of this compound confirmed its high anticancer activity against most cancer cell lines. Conclusions. As a result of the interaction of 4-amino-4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiols with the relevant bromoacetophenones, a series of new triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines was not described in the literature was synthesized. Testing the synthesized compounds for the antitumor activity made it possible to isolate 1 highly active compound with a pronounced anticancer effect, which in terms of activity approaches or exceeds the known drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin, as well as an anticancer agent, curcumin.

Synthesis and antitumor properties of some new 3-R-6-(5-arylfuran-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles

One of the promising methods of creating antitumor drugs is the screening of potential antitumor agents among synthesized compounds. Nitrogen-based heterocycle analogues are an extremely important class of organic substances that are widely used in medical chemistry. [1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazoles are among the little-studied and hard-to-reach members of this class of compounds.&#x0D; The aim of our work was to synthesize some new 3-R-6-(5-arylfuran-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles, as well as the study of their antitumor activity.&#x0D; The objects of study were 3-R-6-(5-arylfuran-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. The composition and structure of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the data of elemental analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds was studied in the framework of the international scientific program of the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Maryland, USA) DTP NCI (Developmental Therapeutic Program).&#x0D; The synthesis of 11 derivatives of 3-R-6-(5-arylfuran-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles was carried out. These substances are obtained by the interaction of 5-arylfuran-2-carboxylic acids with 5-substituted 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazolo-3-thiols. Primary screening revealed individual 3-R-6-(5-arylfuran-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles, which showed pronounced selective antitumor activity. The most active among the tested compounds were 3 d, 3 e and 3 j, which were further investigated during secondary screening. The results of these studies confirm the high antitumor activity of these compounds.&#x0D; The proposed approaches and the developed synthesis protocols made it possible to obtain a series of new 3-R-6-(5-arylfuran-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. The results of studies of the antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds made it possible to single out 3 highly active compounds with high antitumor activity, which gives reason to consider this condensed system as a promising molecular framework for the design of potential antitumor agents.

The Geophysical Observatory in Sodankylä, Finland – past and present

Abstract. After a preface, we will first try to depict the history of the Geophysical Observatory in Sodankylä (SGO) by referring to the personalities who have run and have shaped the observatory. Thereafter, we describe the history from a technical point of view, i.e., what the measurements were, and which instruments were primarily used at the observatory. We will also refer to present operational forms and techniques. We start with the very first systematic meteorological and geophysical observations made in Finland and end by referring to the involvement in ongoing international scientific programs.

Trend of environmental science project: A reflection of Thailand GLOBE student research competition

The Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) is an international science and education program that promote teaching and learning of science, enhance environmental literacy and awareness. The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST) acted as a country coordinator. IPST has implemented GLOBE throughout the country. One of the important approach is “GLOBE Student research competition (GLOBE SRC)”, this project aim to promote students to learn and share Earth System Science (ESS) research. The research focused on environmental science by using GLOBE measurement protocols. This study reflected outcome of the project such as the amount of ESS research, type of environmental science research and learning outcome of the project in 2009 - 2020. A total of 451 researches were analyzed in term of title and abstract. The result indicated that Survey research is 69%, Experimental research is 26%, and Invention research is 5%. The trend of the Experimental research increased and Invention research slightly increased in the last six years. The result indicated that this approach enabled students to improve their scientific inquiry, scientific thinking and scientific attitude. They received learning experiences that build 21st century competency to assist them in the future.

Microstructure evolution of T91 steel after heavy ion irradiation at 550 °C* *Project supported by Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (Grant No. 2019B030302011), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U2032143, 11902370, and 52005523), the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2019A050510022), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant

Fe-Cr ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steels have been proposed as one of the candidate materials for the Generation IV nuclear technologies. In this study, a widely-used ferritic/martensitic steel, T91 steel, was irradiated by 196-MeV Kr+ ions at 550 °C. To reveal the irradiation mechanism, the microstructure evolution of irradiated T91 steel was studied in details by transmission electron microscope (TEM). With increasing dose, the defects gradually changed from black dots to dislocation loops, and further to form dislocation walls near grain boundaries due to the production of a large number of dislocations. When many dislocation loops of primary a 0/2〈 111 〉 type with high migration interacted with other defects or carbon atoms, it led to the production of dislocation segments and other dislocation loops of a 0 〈 100 〉 type. Lots of defects accumulated near grain boundaries in the irradiated area, especially in the high-dose area. The grain boundaries of martensite laths acted as important sinks of irradiation defects in T91. Elevated temperature facilitated the migration of defects, leading to the accumulation of defects near the grain boundaries of martensite laths.

The Role of the Next Generation Lunar Scientists and Engineers (NextGen) Group in Lunar Science and Exploration

Founded in 2008, the Next Generation Lunar Scientists and Engineers (NextGen) is a group of students and early career professionals who have a vision and passion for lunar science and exploration. NextGen organizes professional development opportunities through workshops and networking events that are designed to provide resources and training for scientists and engineers so that they are prepared to lead international lunar science and exploration programs. NextGen also provides a network of professional support and opportunities for the younger generation to lead in the field and to learn from more experienced generations of lunar scientists and engineers. Members of NextGen are actively engaged in scientific research, mission formulation/execution, community outreach, and professional activities. With the United States on the brink of a new era of lunar exploration, and many international space agencies preparing to send spacecraft to the Moon, NASA and the lunar community have recognized the importance of training and nurturing the next generation of lunar scientists and engineers. As the future workforce, it is imperative that students and early career professionals receive continued and increased support from NASA, industry, and the lunar community as a whole.