Terms Of International Relations Research Articles

The Impact of Climate Change on Sustainable Development and International Relations in China

Global climate change has a significant negative impact on both sustainable development and the stability of international relations in the world. Global climate change affects both international relations and sustainable environmental policies to varying degrees. However, currently, most studies focus on analyzing the impact of climate change on the global environment from the perspectives of economic development and food security, and there is no discussion of the linkages between climate change, sustainable environmental policies, and international relations, so this study will analyze the sustainable development issues and international relations in terms of the impact of climate change on China by using realism theory and Liberalism theory. This study shows that climate change, environmental security planning, and international relations are interactive. A rational and valid environmental security planning mitigates the effects of climate change to a certain extent, while the implementation process of security planning contributes to the harmonious development of international relations.

SAHADA DİPLOMASİ: TÜRK DEVLETLERİ TEŞKİLATI ÜYE ÜLKELERİNİN 6 ŞUBAT 2023 DEPREMLERİ SONRASI TÜRKİYE İLE DEPREM DİPLOMASİSİ

ABSTRACT There have been many natural disasters throughout the history of the world. These disasters have brought societies and states closer and helped elevate charitable sentiments. So much so that the hostilities between states were halted and human life became the priority during times of disaster. The earthquakes that took place in Türkiye on February 6, hit number one on the global agenda, and diplomatic relations were triggered between many states in an effort to help the earthquake victims. The most important of these was undoubtedly the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), of which Türkiye is a member, and the observer countries. This paper conveys the aids from OTS member states to the disaster areas after the earthquake that occurred in Türkiye on February 6, and discusses the effect of humanitarian aid on international relations in terms of disaster diplomacy. In addition to sending search and rescue teams, OTS member states have also provided in kind and cash support. The information included in this paper is presented by a country breakdown in accordance with the classification stated above. In this respect, the aids received from each OTS member country between February 6 and March 7, 2023, are categorized under search & rescue and medical teams, in-kind support and cash support sub-titles. Literature review and content analysis methods were preferred in this paper. As for the literature review, earthquake diplomacy and OTS were the key topics, and as for the content analysis, national and international press coverage was reviewed, as well as the web pages of institutions. As a result of this work, it has been concluded that the exemplary cooperation shown by the OTS member states and their peoples in the context of earthquake diplomacy prove that there is a will to strengthen mutual political relations among countries that share historical and cultural ties, and to make OTS a more effective actor.

Authoritarianism as a “Wicked Problem” in Contemporary International Relations

This study aims to explore the concept of authoritarianism, which – presented in terms of the “wicked problem” of the contemporary world – seems to be a severe challenge to present-day International Relations (IR), both in theoretical and practical dimensions. The author of the article defines the concept of authoritarianism as a form of the political system in which the power and material resources of the state have been centralized, appropriated, and put at the disposal of either an individual or an elitist group “in power.” In this way, the possibilities of integrating the authoritarian state – both in the political and economic dimension – with the global system of international relations are limited, and the vital administrative institutions of the state have been manipulated and appropriated. The applied research method allows for interpreting the discussed issues in a complex – albeit specific – systemic form, characteristic not only for politically fragile or declining countries and regions but also for politically stable and economically developed ones. The author’s analysis allows for the presentation and reinterpretation of the issue of contemporary authoritarian regimes concerning international relations in terms that not only define but often legitimize – and repeatedly even validate – some of the most despotic, autocratic, and hegemonistic forms of the political systems in modern times.

Authoritarianism as a ‘Wicked Problem’ in Contemporary International Relations

This study explores the concept of authoritarianism. The author defines this concept as a form of a political system in which the power and material resources of the state have been centralised, appropriated and put at the disposal of either an individual or an elitist group in power. In this way, the possibilities of integrating the authoritarian state with global international relations are limited, and the vital administrative institutions of the state have been manipulated and appropriated. The applied research method allows for interpreting the discussed issues in a complex – albeit specific – systemic form, characteristic of not only politically fragile or declining countries and regions but also of politically stable and economically developed ones. The author’s analysis presents and reinterprets the issue of contemporary authoritarian regimes in the context of international relations in terms that not only define but often legitimise some of the most despotic, autocratic and hegemonic forms of political systems in modern times.

Developing and Improving Guidelines for the Management of Ammunition in NATO Technical Working Groups : An interview with Lieutenant Colonel György Miklósi

The present publication is an interpretation of a professional discussion between two experts both of whom have decades of experience in the field of ammunition life cycle management. The report discusses the process of developing ammunition life cycle guidelines for NATO.2 It will cover the different working groups, their structures, their working procedures, their relationships and the methodology used to develop ammunition management guidelines. In terms of international relations, the publication briefly discusses the cooperation and communication between the NATO Working Groups on Ammunition and the other UN3 and EU4 Task Forces with similar tasks. The interview was conducted with one of the most knowledgeable experts in this field in Hungary, Lieutenant Colonel György Miklósi, who provides a comprehensive overview of the aforementioned topics and details the tasks to be carried out by the Ministry of Defence and the Hungarian Defence Forces in the development and implementation of new domestic regulations on ammunition handling compatible with NATO guidelines. The interview does not neglect to mention the obstacles and contains valuable insights as a thought provoker or discussion starter.

TURKEY, D-8 AND ITS ROLE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

States and societies today are faced with very complex problems such as financial crisis, power conflicts and climate change that transcend their borders. It seems almost impossible to overcome these without forming special structures for cooperation. In addition to international organizations such as the United Nations and supranational organizations such as the European Union, there are many other international organizations that are involved in various fields. It is difficult to give a reasonable definition and explanation of world politics without analyzing these organizations, which are an integral part of global politics. D-8, which was established on June 15, 1997 and announced with the Istanbul Declaration, took its place among these international organizations. Among the goals of the organization, with its members Turkey, Indonesia, Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh that have a total population of over one billion, is to establish a rich trade cooperation and to reach a strong position in world economy. It is aimed to ensure the unity of the oppressed peoples against various embargoes applied to Islamic countries and to represent the rights of all people by participating in international decisions. In this study, Turkey's place and future in the D-8 and whether the D-8 can contribute to the establishment of a new world order will be discussed in terms of International Relations.

Assessing the Development Impact of the Sota Border Post Connecting Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

Although some studies have mentioned land use and land cover across the borderlands of New Guinea, there have not yet been a series of systematic studies that link the topic with the construction of the Sota border post (Pos Lintas Batas Negara–“PLBN Sota”). With reference to realism, liberalism and asymmetrical power relations, this study examines the development impacts of the Sota border post. A set of interdisciplinary mixed-methods approaches are used including geospatial and earth observation analysis, collation of bureau of statistics data as well as academic and grey literature review. Results provide a baseline land cover assessment for the study area surrounding the Sota border post. There have also been a range of socio-economic and biophysical impacts of the infrastructural and immigration capacities along the Southern borderlands of New Guinea. In terms of international relations, the presence of the Sota border post is expected to foster cooperation between Indonesia and PNG, decrease conflict, and promote stability in the border area. As a result, both realism and liberalism can be used as theoretical frameworks to understand the trajectory of developments along the borderlands. However, due to the asymmetries of power, the rhetoric of liberalism may be rendered less convincing.KEYWORDS:Asymmetries of Power; Indonesia and PNG; International Relations; Land Cover and Land Use Change; Sota Border Post

Authoritarianism as a “Wicked Problem” in Contemporary International Relations

This study aims to explore the concept of authoritarianism, which – presented in terms of the “wicked problem” of the contemporary world – seems to be a severe challenge to present-day International Relations (IR), both theoretically and practically. The author of the article defines the concept of authoritarianism as a form of the political system in which the power and material resources of the state have been centralised, appropriated, and put at the disposal of either an individual or an elitist group “in power.” In this way, the possibilities of integrating the authoritarian state – both politically and economically – with the global system of international relations are limited, and the vital administrative institutions of the state have been manipulated and appropriated. The applied research method allows for interpreting the discussed issues in a complex – albeit specific – systemic form, characteristic not only for politically fragile or declining countries and regions but also for politically stable and economically developed ones. The author’s analysis allows for the presentation and reinterpretation of the issue of contemporary authoritarian regimes concerning international relations in terms that not only define but often legitimise some of the most despotic, autocratic, and hegemonistic forms of the political systems in modern times.

“Inevitable” and “Imminent” Invasions: The Logic Behind Western Media War Stories

In the 21st century, great power geopolitics is back as the Western-centric U.S. unipolar order is facing relative decline due to the challenges posed by the non-Western-centric multipolar order, specifi cally by China and Russia. In political and practical terms, geopolitics is about being able to manage and represent the nature of international relations in terms of actor relations and power dynamics. It concerns the ability of actors to make representations and interpretations of actors, events, and processes taking place in the physical realm. Informational geopolitics as an indirect and non-kinetic form of competition and confl ict has gained increasing prominence in the 21st century, where information and knowledge form the fi fth dimension of strategy. This leads to increasingly unstable international relations as the U.S. seeks to prevent other powers from growing at its expense. Hence, the critical role played by Western mainstream mass media outlets as a means of obstructive foreign policy in preserving the unipolar order through specifi c discursive practices employed in international news. Critical discourse analysis is used to analyse and interpret Western news stories on “inevitable” and “imminent” Chinese and Russian invasions. Informational geopolitics is used as a means of limiting opponent’s operational choices and opportunities in their pursuit of foreign policy objectives.

Этноязыковой триггер в формировании внутренних и внешних конфликтов государства

The ethno-linguistic trigger is effective in reproducing ethnopolitical tensions and conflicts. An illustrative example is the Ukrainian case of the ethnopolitical conflict. The differences between the language trigger for foreign policy and domestic use are clear. The main difference can be determined on the materials of an interdisciplinary study of the problem by a group of Kazan scientists in 2020–2022 within the framework of the RAS program. The study of the ethno-linguistic trigger of the conflict is a problem within the framework of modern international relations in terms of preserving and developing the security of the state. A threat to it may be the direct control of the state by external political factors in order to regulate an internal language conflict on the side of one of its participants.

India’s multilateral foreign policy strategy: phases of its evolution

ABSTRACT Multilateralism in India’s foreign policy underwent three distinct phases. A high decibel universalism rooted in morality and idealism marked the first phase (1947-1961). In the second phase (1961-1991), a gradual shift in strategy occurred. In terms of international relations, a phase of ‘regime shifting’ or ‘parallel institutionalisation’ began. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM, 1961) and G-77 (1964) were constituted. The third phase of India’s multilateralism began with the end of the Cold War in 1991. India embraced all sorts of organisations ranging from the G20 and QUAD to BRICS and the SCO. A period of ‘multi-alignment’ started.

The Last Good Neighbor: Mexico in the Global Sixties

The Last Good Neighbor: Mexico in the Global Sixties

US INDO-PACIFIC ENGAGEMENT: IMPLICATIONS ON PAKISTAN

In recent years, Maritime security has become one of the most important mandates in terms of international relations. A major part of the world is covered with water which implies countries with a responsibility to safeguard their passages. Maritime security extends beyond the traditional notion of security as it can mold with current concepts of security and make its relevance. Due to the changing dynamics, the US formed an Indo-Pacific policy that includes India, Japan, the UK, and Australia with other countries signing up. In this thesis, we will discuss the cooperation between US and India and its direct effects on Pakistan's National Security policy because the foundation of such a mandate is born from the competition between states. In this thesis, we are going to apply the lens of Structural realism to solve the puzzle vis-à-vis emerging strategic and geopolitical alliances in the contemporary world. This thesis argues how Indo-Pacific policy is creating Maritime security concerns for Pakistan in the Asia-Pacific region as the world is moving towards multipolarity and rebalancing. Also, we will analyze US geostrategic concerns and its favored policy towards structured alliances. Keywords: US indo-pacific policy, Geostrategic policy, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Naval security, Maritime security, US-China relations.

China’s economic connectivity to the world economy

The ambition of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is to revive the silk road of Roman times which was used by merchants to carry trade across Eurasia. China’s proclaimed aspiration is to reconnect to the world through its ancient trade corridors, and to emphasize its role as a world trade power. Should the BRI or “new silk road” be understood as efforts from President Xi Jinping to project China’s power into both Eurasia and at the global level? Should it moreover be understood as China’s step forward to fill the leadership vacuum left by a perceived weakening USA in terms of international relations? The present economic climate is characterised by uncertainty and turbulence at the global level, with some economies shifting towards protectionist practices, and others, such as the United Kingdom, trying to regain some international recognition outside the EU. This turbulent climate appears to benefit Beijing who can position itself as a new leader in the global political economy, notably through its BRI. The article discusses the issues raised by China’s ambition to shape the current international economic order.

Authoritarianism as a “Wicked Problem” in Contemporary International Relations

This study aims to explore the concept of authoritarianism, which - presented in terms of the “wicked problem” of the contemporary world – seems to be a severe challenge to presentday International Relations (IR), both in theoretical and practical dimensions. The concept of authoritarianism is defined in the article as a form of political system in which the power and material resources of the state have been centralized, appropriated, and put at the disposal of either an individual or an elitist group “in power.” In this way, the possibilities of integrating the authoritarian state – both in the political and economic dimension – with the global system of international relations are limited, and the vital administrative institutions of the state have been manipulated and appropriated. The research method applied allows for the interpretation of the discussed issues in a complex – albeit specific – systemic form, characteristic not only for politically fragile or declining countries and regions but also for those which are politically stable and economically developed. The author’s analysis allows for the presentation and reinterpretation of the issue of contemporary authoritarian regimes concerning international relations in terms that not only define but often legitimize – and repeatedly even validate – some of the most despotic, autocratic, and hegemonist forms of the political systems in modern times.

Immigration and Migration Policy in the Nordic Countries

One of the features of the modern system of international relations in terms of increasing globalization is the intensification of migration processes, the complication of the structure of migration flows. Compared to the migration crisis in Central Europe, the situation in Northern Europe looks more optimistic. Nevertheless, as the data of official statistics show, the number of arriving migrants is increasing every year, which creates an additional burden on the social institutions of society and increases tension in the societies. Another problem is the formation of ethnical enclaves on the territory of the recipient countries. For the research the Nordic region countries were selected: Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Finland. These states are included in the ranking of the “happiest” countries in the world and attract migrants with high standards of living. But the geographic location makes the Nordic countries a little less attractive for the migrants than the Central European countries. The analysis of the measures implemented within the framework of the migration policy shows that the Northern European states have different approaches to solving the migration issue. The strictest model of migration policy is demonstrated by Denmark and Norway, the softest by Sweden and Finland. Iceland, due to its geographical location, is less exposed to migration problems and demonstrates a very loyal policy towards migrants. Scandinavian countries have long been facing a choice: on the one hand, there has been and still is a need for workforce, and on the other hand, the influx of huge numbers of migrants is a threat to the stability of the state. The migration crisis in Europe, which reached its peak in 2015, forced countries with “soft” migration laws to take measures towards tighter control over migration flows.

Ethical Issues on AI Equipped Combat ROBOTS

Purpose: The Purpose of this research is to propose the ethical issues on AI equipped combat robot. AI equipped combat robot is called as Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, which means guard and attack enemies in autonomic way. Via this mission, human soldiers of both friendly and enemy armies could be harmed by AI combat robots. The most fundamental principles of common sense is that the robots should not hostile to human being, and this research tried to show some examples of ethical issues connected with the use of combat robots. Method: This research tries to find the way of regarding combat robot as a moral agent, which means combat robot does not only acts like a killing machine, but also holds moral responsibility. This code of action could also guide the human designer of AI structure of combat robot. This research extracted the core theme of debates on AI combat robot with analyzing current issues on AI and military technology reported on the media and internet. This research also used some materials published by institute under the Government depart of defense. Results: Combat robots has been evolved toward minimizing the intervention of human soldiers in recognize and evaluation of the battle situation. The introduction of such combat robots leads to changes in the aspect of war due to the introduction of autonomous weapons of destruction. The introduction of combat robots raises the issue of the formation of the judgment mechanism of the combat robot and the issue of responsibility as a subject of action execution in terms of individual judgment subjects. Conclusion: In terms of international relations, there could be problems related to the principle of proportionality, the problem of distinguishing between combatants and noncombatants, and problems of arms control. These problems brings up the request for an ethical approach aimed at expanding the reasoning intelligence beyond just the cognitive judgment function of combat robots and reinforcing metacognition.

After Brexit. Brief Review on the Effects of Brexit

We believe that a large part of our readers have asked themselves what will happen after the signing of the Brexit Agreement or at least they have followed with interest the information developed on social media on this subject. We believe that we are witnessing a historic moment in terms of international relations and the whole evolution of the European Union. We stated in our first study The Brexit phenomenon in 2017 that it is possible to witness a reshaping of the Union as we know it, a reconstruction perhaps on a more solid basis or perhaps, in the worst case scenario, its dismemberment. Euro-sceptics certainly see the beginning of the peak of the European Union, an idea we consider worthy of consideration. We must confess that we started the analysis of this kind of phenomenon since the first attempt of Brexit in 2015, on the occasion of the research carried out for the doctoral thesis. We recall that in the period 2012-2015, after the European crisis between 2010 and 2015, Greece took the initiative to take advantage of the Lisbon Treaty of 2009 to withdraw from the EU. But unlike the UK, Greece is a small European state with a weak economy and institutions, but also a considerable recipient of European funds. The unanimous opinion was that Greece would leave the euro-area. The attempt failed, Greece remained a full member of the EU, but it was followed by the United Kingdom, which, in the year of grace 2020, signed the Final Brexit Agreement. We believe that the Brexit model could have been used, at some point, as a benchmark or example or even an important lesson during Britain's long and heated negotiations with the European Union.

Theorisingpraxisand practice(s). Notes on Silviya Lechner’s and Mervyn Frost’sPractice Theory and International Relations

Abstract:Silviya Lechner’s and Mervyn Frost’s bookPractice Theory and International Relationsoffers a new approach to theorise international relations in terms of ‘practices’. It is a welcome contribution to an intensifying debate about ‘praxis’, ‘practice’ and ‘practices’ because Lechner and Frost actually engage key authors of praxis, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, who, in IR, have often only been referenced in passing. While the rediscovery of Wittgenstein as praxis theorist is welcome, the reading of his approach to praxis is irritating because ‘internalism’ and ‘descriptivism’ – two concepts which Lechner and Frost highlight as central in both Wittgenstein’s work and their new practice theory – are interpreted in ways which are difficult to reconcile with Wittgenstein’s late philosophy. This critique offers a different reading of Wittgenstein’s approach to praxis and argues that such an alternative reading opens up an understanding of praxis which, if adopted more widely, would also free IR theorising from self-imposed strictures.

The Making of Nakasone Yasuhiro’s Diplomacy

The upbringing and early life experiences of a political leader strongly influence development of the policy framework implemented when in office. In the case of Nakasone Yasuhiro, his experiences during the Pacific War would later be reflected in both domestic policy and international affairs. In terms of international relations, Nakasone formed relationships of trust with international leaders in both East and West that engendered respect and that contributed to his exceptional leadership in Japan’s diplomacy.