International Prognostic Scoring System Research Articles

Treatment of lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes.

Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) involve clonal hematopoiesis and cellular dysplasia, driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations. Spliceosome mutations and epigenetic dysregulation underscore the intricate pathogenesis of MDS. The bone marrow microenvironment, stromal dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and immune dysregulation contribute to disease progression. This complex pathogenesis underscores the necessity for targeted therapies, offering a personalized medicine approach, particularly in lower-risk patients. The development of risk scores like the International Prognostic Scoring System (PISS), its revision IPSS-R, and the incorporation of molecular genetics in IPSS-M have refined the diagnostic and prognostic framework of MDS. These scoring systems facilitate tailored treatment strategies and better prognostication, especially for lower-risk MDS patients. The progression from IPSS to IPSS-R and now to IPSS-M epitomizes the shift towards personalized medicine in MDS management. In this review we discuss recent developments and positive phase III studies in lower-risk MDS. The review concludes by proposing a treatment algorithm for LR-MDS and highlighting ongoing trials in this heterogeneous patient population.

Genome sequencing in the management of myelodysplastic syndromes and related disorders.

Myeloid neoplasms originate from the clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, which is driven by the acquisition of somatic genetic mutations. Within these disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are specifically characterized by morphologic abnormalities (dysplasia) and impaired maturation of myeloid precursors (ineffective hematopoiesis), resulting in peripheral blood cytopenia. Several studies have advanced the field of MDS, with a few landmark papers leading to a paradigm shift, opening new avenues of research and enabling a molecular revolution. These seminal papers include the first description of the 5q- syndrome, the identification of somatic mutations of TET2 in myeloid neoplasms, the detection of common pathway mutations in the splicing machinery, and the discovery of clonal hematopoiesis. The somatic genomic landscape of MDS is now well-defined. Genes that are recurrently mutated include epigenetic regulators, as well as genes of RNA splicing machinery, transcription regulation, DNA repair control, cohesin complex, and signal transduction. Furthermore, several disorders with a germline genetic predisposition to MDS have been identified, collectively accounting for up to 15% of all MDS cases. Genomic profiling can significantly improve the diagnostic approach to MDS, allowing the identification of distinct nosologic entities such as SF3B1-mutant or TP53-mutant MDS. The Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System for MDS (IPSS-M) has already proven to be a valuable tool for individualized risk assessment and treatment decisions. In addition, the recently developed molecular taxonomy of MDS will likely facilitate the implementation of precision medicine approaches for these disorders. This will necessitate the establishment of specialized infrastructures within public health systems, involving close collaboration between healthcare institutions, academia, and the life sciences industry.

Prognostic impact of next-generation sequencing on myelodysplastic syndrome: A single-center experience.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clinically heterogeneous disorders characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias, poor differentiation, clonal hematopoiesis, and increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While somatic mutations do not currently feature in prognostic scoring systems, they may impact the clinical phenotype. In recent years, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled the opportunity to identify an increasing number of genetic abnormalities, including recurrent modifications in the TP53, DNMT3A, NRAS, NPM1, RUNX1, and FLT3 genes. Bone marrow aspirate samples of 56 patients with MDS were investigated for mutations using NGS. We compared the relationship between gene mutation status and laboratory characteristics, such as certain cytopenias, the revised international prognostic scoring system, MDS subtypes, karyotypes, AML development, and overall survival. Twenty-one genes were found to have gene mutations, including ASXL1, TET2, SRSF2, EZH2, CSF3R, NRAS, ETV6, SETBP1, RUNX1, DDX41, U2AF1, JAK2, FLT3ITD, SF3B1, DNAMT3A, PHF6, TP53, CEBPA, CBL, IDH2, and GATA2. At least one point mutation occurred in 64.2% of all patients, including 58.3% of those with normal cytogenetics. Thrombocytopenia (P = .016), anemia (P = .018), decreased overall survival (P = .017), and increased AML transformation (P = .023) have been revealed to be linked to non-SF3B1 mutations. MDS are frequently associated with somatic point mutations. According to early findings, NGS panels are extremely effective instruments that provide an entirely new viewpoint on the disease for particular individuals. Future prognostications will depend more on NGS because those who exhibit normal cytogenetics may additionally have gene mutations.

Lenalidomide in Transfusion-Dependent IPSS Low- or Intermediate-1-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Isolated Del(5q): Results of a European Postauthorization Safety Surveillance Study

BackgroundThis noninterventional postauthorization safety study assessed the safety and effectiveness of lenalidomide in patients with transfusion-dependent, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) Low- or Intermediate (Int)-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) associated with isolated deletion of 5q (del[5q]) who were treated in routine care. Patients and MethodsEligible adult patients in the lenalidomide cohort had transfusion-dependent, IPSS Low- or Int-1-risk MDS and isolated del(5q) and had received ≥ 1 dose of lenalidomide between 2014 and 2022. The primary endpoint was the 24-month cumulative incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis and safety data were collected. ResultsIn total, 296 patients received ≥ 1 dose of lenalidomide (lenalidomide cohort, safety population) and 277 had received ≥ 1 complete cycle of lenalidomide (primary population). In the safety population, 44.3% of patients completed 3-year follow-up and 55.1% discontinued, with 33.1% discontinuing due to death. In the primary population, 24-month cumulative incidence of AML progression was 12.7% (95% confidence interval, 8.9%-17.1%) and estimated OS probability was 78.3% at 24 months and 63.9% at 36 months. Grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events were experienced by 67.2% of the safety population, and these led to discontinuation in 35.5% of patients. There were no new safety signals. ConclusionThese real-world data support the established benefit-risk profile of lenalidomide in transfusion-dependent IPSS Low- or Int-1-risk MDS with isolated del(5q).

Artificial intelligence-based Myelodysplastic Syndromes Score, 2022 classifications, and the Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System : a perfect match.

Not available.

A multicenter phase 2 clinical trial of low-dose subcutaneous decitabine in myelofibrosis

AbstractMyelofibrosis (MF) in the chronic phase is a challenging disease to treat, and conventional treatment options are geared toward symptom palliation. In this prospective, multicenter, phase 2 trial, 21 patients with MF (18 chronic phase, 2 accelerated phase, and 1 blast phase) were treated with a 10-day schedule of subcutaneous decitabine at 0.3 mg/kg per day. The overall response rate was 33% (95% confidence interval, 15-57), primarily manifested as an improvement in cytopenias. The median duration of response was 7 months (range, 3-44). A high International Prognostic Scoring System risk score, high baseline fetal hemoglobin level, and sustained decrease in circulating CD34+ cell counts were associated with response to decitabine. All patients experienced at least 1 grade 3/4 cytopenia. Nonhematologic toxicities were less frequent, with fatigue, anorexia, and hypocalcemia being the most common. Given the lack of effective therapies in MF with severe cytopenias, this study supports further investigation into the use of hypomethylating agents as single agents or in combination therapies. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT00095784.

Treatment of myelofibrosis with refractory anemia with luspatercept: a multicenter Chinese study.

Myelofibrosis is a rare and often fatal hematological neoplasm, and the treatment of myelofibrosis-associated anemia remains suboptimal, with no improved therapies. Luspatercept was shown to display some efficacy in a phase 2 clinical trial for Myelofibrosis with anemia, yet relevant research are limited. Threrfore,data from patients diagnosed with refractory anemic primary or post-essential thrombocythemia/polycythemia vera myelofibrosis, who were treated with luspatercept for at least 9 weeks, were retrospectively collected. Eighteen patients with myelofibrosis treated with luspatercept were enrolled. Median age was 68 years (range, 44-80 years), and 27.8% were males. Ten (55.6%) were transfusion-dependent. Ten (55.6%) were Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System intermediate-1, and eight (44.4%) were intermediate-2. The median follow-up was 7 (4-16) months. Erythroid response occurred in eight patients (44.4%) at week 12, four patients (30.8%) at week 24, and nine (50%) at the end of follow-up. Patients who were transfusion-dependent and not transfusion-dependent had similar HI-E responses, at different time points (P > 0.05). Patients had a significantly higher hemoglobin level at 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and at the end of follow-up, than at baseline (P = 0.001, P = 0.021, and P = 0.005, respectively). Treatment-related adverse events occurred in five (16.7%) patients, with no serious adverse events. Two (11.1%) patients relapsed at weeks 15 and 31. One patient progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. No patients had died by the end of follow-up. Luspatercept induced a good response in patients with anemic myelofibrosis, with a low relapse rate and good tolerance.

Risk Stratification Tools in Predicting Survival and Transformation of Therapy-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Background: Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (t-MDS) are grouped with therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukemia (t-ALL) and therapy-related myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (t-MDS/MPN) under therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs). Most myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) prognostic models have excluded t-MDS patients, leaving their prognostic utility uncertain. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize the predictive utility of existing and novel risk stratification tools in assessing the survival and transformation of t-MDS. Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed and ScienceDirect following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, focusing on overall survival and transforming t-MDS into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Two reviewers independently screened references, extracted data, and assessed quality using the QUAPAS-2 tool. Results: From 1715 abstracts and 13 papers, 6 studies were included. Three studies on the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) showed significant predictive power for survival and AML transformation. Five studies on the revised IPSS (IPSS-R) and WHO-based Prognostic Scoring System-revised (WPSS-R) also showed significant results. One study highlighted the cytogenetic component of IPSS-R (cIPSS-R) as highly prognostic. Conclusion: Existing and novel risk stratification tools demonstrate significant prognostic power for t- MDS. Further refinement and validation are needed to enhance risk assessment and treatment strategies.

MDS patient registries - achievements and challenges.

Since the late 1980s, patient registries have played a pivotal role in the elucidation of rare diseases. For myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), they revealed the disease actually to be diverse rather than rare. Registry data enabled the definition of various MDS subtypes and prognostic scores tailoring therapy. These classifications have been revised and refined several times, and the differential diagnosis of MDS has become increasingly complex. At the same time, the diagnosis has been made more commonly and no longer by specialized centers of expertise only. Consequently, several registries have collected data with different focuses and from different patient subpopulations. The current review presents three MDS registries and their rationale, scope, design, and achievements. All three complement each other and will remain a mainstay to advance the knowledge on MDS as well as to validate the outcomes of clinical trials. However, delineation of subtypes after the most recent WHO and IPC revisions, as well as the determination of the newest risk score M of the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-M), no longer just shift cut-offs but are based on multivariate compilations of highly specific genetic information. This paradigm shift involves challenging registries with respect to the assignment of all patients for whom this information has not yet been available.

Prognostic mutations identified by whole-exome sequencing and validation of the Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System in myelodysplastic syndromes after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

In this study, we used the whole-exome sequencing (WES) approach to obtain genomic profiles from 92 marrow samples of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients before haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We identified 129 mutations in 45 driver genes. Fifty-five patients (59.8%) carried at least 1 driver mutation. The splicing factor U2AF1 was the most frequently mutated in the cohort (21 cases, 23%), followed by BCOR (9 cases, 10%), ASXL1 (8 cases, 9%), TET2 (6 cases, 7%), NPM1 (5 cases, 5%), RUNX1 (5 cases, 5%), and SETBP1 (5 cases, 5%). WES also identified 49 possible oncogenic variants in six genes (PIEZO1, LOXHD1, MYH13, DNAH5, DPH1, and USH2A) that were associated with overall survival (OS) or relapse-free survival (RFS) in MDS after transplantation. Multivariate analysis showed mutations in DNAH5 and USH2A to be independent risk factors for OS. Mutations in DNAH5 and LOXHD1 were risk factors for worse RFS. The Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System retained its independent prognostic significance for RFS after multivariate analysis.

Hypomethylating Agents are Effective in Treatment for Relapsed Myelofibrosis After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Myelofibrosis (MF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with a relapse rate of 10% to 30% after allogeneic transplantation (alloHCT). Current recommendations to treat relapse include withdrawal of immunosuppression, donor lymphocyte infusion, and potentially a second alloHCT. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) have shown efficacy as salvage therapy by inducing an immune response and improving donor chimerism for myeloid neoplasm post-HCT. Data is limited on use of HMAs for MF post-alloHCT relapse. To determine the benefit of using HMAs for MF patients relapsing after alloHCT, we retrospectively analyzed 12 patients with MF post-alloHCT relapse who received HMA to determine response via restoration of donor chimerism and clearance of molecular mutation. The median age was 61 years (range 41-72) with 92% classified as intermediate-2/high-risk by the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS) and 83% as high/very high risk by the MIPSS70+ (Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System). The median time to relapse post-alloHCT was 282.5 days (range 96-2388) with median donor chimerism 57.82% (range 2.48-84.0) prior to starting an HMA. After two cycles of HMA, 58% experienced restoration of donor chimerism. Molecular clearance of pre-HCT driver mutations occurred in 50% of patients at the most recent follow-up. New chronic graft-vs.-host disease (cGVHD) occurred in 50% of patients, with most being mild to moderate that resolved after treatment. HMA was safe and effective in a high-risk population after post-alloHCT relapse and is an option for patients in the future.

Beyond HMAs: Novel Targets and Therapeutic Approaches

Myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) constitute a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic disorders with extremely variable clinical features and outcomes. Management of MDS is largely based on risk stratification of patients into either lower-risk or higher-risk categories using the International Prognostic Scoring System-Revised and, more recently, on the Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System. Lower-risk MDS is often managed with the goal of ameliorating cytopenias and improving quality of life, while higher-risk MDS is treated with therapies aimed at extending survival and delaying progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therapeutic strategies in lower-risk MDS patients may consist of erythropoiesis stimulating agents, luspatercept, and lenalidomide for selected patients. Furthermore, imetelstat has recently been added to the FDA-approved therapeutic armamentarium for lower-risk MDS. In higher-risk MDS, monotherapy with hypomethylating agents continues to be the standard of care. While several novel hypomethylating agent combinations have and are being studied in large randomized phase 3 clinical trials, including the combination of azacitidine and venetoclax, no combination to date have improved overall survival to azacitidine monotherapy. Moreover, biomarker-directed therapies as well as immonotherapeutic approaches are currently being evaluated in early phase trials. Despite recent advancements, the lack of therapeutic agents, particularly after the failure of first line therapy in higher risk MDS, continues to be a major hurdle in the management of MDS. In this review, we discuss the current treatment landscape of MDS and provide an overview of novel agents currently in clinical development that have the potential to alter our current treatment paradigms.

Assessing the Relevance of Non-molecular Prognostic Systems for Myelodysplastic Syndrome in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing.

The Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-M) has improved the prediction of clinical outcomes for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The Artificial Intelligence Prognostic Scoring System for MDS (AIPSS-MDS), based on classical clinical parameters, has outperformed the IPSS, revised version (IPSS-R). For the first time, we validated the IPSS-M and other molecular prognostic models and compared them with the established IPSS-R and AIPSS-MDS models using data from South American patients. Molecular and clinical data from 145 patients with MDS and 37 patients with MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms were retrospectively analyzed. Prognostic power evaluation revealed that the IPSS-M (Harrell's concordance [C]-index: 0.75, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]: 0.68) predicted overall survival better than the European MDS (EuroMDS; C-index: 0.72, AUC: 0.68) and Munich Leukemia Laboratory (MLL) (C-index: 0.70, AUC: 0.64) models. The IPSS-M prognostic discrimination was similar to that of the AIPSS-MDS model (C-index: 0.74, AUC: 0.66) and outperformed the IPSS-R model (C-index: 0.70, AUC: 0.61). Considering simplified low- and high-risk groups for clinical management, after restratifying from IPSS-R (57% and 32%, respectively, hazard ratio [HR]: 2.8; P=0.002) to IPSS-M, 12.6% of patients were upstaged, and 5% were downstaged (HR: 2.9; P=0.001). The AIPSS-MDS recategorized 51% of the low-risk cohort as high-risk, with no patients being downstaged (HR: 5.6; P<0.001), consistent with most patients requiring disease-modifying therapy. The IPSS-M and AIPSS-MDS models provide more accurate survival prognoses than the IPSS-R, EuroMDS, and MLL models. The AIPSS-MDS model is a valid option for assessing risks for all patients with MDS, especially in resource-limited centers where molecular testing is not currently a standard clinical practice.

Luspatercept versus epoetin alfa in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-naive, transfusion-dependent, lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (COMMANDS): primary analysis of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial

The preplanned interim analysis of the COMMANDS trial showed greater efficacy of luspatercept than epoetin alfa for treating anaemia in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)-naive patients with transfusion-dependent, lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. In this Article, we report the results of the primary analysis of the trial. COMMANDS is a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial conducted at 142 sites in 26 countries. Eligible patients were those aged 18 years or older, with myelodysplastic syndromes of very low risk, low risk, or intermediate risk (as defined by the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System), who were ESA-naive and transfusion dependent, and had a serum erythropoietin concentration of less than 500 U/L. Patients were stratified by baseline red blood cell transfusion burden, serum erythropoietin concentration, and ring sideroblast status, and randomly allocated (1:1) to receive luspatercept (1·0-1·75 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously, once every 3 weeks) or epoetin alfa (450-1050 IU/kg body weight, subcutaneously, once a week; maximum total dose 80 000 IU) for at least 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was red blood cell transfusion independence lasting at least 12 weeks with a concurrent mean haemoglobin increase of at least 1·5 g/dL (weeks 1-24), evaluated in the intention-to-treat population. The safety population included all patients who received at least one dose of treatment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03682536; active, not recruiting). Between Jan 2, 2019, and Sept 29, 2022, 363 patients were screened and randomly allocated: 182 (50%) to luspatercept and 181 (50%) to epoetin alfa. Median age was 74 years (IQR 69-80), 162 (45%) patients were female, and 201 (55%) were male. 289 (80%) were White, 44 (12%) were Asian, and two (1%) were Black or African American. 23 (6%) were Hispanic or Latino and 311 (86%) were not Hispanic or Latino. Median follow-up for the primary endpoint was 17·2 months (10·4-27·7) for the luspatercept group and 16·9 months (10·1-26·6) for the epoetin alfa group. A significantly greater proportion of patients in the luspatercept group reached the primary endpoint (110 [60%] vs 63 [35%]; common risk difference on response rate 25·4% [95% CI 15·8-35·0]; p<0·0001). Median follow-up for safety analyses was 21·4 months (IQR 14·2-32·4) for the luspatercept group and 20·3 months (12·7-30·9) for the epoetin alfa group. Common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events occurring among luspatercept recipients (n=182) were hypertension (19 [10%] patients), anaemia (18 [10%]), pneumonia (ten [5%]), syncope (ten [5%]), neutropenia (nine [5%]), thrombocytopenia (eight [4%]), dyspnoea (eight [4%]), and myelodysplastic syndromes (six [3%]); and among epoetin alfa recipients (n=179) were anaemia (14 [8%]), pneumonia (14 [8%]), neutropenia (11 [6%]), myelodysplastic syndromes (ten [6%]), hypertension (eight [4%]), iron overload (seven [4%]), and COVID-19 pneumonia (six [3%]). The most common serious treatment-emergent adverse events in both groups were pneumonia (nine [5%] luspatercept recipients and 13 [7%] epoetin alfa recipients) and COVID-19 (eight [4%] luspatercept recipients and ten [6%] epoetin alfa recipients). One death (due to acute myeloid leukaemia) considered to be luspatercept-related was reported at the interim analysis. Luspatercept represents a new standard of care for ESA-naive patients with transfusion-dependent, lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Significantly more patients had red blood cell transfusion independence and haematological improvement with luspatercept than with epoetin alfa, with benefits observed across patient subgroups. Celgene and Acceleron Pharma.

Inflamma-miRs Profile in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients.

Etiological factors involved in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) include immunologic, oxidative stress and inflammatory factors, among others, and these are targets for microRNAs (miRNs). Here, we evaluated whether some miRNs may affect tumor development comparing untreated and 5-azacitidine (5-AZA) MDS-treated patients. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 20 controls and 24 MDS patients, and selected miRNs related to redox balance and inflammation (inflamma-miRs), including miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34a and miR-146a, were isolated and measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR). A differential expression profile of miRNs was detected in untreated MDS patients and the 5-AZA group. Inflammation increases miRNs and, specifically, miR-18a, miR-21 and miR-34a were significantly overexpressed in untreated MDS, compared to controls. However, we did not observe any miRN profile alteration during the progression of the disease. On the other hand, 5-AZA treatment tends to restore miRN expression levels. Relating to prognostic risk factors, high-risk MDS groups (high Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R), high cytogenetic risk, high molecular risk (HMR) mutations) tended to be related with higher expression levels of miR-18a and miR-34a. Higher miRN expression is correlated with lower glutathione peroxidase activity, while they are related with a higher profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). Although our study was limited by the low number of MDS patients included, we identified miRN deregulation involved in MDS development that could regulate redox sensors and inflammatory responses. Finally, 5-AZA treatment is related with lower miRN expression levels in MDS patients.

Impact of complete cytogenetic response on survival in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

6567 Background: Response to therapy prolongs survival in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) on survival in patients with MDS and abnormal cytogenetics. Methods: We reviewed 2311 consecutive patients with MDS and cytogenetic abnormalities who were treated at our institution from 2006 to 2023. Results: CCyR was observed in 330 patients (14%), complete response (CR) in 208 (9%), CR with bilineage recovery (CRbi) in 255 (11%), CR with unilineage recovery (CRuni) in 151 (7%), CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRh) in 4 (0.2%), and non-CR in 1363 (59%). With a median follow-up of 59 months, the median overall survival (mOS) was 14 months. Ten months for non-CR, 19 months for CRh/CRbi/CRuni, 21 months for CR, and 26 months for patients with CCyR (p &lt; 0.001). With stem cell transplant (SCT) censoring, mOS was 15 months. Eleven months in non-CR, 19 months in CRh/CRbi/CRuni, 19 months in CR, and 27 months for patients with CCyR (p &lt; 0.001). In low-risk MDS by the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), mOS with SCT censoring was 87 months for CCyR, compared to 40 months for non-CR, 38 months for CRh/CRbi/CRuni, and 36 months for CR (p &lt; 0.001). In intermediate/high-risk MDS mOS with SCT censoring mOS was 25 months in CCyR, compared to 9 months in non-CR, 15 months in CRh/CRbi/CRuni, and 17 months in CR (p &lt; 0.001). In a multivariate regression analysis, age &gt; 75 years (HR 3.1, p &lt; 0.001), complex karyotype (HR 2.15, p &lt; 0.001) performance status 3-4 (HR 1.48, p &lt; 0.001), hemoglobin &lt; 8 g/dL (HR 1.48, p=0.003), creatinine &gt; 1.3 g/dL (HR 1.44, p &lt; 0.001), therapy-related AML (HR 1.41, p &lt; 0.001), infection at diagnosis (HR 1.34, p =0.003), white blood cells &gt; 50 x109/L (HR 1.31, p &lt;0.001), cardiac comorbidities (HR 1.26, p &lt; 0.001), platelets &lt; 20 x109/L (HR 1.26, p=0.001), pneumonia at diagnosis (1.22, p =0.006), and core-binding factor cytogenetics (HR 0.48, p &lt; 0.001) were independently prognostic for survival in this select group. Conclusions: Achievement of CCyR in patients with MDS and abnormal cytogenetic abnormalities leads to improved survival. Given poor outcomes in older patients with MDS, CCyR can be used as a valid surrogate for long-term outcomes.

Preliminary safety and efficacy of oral azacitidine (Oral-AZA) in patients (pts) with low-/Intermediate (Int)-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): Phase 2 results from the ASTREON trial.

6509 Background: There is an unmet need for new treatment (tx) options in lower-risk MDS (LR-MDS) to address cytopenias and prevent progression to higher-risk MDS and acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we report safety and preliminary efficacy data from phase 2 of the ASTREON study, which evaluated 14-day Oral-AZA regimens in pts with Low-/Int-risk MDS. Methods: ASTREON is a phase 2/3, multicenter study evaluating safety and efficacy of Oral-AZA plus best supportive care (BSC) in pts with Low-/Int-risk MDS (NCT05469737). Phase 2 is an open-label, dose optimization study to determine the recommended phase 3 Oral-AZA dose. Eligible pts (≥ 18 years of age with Revised International Prognostic Scoring System [IPSS-R] Low-/Int-risk MDS and ≥ 1 cytopenia) were randomized 1:1 to receive Oral-AZA 200 mg or 300 mg QD for 14 d per 28-d cycle plus BSC. Primary endpoints are rates of adverse events (AEs) and complete remission (CR) within 6 cycles per International Working Group (IWG) 2006 criteria. Secondary endpoints include achievement of overall response (OR) (including CR, partial remission, marrow CR, hematologic improvement-erythroid response [HI-E], HI-platelet response, and HI-neutrophil response per IWG 2006 criteria); best OR; and OR duration. HI rates within 6 cycles were calculated by investigator assessment per IWG 2006 criteria for pts who received ≥ 75% of the cycle 1 dose and had ≥ 1 post-baseline (BL) efficacy assessment (modified intent-to-treat [mITT] population). Results: As of December 4, 2023, 47 pts were randomized and received ≥ 1 Oral-AZA dose (200 mg, n = 24; 300 mg, n = 23); 6 and 5 pts discontinued tx in the 200 mg and 300 mg arms. The median (range) tx durations were 24.1 (12.1–34.1) and 24.7 (7.7–39.1) wk for the 200 mg and 300 mg arms, respectively. IPSS-R scores and RBC transfusion burden at BL were balanced between tx arms. Most pts (42/47 [89.4%]) had prior MDS tx, including but not limited to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, lenalidomide, luspatercept, and imetelstat. AE rates were similar between arms: 11/24 (45.8%) vs 12/23 (52.2%) pts in the 200 mg vs 300 mg arms reported ≥ 1 tx-related grade 3 or 4 tx-emergent AE. The most common tx-related AEs in both arms were hematologic and gastrointestinal. Tx-related serious AEs occurred in 1/24 and 3/23 pts in the 200 mg and 300 mg arms, respectively. One death occurred in the 300 mg arm and was considered tx-related. In the mITT population, 8/22 and 7/21 pts achieved any HI in the 200 mg and 300 mg arms, respectively. Six pts in each dose group achieved HI-E. Among mITT pts with anemia at BL, 6/19 (31.6%) pts in the 200 mg and 5/18 (27.8%) pts in the 300 mg arm achieved HI-E. Updated results will be presented. Conclusions: The safety of Oral-AZA 200 mg and 300 mg was consistent with the known Oral-AZA safety profile. Preliminary efficacy data support continued evaluation of Oral-AZA in LR-MDS. Clinical trial information: NCT05469737 .

Latest results of a phase 2 study of IMM01 combined with azacitidine (AZA) as the first-line treatment in adults with higher risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

6510 Background: Patients diagnosed with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) have poor prognosis. Azacitidine (Aza) has been shown to prolong survival in patients with treatment-naive, higher-risk MDS compared to a menu of standard of care options. IMM01 is a fusion protein comprising a recombinant signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) and IgG1, exerting anti-tumor effects by inhibiting the "Don't eat me" signal and activating the "Eat me" signal, leading to robust antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Methods: This is an open-label, multi-center, phase 2 study (NCT05140811) that evaluated safety and efficacy of IMM01 in combination with AZA as the first-line treatment for patients with untreated higher-risk MDS. Enrolled patients were aged ≥18 years with intermediate to very high risk MDS, as defined by the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) score &gt;3.5, and were not eligible for stem cell transplant or intensive chemotherapy. Patients were received intravenous IMM01 at a dosage of 2.0mg/kg/week and subcutaneous AZA at a dosage of 75 mg/m2 on days1-7 per 28-day cycle. Results: By the cutoff-day of Dec 22, 2023, 57 patients were enrolled in the study. The median age was 64 (30-83) years, with 41 (71.9%) being male, and 55 (96.5%) having an ECOG of ≥1. Based on risk classification per IPSS-R, 43.9% were high risk (HR) and 31.6% were very high risk (vHR). At baseline, the median levels of blood counts were 69 (35-136)g/L for hemoglobin, 43 (2-409)×109/L for platelets and 0.8 (0.1-8.6)×109/L for neutrophils. The median duration of follow-up was 12.8 months (95%CI:9.7-15.3). Among the 51 efficacy evaluable patients, overall response rate (ORR) was 64.7%, including 29.4% complete response (CR) rate, 15.7% marrow CR (mCR) with hematologic improvement (HI), 5.9% HI and 13.7% mCR alone. The median time to response (TTR) was 1.9 months (95%CI:1.8-2.8) and the median duration of response (DoR) was not reached(NR). The median of progression-free survival (PFS) was not reached, with an estimated 12-month PFS of 54.4% (95% CI, 31.4-72.6). NGS analysis identified common mutations in DNMT3A, ASXL1, U2AF1 and RUNX1. Notably, NPM1 mutations significantly correlate with treatment response, particularly achieving CR. The most common ≥G3 treatment related adverse events (TRAEs) (≥10%) included leukopenia (78.9%), thrombocytopenia (66.7%), neutropenia (66.7%), lymphopenia (56.1%), anemia (43.9%), infection (15.8%) and pneumonia (10.5%). Without using of a low priming dose, the Grade ≥3 hemolysis was rare (only 1.8%). Conclusions: IMM01 (without low-dose priming) combined with AZA were well tolerated and showed exciting efficacy results in patients with treatment-naive higher-risk MDS. Clinical trial information: NCT05140811 .

Gender disparities in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: Insights from a comprehensive analysis.

e19064 Background: Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare, complex hematological malignancy with paucity of research about the landscape of gender disparities regarding clinical phenotype, genotype and outcomes. The aim of our abstract to identify those gender-based variations in WM. Methods: This is a retrospective study using a large WM database at Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC). We reviewed the baseline characteristics and molecular information of patients evaluated at MCC from years 1995 to 2020 and outcomes based on gender. Chi-square tests were used for comparing categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare survival. Results: Total of 265 patients with WM were identified, 63% (167) were males and 37% (98) were females. Mean age at diagnosis was 76 years for both groups, most of the patients were white non-Hispanics (94% in men vs 96% in women) (P=0.09) and had performance status (PS) 0 at diagnosis, 63% in men, 70% in women. The table summarizes baseline characteristics based on gender, men had slightly lower hemoglobin mean 11.1 vs11.5 in women (P =0.013), lower platelet count mean 209 vs 264 in women (P=&lt;0.001) and slightly lower albumin mean 3.8 vs 3.92 in women (P=0.0445). Hyperviscosity and plasmapheresis were more in women 10% vs 2% in men (P=&lt;0.001), Cryoglobulinemia was more in men 11% vs 1% (P=&lt;0.001). There were no statically significant gender differences based on the presence of mutations in MYD88, CXCR4, tp53, or del6q. The median overall survival (mOS) was slightly longer in lower-risk WM female pts, but not in high-risk (based on International Prognostic Scoring System for WM). The overall mOS was 98 months (mo) for females compared to 95 for males, P=0.004. The mOS for low-risk WM was 137 vs 132 mo, for intermediate risk 89 vs 87 mo, and for high-risk 37 vs 39 mo respectively for females and males (P=&lt;0.001). The rate of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma transformation was not different (7% and 4%, respectively for women and men, (P=0.11) Women were more likely to respond to Bendamustine + Rituximab (BR)/BR + steroids than men (43%vs 25%, p=0.04)There were no differences in response to Cytoxan+ Rituximab+ Prednisone, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or Venetoclax treatment. Conclusions: This retrospective review of a large database of WM patients highlights important gender differences in clinical WM disease features. Women had better overall survival, mainly in lower risk WM and higher responses to immunosuppressive therapy. Although disparities in WM may be multifactorial, disparities based on gender needs more studies to be explored for better understanding of the disease biology and outcomes. [Table: see text]

Treatment Strategies in Advanced-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma.

The last 3 decades have witnessed a major evolution in the treatment of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The most prominent of these developments include the introduction of the international prognostic scoring (IPS) system; therapeutic decision-making based on both IPS and interim PET/CT data; the finding that a negative interim PET/CT result could be safely used for treatment de-escalation; the introduction of intensive combination chemotherapy like escalated BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, and prednisone); and further modification of this protocol with the incorporation of a conjugated anti-CD30 antibody brentuximab vedotin (BV) into first-line regimens, like BV-AVD (BV+ adriamycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) and BrECADD (brentuximab vedotin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, dacarbazine, and dexamethasone). The accruing data about the toxicity of the escalated BEACOPP protocol have led to decreasing the number of therapeutic cycles, substitution of toxic agents like procarbazine with dacarbazine (e.g., BEACOPDac), and reduction/omission of radiation therapy. Lately, a significant advancement has been made by the integration of checkpoint inhibitors in the first-line treatment, with preliminary results demonstrating the superiority of anti-PD1 combined with chemotherapy (nivolumab-AVD) compared to the BV-AVD regimen. This review aims to analyze recently published studies whose findings could change the treatment practice in advanced-stage HL.