Internal Political Conflicts Research Articles

Beyond Efficacy: How Self-Esteem and Guilt Drive Participation in Tourism Boycotts

While tourism boycotts can have a considerable economic impact on a target entity, critics often question their effectiveness in changing the target entity’s behavior, particularly in international contexts. Despite these challenges, tourism boycotts have increased over time. This study explores the dynamics of tourism boycotts amid international political conflicts and investigates the motivations behind consumer participation. During an ongoing national boycott in South Korea, we conducted an online survey with a nationally representative adult panel, gathering 962 responses for analysis. Our findings reveal that tourism boycott participants—primarily women, older individuals, those with higher education and income, and the progressive—resemble consumer boycott participants in Europe and the U.S. While perceived efficacy (instrumental motivation) is often emphasized in consumer boycotts as a key variable for participation, our study suggests that tourism boycotts are primarily driven by expressive motivations, such as self-esteem and guilt, rather than a mix of instrumental and expressive factors. This suggests that consumers engage in tourism boycotts not necessarily to achieve tangible outcomes, but to express personal or ethical values, highlighting a distinctive nature of tourism boycotts in the landscape of consumer activism.

The Relationship between Sovereign Debt and Politics

ABSTRACT: With the rise of bonded private debt over the past 15 years, there is an increased dependency on private creditors for sovereign nations that borrow to finance their government activities. The power of private creditors gained through increased sovereign debt burdens is affecting the internal political dynamics of these borrower countries, especially in the Global South, including Latin America. A larger external debt burden creates internal political conflict around the distribution of benefits, so debt is intimately linked with politics. Standard economics literature ignores this problem by hypothesizing markets based on perfect competition. We outline a set of hypotheses regarding the relationship between creditors' political preferences in sovereign debt markets that feature "power rents," when relatively powerful foreign investors can obtain significantly higher returns by lending to smaller, weaker nations. Bringing power asymmetries into the debt discussion, we also present a research agenda for economics and political science.

Peculiarities and ways of resolving the military-political conflict

The purpose of the article is to analyse the causes of the war that spread across the entire territory of Ukraine in February 2022. The main purpose of the study is to substantiate the essence of international economic and political conflicts, as well as scientific and theoretical approaches to resolving the political conflict that is the root cause of the russian-Ukrainian war. Various methods were used in the research, including the comparative-historical method, the method of source analysis, as well as induction, deduction, synthesis and analysis. This made it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the essence of political and political-economic conflict, as well as to divide political-economic conflicts into conflicts of values, interests, and identification, determining their essential causes. An armed conflict that turns into a war is the most dangerous form of political conflict, as it causes a transition to destructive actions on the territory of the country, involves the involvement of a large number of participants and significant losses among the military and the civilian population. The historical and modern reality in Ukraine since 2014 is characterized by the presence of political and armed conflicts that arose as a result of serious contradictions that were not resolved within the framework of the post-Soviet system. It is because of this that armed, political, economic and inter-ethnic conflicts became more frequent in the 21st century. For a long time, domestic science believed that state power and politics were aimed at finding a balance of the interests of seizing natural, energy and human resources, which was supposed to completely eliminate the conflict. However, the authorities of Ukraine did not cope with the invasion of certain territories, which has been going on for more than eight years. The article analyzes the prerequisites and nature of a full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine as a political conflict, and suggests key ways to resolve it. The conclusion states that Ukraine's accession to the EU and NATO is a significant prospect for ensuring future guarantees of peace and protection against further or new invasion of the Russian Federation on our territory.

DISHARMONISASI KEPALA DAERAH (ANALISIS FRAMING ROBERT N. ENTMAN PADA PEMBERITAAN MEDIA ONLINE ULASAN.CO)

This research aims to understand and analyze how the online media outlet Ulasan.co frames the news about the leadership of the Governor and Deputy Governor of the Riau Islands, where three months after their inauguration, they were hit by issues of disharmony. Ulasan.co is the most prominent online media platform in the Riau Islands that frequently highlights these issues. This study analyzes the news texts from Ulasan.co titled "Dirty Plates" Amid the Ansar-Marlin Dispute. The research findings indicate that Ulasan.co's news framing is considered to lack "covering both sides" as it tends to present statements from only one party. The analysis is conducted using Robert N. Entman's framing model, yielding the following results: Problem Identification (identifying the problem's causes) is attributed to internal political conflict; Diagnose Causes (assessing the root causes) point to the Deputy Governor; Make Moral Judgements (moral evaluation) involve the professional stance of the Governor in maintaining governance continuity; and Treatment Recommendations (problem-solving and resolution) involve the call for resolving the issues and conflicts between the Governor and Deputy Governor, thereby allowing them to collaborate once again in advancing the Riau Islands Province.

The Hypothesis of Cultural Differences in Sino-Us Relation with International Political Conflicts

Conflicts and tensions among major powers are often seen as clashes of interests between entities with significant influence. Nevertheless, from a historiographical standpoint, one would challenge the validity of such a simplistic view. The themes of nations that have to be considered full are undeniably formed by comprehensive historical and cultural components. Hence, it is essential to comprehensively evaluate cultural disparities to have a comprehensive understanding of interstate conflicts. This research uses case studies and qualitative methodologies to conduct a comparative analysis of the ideologies and national value identities that underlie Chinese-American interactions during the last decade. It focuses on the cultural distinctions inherited from China and the United States in order to get a deeper understanding of these connections. This research posits that the concept of democracy is firmly ingrained in the cultural and political fabric of these societies, giving rise to divergent ideologies. Numerous pieces of evidence indicate that the cultural aspects of a country significantly influence its political evolution.

Crisis, conflict and global rankings

AbstractGlobal university rankings have always been associated with international political and economic conflicts. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic there were signs that scientific and academic globalism was breaking down. The pandemic, the various measures taken to combat it, and military and ideological conflicts have led to the breakdown of international academic cooperation, the formation of very different research complexes, and the development of new regional ranking systems.

Exploring the influence of internal and external conflicts on the resource curse hypothesis in OECD countries

Economic growth creates positive externalities for a country; therefore, worldwide governments attempt to attain them. However, the resource curse paradox impedes economic growth due to price volatility in natural resources. Political conflict is another inhibiting factor of GDP growth, and political conflict promotes the foundations of corruption in the nation, which affects natural resources to limit economic growth. This study explores the impact of natural resource abundance and political conflict on the economic growth in 32 OECD economies from 1990 to 2021. The study has adopted the moment method of quantile regression (MMQR) to evaluate the asymmetric interconnection between the variables. The empirical outcomes revealed that natural resource rents (NRR) are negatively associated with economic growth, while the effects are significant at lower and higher quantiles. Likewise, political conflict (internal and external conflict) reduces economic growth, in which the reduction effects of internal political conflict (external political conflict) are prominent at lower-middle (higher) quantiles. Henceforth, the study found that a resource curse exists in the panel of OECD, and political conflicts, either internal or external, further aggravate the problem. Based on the empirical results, the present work suggests measures to reduce natural resource volatility, increase political stability, enhance institutional quality, and make optimum use of resources to support economic growth.

The direct and indirect economic consequences of climate damage in poor countries

AbstractThe predictions of the adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change are now accepted. Somewhat less attention has been given to the economic, social, and political consequences. The three interact: the former will have social and political effects, which in turn will harm economies and economic well-being. This analysis of poor countries draws on much recent evidence and various projections. Climate damage contributes to internal political instability and conflict. There is a risk that poor countries will be driven down economically, so reducing the capacity of their governments: some will become fragile states. Internal migration is likely to become a central policy issue. However, international migration will also grow. Climate damage will drag countries into both cooperation and conflict with each other. The effects on sending countries, contiguous countries, and destination countries are examined. This scenario presented is predictive but should be taken as a warning.

Bayt Al-Hikmah: Pusat Kebijaksanaan dan Warisan Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam dalam Peradaban Abad Pertengahan

This article explores the role of Bayt Al-Hikmah as a monumental intellectual center during the Abbasid Dynasty. Built during the time of Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, this center developed into a famous library during the reign of Harun al-Rashid and Al-Ma'mun. It functions not only as a library, but also as an educational institution, astronomical observatory, and translation center, housing a collection of more than 60,000 books from various languages and regions. Important factors influencing the development of Bayt Al-Hikmah included the caliph's love of science, extensive translation activities, use of paper, the presence of scientists from various regions, material support, and enthusiasm for studying Islamic teachings. Despite achieving glory, the summary of the Abbasid dynasty started from internal political conflict to the Mongol attack which resulted in the fall of the city of Baghdad and the destruction of Bayt Al-Hikmah. Even though this intellectual center collapsed, the scientific legacy it produced remains a testament to the glory of science at that time, even though it experienced a tragic end.

Problems of the initial stage of the Greek Civil War (1946-1949) on the pages of the British press

The subject of the study is the reflection of the problems of the initial stage (1945-1947) of the Greek Civil War of 1946-1949 in the publications of the British media on the example of the central British publications: the Daily Herald (a newspaper that supported the Labour Party), The Times and The Daily Mirror (a supporter of the British Labour Party) and the Yorkshire Observer (a British publication of liberal views). The questions raised are considered in a problem-chronological plan. The article analyzes the topics of articles and problems on Greece raised by these publications, their attitude to the events in this country and the conflicting parties, the depth of coverage of the topic. The main conclusions of the research conducted for the first time in Russian science are that in the British press, in the face of selected publications, when covering issues of the Greek internal political conflict, objectivity and impartiality were not present in all cases. Sometimes the ascertaining side prevailed over the analytical one. In some cases, publications ignored the most important issues for Greece at that time. The reflection of the international aspects of the Greek war in the context of the "cold war" ("promotion" of anti-communist, anti-Soviet motives) was traced. The research materials can be used for further study of the Greek Civil War of 1946-1946, the propaganda aspect of the Cold War and regional conflicts of the postwar period.

Cracks and Fault Lines: Foreign Policy Orientations of Western Balkan Capitals in the Context of the Ukrainian Crisis

The Ukrainian crisis has reverberated throughout the troubled region of the Balkans in Southern Europe, exposing deep-seated cracks and fractures that have long characterized this geopolitical area. The crisis has not only highlighted divisions between local states but also between communities and ethno-religious groups. In many cases, these intraregional contradictions are exacerbated by external actors and their demands. This article examines the foreign policy priorities and orientations of Western Balkan capitals within the "five plus one" format states (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and the partially recognized "Republic of Kosovo") in light of the crisis in Ukraine, illustrating the interplay between regional dynamics and international crises.Drawing on a wide range of sources, including official documents and opinion polls on foreign policy, this paper identifies regional discrepancies in the perception and assessment of the ongoing Ukrainian conflict. The study employs a historical-systemic approach and neorealism principles to discern potential directions for political institutions in the external context. The analysis reveals that a fragile "balance of threats" persists in the region, heavily influenced by the goals and interests of external actors such as the EU, NATO, the United States, Russia, and to a lesser extent, China and Turkey.The military and political disengagement observed in 2022 mirrors the alignment of local players witnessed in 2014, but with a significant difference: the West now expects all participants in the "five plus one" format to fully adhere to their joint foreign policy, including implementing restrictive measures against the Russian Federation. This presents a challenging dilemma for Belgrade and Banja Luka, as they cannot overlook the widespread support for Russia's actions among the Serbian population. Any anti-Russian steps taken by local authorities may lead to serious internal political conflicts in both Serbia and Republika Srpska, with far-reaching implications for regional stability.

Erzwungene Neutralität? (Deutsch-)Österreichs Verhältnis zu Polen während des Polnisch-Sowjetischen Krieges 1919–1921

The article examines the political as well as economic relations of (Deutsch-) Österreich with Poland during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1921. The economic relations of the two newly founded states began as early as November 1918 and were shaped by different needs of Poland and Deutsch-Österreich: While Poland needed weapons for its numerous border conflicts, (Deutsch-)Österreich had a massive supply crisis due to the lack of coal and food. Soon, Austrian countertrade in the form of military equipment from the former Austro-Hungarian Army in exchange for coal and food from Poland led to serious internal and external political conflicts. The article therefore shows not only how Austrian armaments found their way to Poland, but also how Austria pragmatically used its own neutrality before being forced by Soviet Russia to declare neutrality in the Polish-Soviet War. Finally, the article presents the contemporary perception of the Polish-Soviet War in Austria as an integral part of the “Greater War” that has been ongoing since 1914.

The American Policy towards Sudan in the Light of International Variables 1945-1985: Historical Study

The research aims at shedding light on the stages of development of the US-Sudanese relations and to indicate their different stages, whose roots go back to before independence. These stages were affected by the proposals of US President Woodrow which called for the right of peoples to independence and self-determination. Those proposals were accepted and approved by the Sudanese educated class, especially after the American support the right of the Sudanese people to achieve independence through the Egyptian-British negotiations.
 The research deals with the impact of this relationship on the internal political changes that passed through the Sudanese history, which were marked by internal political conflicts and the volatility of the ruling regimes between military and civil. Thus, considering their own interests, those different regimes adopted different methods in dealing with the Americans.
 The research also focuses on the impact of international changes represented by the conflict between the two poles, the American and the Soviet, on the US-Sudanese. It also studied the impact of Eisenhower principle which aimed at establishing an international front hostile to the Soviet bloc.
 The research is divided into three chapters, the first of which dealt with the nature of US-Sudanese relations before independence, the second dealt with the stage of independence until 1969, while the third axis dealt with relations during the Nimeiri era until his fall in 1985 by tracing the chronology.

갈등 관련 전국일간지 보도에 대한 토픽모델링

This study aims to examine the subject and characteristics of conflict reports in major national daily newspapers in Korea. This study is intended to understand which aspects of the news media coverage focuses on between the positive function and the negative function of the conflict. Specifically, conflict-related news articles reported in major national daily newspapers from 2010 to 2022 were analyzed using topic modeling. From the results, major topics such as policy/diplomatic conflict, government and local government conflict, international trade conflict, and political conflict were derived. The conflict reports in major national daily newspapers focused on the government's internal and external conflict and political conflict. There was also a characteristic of reporting on specific conflict events by year. This reveals that news reports on conflict emphasize the negative function of conflict that can produce social division and confrontation. In conclusion, this study notes that it is time to consider and improve the role of the news media in preventing conflict and aiming for social integration.

Всеобщая забастовка в Венесуэле в 2002-2003 гг.: опыт применения ивент-анализа

Various techniques of event analysis have been developed since the 1960s to address different research problems. The diversity of approaches makes event analysis a versatile tool for efficient use of quantitative data in scientific research. At the same time, the appropriateness of using particular methods of analysis is an issue of concern. In this regard, the article attempts to compare two techniques of event analysis: J. Goldstein scale versus the technique presented by K.P. Borishpolets. These techniques were applied in the analysis of the general strike in Venezuela in December 2002 - February 2003. J. Goldstein scale was adapted for the analysis of internal political conflicts since it is designed to address international cooperation issues. In turn, the event analysis technique presented by K.P. Borishpolets was used unchanged. The used sources included American media accounts: “The New York Times”, “Wall Street Journal”, “Chicago Tribune” and “The Los Angeles Times”. A databank was compiled based on the media reports, followed by data count, analysis of quantitative data and their graphic presentation. The research showed that the involved methods covered different aspects of the conflict between the government and the opposition in Venezuela as based on the same sources. J. Goldstein's methodology provided the insight into the confrontation dynamics, identifying the points of ultimate tension and maximum cooperation. In turn, K.P. Borishpolets' event analysis technique made it possible to consider the conflict in terms of nature of each actor's involvement and to assess the actions taken by them. A conclusion was made, on the basis of the obtained results, on effective use of the complementary methods of event analysis and the expediency of their application in the analysis of internal political conflicts.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПРЕСТУПНОСТЬ В СИСТЕМЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ: СПЕЦИФИКА И ВЛИЯНИЕ НА БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ

Economic crime in the system of public administration of the Russian Federation in the context of the special military operation and confrontation with the NATO bloc is becoming a critical factor determining the state security of the country, as it affects not only the efficiency of economic processes, but also political stability in general. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of official crime in the field of public service. The main hypothesis: malfeasance causes not only material damage to the state, undermining its state power and disorganizing the system of public administration, but also reputational damage, undermining the legitimacy of state power. A crisis of legitimacy is dangerous because it can lead to severe internal political conflicts. Results of the work: the dynamics of official crime for 2000–2022 was studied and it was concluded that only after 2012 it was possible to reverse the negative trend toward an increase in its level, which occurred thanks to the introduction of more effective countermeasures.

The War in Ukraine: Implications for the Africa-Europe Peace and Security Partnership

This paper discusses the war in Ukraine and what the EU’s increasing preoccupation with it means for the EU-Africa peace and security partnership. It does this from the angle of a new EU funding mechanism, the European Peace Facility (EPF), which is a €5.6 billion fund that came into effect in March 2021 to support conflict management and international security during the EU’s seven-year budget period (2021 to 2027). The facility funds a variety of activities globally and—for the first time in the EU’s history— provides a legal basis for the EU to provide not only technical and material support but also lethal weapons to partner countries. As of May 2022, the EU has pledged to provide €2 billion to support Ukraine’s armed forces aside from the unprecedented economic sanctions the EU has imposed on Russia. The creation of the EPF is inspired by the EU’s ambitious Global Strategy of 2016 (EEAS 2016) and the preceding policy discourse between the EU and its member states on making the EU a “global player” and not just a “global payer”. This shift is partly a response to the emerging international geopolitical order in which the EU feels the need to assert itself and defend its interests globally. This marks a radical paradigm shift in EU foreign policy. The paper argues that the EU’s evolving foreign policy and its unforeseen use of EPF funds in Ukraine have at least two implications for Africa. First, the use of the EPF in Ukraine raises questions about the availability of funds for African peace support operations, which the EU has been supporting for some years. It raises also questions about the way Europe and Africa will decide about funding African security priorities. The EPF allows the transferring of funds and equipment to partner countries or regional coalitions directly, without the need to go through established regional organisations like the AU. Second, the EU’s changing security interests and geopolitical ambitions as well as Africa’s aspirations to find its place in the new global order could alter the dynamics of the EU-Africa peace and security partnership. While the EU remains an important economic and security actor in Africa—at the bilateral and continental levels—the EU-Africa partnership struggles to thrive and go beyond money to live up to its full potential. To meet their own aspirations, the paper argues that the AU and its member states will have to work harder to reduce their financial, security and economic dependence on non-African states. The AU and its member states will also have to avoid getting trapped in geopolitical confrontations between “the east” and “the west”. At the same time, they need to summon the political leadership the continent needs to prevent and manage internal political crises and conflicts on the continent while reducing interference from different international partners.

Rendfenntartás a Tisztelt Házban - A Képviselőházi Őrség létrehozása és szerepe

The study aims to present the establishment, the development and the role of the Guard of the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was one of the most important scenes of the political skirmish in the age of dualism. This is well illustrated also by the fact that the contemporary publicists referred to it generally as ‘arena’. The study presents the Guard of the House of Representatives in detail, like in a historical documentary, and takes the reader through the whole spectrum of the period under consideration, from dualism to the present day. The Guard of the House of Representatives had started working in 1913. The first years of its operation were influenced not only by the international events but also by the increasing internal political conflicts. Despite the difficulties, the Guard became one of the most important elements of the contemporary maintenance of order within some years. This is exactly indicated by the fact that its historical traditions were used also by the policing after the turn of the millennium. Besides the main purpose of the study, the authors also aim to introduce the Parliamentary Guard, whose role is to continue the historical traditions of the Guard of the House of Representatives in the current political and administrative environment.

The Actualization of Investment Instruments in the Russian Federation and EU Countries: State and Political Discourse

A new global problem has been the spread of COVID‑19 coronavirus infection and the resulting recession, the crisis of vulnerable sectors of the economy and banking sector, social tensions, and internal political conflicts. For states with high levels of instability (social, economic, political) in the COVID‑19 period, the task of increasing investment growth and improving their quality has become even more relevant. In addition to economic factors, the investment process is influenced by related social, political factors and the effectiveness of the regulatory and management mechanism and the legal framework. In this connection, the article conducted a comparative analysis of project financing and implementation of investment projects in Russia and the EU countries. The author considered the theoretical paradigms of investment project models and identified factors affecting the development of financing investment projects. In conclusion, the author proposed ways to overcome problems in constructing the project financing mechanism and developing a model of investment projects.

Батальный жанр в искусстве голландского классицизма XVII в.

The article is devoted to the study of problem of the battle scenes in oeuvre of Dutch classical painters of the XVII century. History of the Dutch Republic of the XVII century is characterized by a variety of international wars and internal political conflicts that affected all segments of the population. Dutch artists have a specific response to the events happening around them, which was reflected in their works. Modern themes are not included in the list of permissible subjects of the art of classicism, however, the Dutch masters reacted by means of painting and graphics to actual and painful events for society. There are few works depicting scenes of war and battles created by the classical artists. However, their study allows us to enrich information about the Dutch art of the XVII century and about classicism. This article proposes to analyze the little-knows works of such artists and architects as Pieter Post and Salomon de Bray, who give an idea of the specifics of the classical battle genre.