Medical EducationVolume 23, Issue 6 p. 542-558 Essentials of problem-based learning H. J. WALTON, Corresponding Author H. J. WALTON World Federation for Medical EducationProfessor H. J. Walton, President, World Federation for Medical Education, International Medical Education, University Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.Search for more papers by this authorM. B. MATTHEWS, M. B. MATTHEWS World Federation for Medical EducationSearch for more papers by this author H. J. WALTON, Corresponding Author H. J. WALTON World Federation for Medical EducationProfessor H. J. Walton, President, World Federation for Medical Education, International Medical Education, University Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.Search for more papers by this authorM. B. MATTHEWS, M. B. MATTHEWS World Federation for Medical EducationSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1989.tb01581.xCitations: 236 The effect (usually positive or beneficial) of being under study on those being studied. The name derives from work studies of Whitehead et al. (1949) in the Western Electric Plant, Hawthorne, Illinois (see Elton Mayo 1949). The term artificial is here used in the sense of man-made rather than natural. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume23, Issue6November 1989Pages 542-558 RelatedInformation