International Level Competitions Research Articles

FİZİKİ MƏHDUDLUĞU OLAN ATICILARIN İDMAN MƏŞQİNİN İDARƏ OLUNMASI

Management of Sports Training of Shooters with Physical Limitations Summary In one of the articles of the convention "On the rights of the disabled" adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2006, it is reflected in giving disabled people the opportunity to spend leisure and rest time together with other people, to participate in sports events. In order to solve the tasks arising from this article, opportunities have been created for the disabled to engage in various sports sections. People with various physical disabilities (restrictions) work in these units. Physically disabled (limited) athletes engaged in shooting sports have won certain achievements by performing in national and international level competitions. However, there are certain problems in the organization and conduct of training with such athletes. From this point of view, it is important to develop the methodology of training with physically disabled shooters. The article talks about various operations performed by the coach with the active participation of shooters, which are the basis of sports training management of shooters with physical limitations. Key words: shooting, air pistol, training process, physical limitation, management, activity

Analysis of upper limb propulsion in young swimmers in front-crawl through Statistical Parametric Mapping

This study aimed to: (i) verify the within-subject effect of the dominant and non-dominant upper limb propulsion during consecutive arm-pulls through discrete (average) and continuous analysis (SPM), and; (ii) compare young swimmers’ propulsion between both upper limbs through discrete (average) and continuous analysis (Statistical Parametric Mapping – SPM). The sample consisted of 17 young male swimmers (age = 16.02 ± 0.61-years) who regularly participate in national and international level competitions. A set of kinematic and propulsion variables were measured during a 25-m maximal trial in front-crawl. Statistical analysis of propulsion was performed using discrete variables and through SPM. Swimming velocity showed a significant decrease over time. A significant interaction between the “time” (consecutive arm-pulls) and “side” (dominant vs. non-dominant) effects was observed in both statistical analyzes. Only the dominant upper limb demonstrated a significant “time” effect with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the first and third arm-pulls. SPM indicated that the “time” effect was observed between the ∼ 34% and ∼ 42% of the arm-pull. The differences between the first and third arm-pull were verified between the ∼ 32% and ∼ 43% of the arm-pull. A non-significant “side” effect was verified in both analyzes. Therefore, SPM analysis provided more sensitive and accurate outputs than discrete analysis. This will allow coaches to design specific training drills focused on specific moments of the arm-pull.

‘Here in the US’: Identity narratives, national beliefs and corporate governance values in Big Tech Hearing discourse

Starting from the idea that understanding Big Tech ideologies is a prerequisite for assessing how major tech corporations see a (re)organization of society, this paper offers an analysis of the opening statements of the CEOs of four of these corporations during 2020 antitrust hearings before the U.S. House Judiciary Antitrust Subcommittee. These statements were ‘critical discourse moments’ that foregrounded the beliefs of the CEOs in the collision between their discourse and that of government and politics. Using a critical perspective on discourse analysis as a main research approach, this research found that the opening statements blended (inter)national imaginaries, identity narratives and corporate values. Together, these factors communicated the notion of an ideal society in which tech companies awarded themselves a dual role: (1) national conductors towards what we call ‘techno/opportunity’ for individuals, and (2) politically neutral agents in the service of American world dominance. In this sense, ‘competition’ was reconstructed as a practice that, on a national level, must occur within Big Tech instead of between tech corporations and other actors. On an international level competition existed between ideologically opposed nation states where corporations were envisioned as representatives of these states.

Effects of Competition Level on the Prevalence and Incidence of Lumbar Disk Degeneration in Japanese Collegiate Gymnasts

Lumbar disk degeneration (LDD) occurs frequently in athletes. Researchers have found that LDD occurs mainly in the lower disks (L4/L5 and L5/S1) in the general and athletic populations. However, a retrospective study showed a high prevalence of LDD in the upper lumbar disks (L1/L2), especially in elite gymnasts. To investigate the effect of competition level on the prevalence and incidence of LDD in the upper lumbar disks(L1/L2). Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3; and cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. We conducted 2 studies to evaluate the effect of competition level on the prevalence and incidence of LDD in Japanese collegiate gymnasts. In study 1, a cross-sectional study of 298 collegiate gymnasts was conducted between 2011 and 2015. Competition levels were categorized as regional, national, and international, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate LDD. Chi-square testing was applied to assess differences in the prevalence of LDD and spinal levels among the 3 competition levels. In study 2--a prospective cohort study--LDD progression and its related risk factors were investigated in 51 collegiate gymnasts. Baseline lumbar MRI scans and measurements of physical function (generalized joint laxity and finger-floor distance test) were performed in March 2014. Follow-up lumbar MRI scans were obtained 2 years later, in February 2016. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between competition level and LDD progression. In study 1, the prevalence of at least 1 degenerated disk in the regional, national, and international groups was 44.2% (19/43), 44.7% (98/219), and 52.8% (19/36), respectively (P = .655). The prevalence of LDD at L1/L2 in the international group was significantly higher than that in the other 2 groups (P = .018). In study 2, the presence of LDD at L1/L2 was associated significantly with international-level competition (adjusted odds ratio, 47.8; 95% CI, 2.75-830.50). In Japanese collegiate gymnasts, competing at the international level was found to be a risk factor for LDD at L1/L2.

The Utility of Mixed Models in Sport Science: A Call for Further Adoption in Longitudinal Data Sets

Sport-science research consistently contains repeated measures and imbalanced data sets. This study calls for further adoption of mixed models when analyzing longitudinal sport-science data sets. Mixed models were used to understand whether the level of competition affected the intensity of women's rugby league match play. A total of 472 observations were used to compare the mean speed of female rugby league athletes recorded during club-, state-, and international-level competition. As athletes featured in all 3 levels of competition and there were multiple matches within each competition (ie,repeated measures), the authors demonstrated that mixed models are the appropriate statistical approach for these data. The authors determined that if a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for the statistical analysis in the present study, at least 48.7% of the data would have been omitted to meet ANOVA assumptions. Using a mixed model, the authors determined that mean speed recorded during Trans-Tasman Test matches was 73.4m·min-1, while the mean speeds for National Rugby League Women and State of Origin matches were 77.6 and 81.6m·min-1, respectively. Random effects of team, athlete, and match all accounted for variations in mean speed, which otherwise could have concealed the main effects of position and level of competition had less flexible ANOVAs been used. These data clearly demonstrate the appropriateness of applying mixed models to typical data sets acquired in the professional sport setting. Mixed models should be more readily used within sport science, especially in observational, longitudinal data sets such as movement pattern analyses.

ROLE OF MEDITATION ON SPORTS PERFORMANCES

The focus of the present research paper is too aware the masses about the role of mediation on the sports performances at the National and International level competitions. The paper also focuses on the procedure of the meditation and its impact on the lifestyle of the sportspersons and society as a whole. Meditation is beneficial for a human life which is full of mental distractions and ailments. In spite of different mental distress, people use to participate in games &amp; sports either for recreational or competitive purpose. In all sports and games of Olympic standard high level of fitness is required. Since meditation is very effective in treating different mental discomforts hence, meditation training program could positively affect the mind of athletes which would lead to enhancement of performance. So, in this study, it was tried to see the effect of meditation on athletes.

Novel sandwich structure approach to develop lightweight concrete canoe

Concrete canoe making is a prestigious multidisciplinary activity that relates the fields like concrete technology, hydrodynamics, material science, naval architecture, etc. Each year national and international level competitions are organized by various organizations. This work aimed to produce a lightweight single peddler concrete canoe. It was achieved by synergetic effects of the following activities: enhancing the floatability of hardened concrete; creating a maneuverable hull for a fresh paddler; enriching the structural performance of the canoe for the stress reversal for dealing with the curling effect in lightweight concrete and fabricating a canoe for a watertight environment.

Lateral Extra-Articular Tenodesis Reduces the Rate of Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Elite Athletes

Objectives:Lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) has been shown to decrease the re-rupture rates in cases of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) at high risk of failure when combined with hamstring (HS) autograft ACLR. The effects of LET have never been evaluated in elite athletes and have only sparingly been assessed when combined with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) ACLR. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of the addition of a LET.Methods:A retrospective consecutive series of elite athletes who underwent primary ACL reconstruction by the senior author during the period of January 2005 to June 2018 were evaluated. An elite athlete was defined as one who is either paid or participates in national or international level competition in their sport. The primary outcome measure was undergoing revision ACLR, while the secondary outcome was the need for any further operative procedure. Chi square test was used to determine differences and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.Results:456 elite athletes underwent ACLR during this time period. Overall 9.1% (31 of 339) underwent revision ACLR. In the ACLR + LET group, 3.4% (4 of 117) underwent ACLR revision (relative risk reduction [RRR], 0.626, p = 0.045) (table 1). Subgroup analysis by graft type yielded similar ratios, but did not reach statistical significance (Tables 2 and 3). There was no difference in re-operation rates between the ACLR alone and ACLR + LET groups (33.9% vs 30.7%, p = 0.531).Conclusions:The addition of a LET significantly reduced the rate of revision ACLR in elite athletes and did not increase the rate of subsequent operations.

Longitudinal analysis of sports performance of prominent colleges of Mangalore University

Physical education is an integral phase of education concerned with the physical mental and social growth Every human being has the fundamental right of access to physical education and sport, which are essential for the full development of his personality The program of physical education is intended not only to achieve physical fitness but also to cater to the development of optimum organic health, emotional stability and social adaptability. It also helps to take proper decisions and develop skills that will enable a child to participate in various activities. This study aims to throw light on the selected college performance based on Intercollegiate, Inter-university, and State, national and International competition. Statistical techniques like ANOVA and t test have been applied find out the differences between the performances of selected colleges. The findings indicate that all colleges have their own performance in various college level, Inter-university, State, National and International level competition.

ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA'S SHOOTER ATHLETE TRAINING MANAGEMENT ON AUSTRALIAN ARMY SKILL AT ARMS MEETING COMPETITION

Indonesia as a state with a strategic position that becomes international sea traffic lanes should have a strong and professional military. The professionalism of the soldiers of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) demonstrated by the achievements of the Army shooter athletes at international level competitions. One of the international level competitions that have raised the name of Indonesia every year is the annual AASAM (Australian Army Skills at Arms Meeting). In this competition, from 2008 to 2018 the Army had won this competition for 11 years in a row. Therefore, it becomes interesting to examine the management of exercises carried out by the Indonesian Army on shooter athletes. This research was conducted using qualitative methods. Based on the findings in the field and the results of the researchers' analysis, it can be concluded that the management training conducted by the Army for shooter athletes who participate in the AASAM competition is carried out with a regular chain of command so as to produce controlled activities and can achieve the expected targets. This was achieved because the Army had carried out this activity for many years and every year improvements were made from the results of the evaluation of activities.

Pacing behaviour of middle-long distance running & race-walking athletes at the IAAF U18 and U20 World Championship finals

ABSTRACT The current study analysed the pacing behaviour of athletes competing in the middle-long track event finals of the IAAF Under 18 and Under 20 World Championships between 2015 and 2018. Official finishing times, 1000-m split times and positioning data of 116 female and 153 male athletes, competing in the middle-long distance running (3000 m, 5000 m and 10,000 m) and race walking (5000 m and 10,000 m) events, were gathered. Repeated measures analysis of variance, with 1000-m speed as within-subjects factor and final ranking (medallist, Top 8 or Top 12, rest of the field) as between-subjects factor, was performed to compare the pacing behaviour between athletes. Positioning of the athletes was analysed by Kendall tau-b (Tb) correlation between the intermediate position and final position. Overall, medallists increased their speed throughout a race, with the exception of the 5000 m running event, in which a parabolic pacing behaviour was exhibited. The 1000-m segment in which a significant (P > 0.05) difference in speed was exhibited between differently ranked athletes coincided with a strong (Tb > 0.7) correlation between intermediate and final positioning. These combined results point towards a separation between the athletes during the race, as the Top 8 or Top 12 and the rest of the field are unable to match the speed of the medallists. The distance, discipline, sex, age category and behaviour of competitors all influence the pacing behaviour of young track athletes during international level competition, emphasising the importance and complexity of developing adequate pacing behaviour in track athletes. Highlights The distribution of effort over an exercise task (i.e. pacing) is an important factor in endurance exercise competition. The pacing behaviour of athletes is determined by many aspects, such as the biomechanical characteristics of the task, the exercise environment and the age of the athlete Sport specific competition data from youth athlete sports events can provide insight into the pacing behaviour of developing athletes. These insights could assist in the optimalisation of the development of pacing behaviour of young athletes in the future. The current study analysed the 1000-m split times and positioning data of athletes competing in the running (3000 m, 5000 m and 10,000) and racewalking (5000 m and 10,000m) finals of the U18 and U20 IAAF world-championship. The difference in final ranking impacted the pacing behaviour of the athletes, with the medallists increasing their speed throughout the race and the other athletes separating from the medallists either early (rest of field) or later in the race (Top 8 or Top 12 athletes).

Whole-Body Mechanics of Double-Leg Attack in Elite and Non-elite Male Freestyle Wrestlers.

This study examined the movement characteristics of the double-leg attack in elite and non-elite wrestlers. Twenty light-weight male wrestlers were divided by skill level: Elite group (n = 11) who participated in international-level competitions and Non-Elite group (n = 9) consisting of college-level wrestlers. Each wrestler performed the double-leg attacks against a defender. Three-dimensional coordinates of anatomical landmarks and the ground reaction force (GRF) of the trailing limb were analyzed. The forward velocity and displacement of the whole-body center of mass (COM) and the 7th cervical spine (C7), which represents the upper body, were calculated. Additionally, joint torques were calculated by a standard inverse dynamics method. No significant differences were observed between groups for movement duration and the C7 forward displacement, which relates to the interpersonal distance. Still, they were significantly correlated in the non-elite wrestlers, as well as in all wrestlers (r = 0.78, p < 0.05 and r = 0.65, p < 0.01, respectively). While there were no group differences in joint angles at both limbs and torques at the trailing limb, the time-to-peak resultant GRF was shorter, and peak resultant GRF was greater at the trailing limb in the elite wrestlers compared to that in the non-elite wrestlers (p < 0.05). There were no group differences in peak forward velocity of the COM and the C7. However, the C7 forward velocity at 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 s and the C7 forward displacement at 0.35 s after the start of the attack was significantly greater in the elite wrestlers compared to that in the non-elite wrestlers (p < 0.05). This disparity in the C7 forward velocity made a positive contribution in forward displacement by 0.08 m at 0.35 s. Thus, during a double-leg attack, elite wrestlers quickly move their upper body forward while rapidly pushing-off the trailing foot reaching the defender's legs in advance of defensive actions, irrespective of the interpersonal distance. These characteristics may improve the success rate of the double-leg attack.

Neuromuscular, Perceptual, and Temporal Determinants of Movement Patterns in Wheelchair Fencing: Preliminary Study.

The objective of the present study was to determine the structure of the movement pattern performed during a wheelchair fencing lunge that is executed in response to visual and sensory stimuli. In addition, a comparison was made between fencers in the categories A and B of disability. In addition, the analysis involved the correlation between the duration of the sensorimotor response and the value of the bioelectric signal recorded in selected muscles. Seven Paralympic team athletes specializing in wheelchair fencing (3 in category A and 4 in category B) participated in the research. The fencers perform at international level competitions and are multiple medalists of the Paralympic Games. In the study, a wireless system for sEMG and accelerometer signal measurement was employed to test the intervals between the initiation of the lunge attack and its termination defined by the touch of the weapon on the coach's torso. The electrodes were placed on 9 key muscles responsible for the effectiveness of the executed attack: DEL, TRI, BC, ECR FCR, LD, and EAO. The significant intergroup difference in the muscle activation was found to be 0.333 s for category A fencers and 0.522 s for category A fencers at p = 0.039 applies to the latissimus dorsi (LD LT) muscle, which demonstrates its significance as a postural muscle in the structure of the examined movement pattern. In terms of the values of EMG, a tendency for higher MVC (%) values in most muscles for category A competitors was recorded. The latissimus dorsi (DL RT) muscle with an intergroup difference of MVC-114.63 for cat. A and 67.50 for cat. B at p = 0.039 turned out to play a significant role. The results prove the role of postural muscles: external abdominal oblique and latissimus dorsi on the effectiveness of the attacks executed in wheelchair fencing.

Bayesian hierarchical models for the prediction of volleyball results

Statistical modelling of sports data has become more and more popular in the recent years and different types of models have been proposed to achieve a variety of objectives: from identifying the key characteristics which lead a team to win or lose to predicting the outcome of a game or the team rankings in national leagues. Although not as popular as football or basketball, volleyball is a team sport with both national and international level competitions in almost every country. However, there is almost no study investigating the prediction of volleyball game outcomes and team rankings in national leagues. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for the prediction of the rankings of volleyball national teams, which also allows to estimate the results of each match in the league. We consider two alternative model specifications of different complexity which are validated using data from the women's volleyball Italian Serie A1 2017–2018 season.

Characteristics of Endurance Competitions and Risk Factors for Elimination in New Zealand during Six Seasons of Competition (2010/11-2015/16).

Simple SummaryInternational media has recently raised awareness about horse welfare during endurance competitions. However, much of this attention is focused on international level competitions (FEI) and little is known about domestic level competitions and their risk factors for elimination. The characteristics of endurance rides and risk factors for elimination of horses due to lameness and metabolic reasons were described by assessing the records of all competitors during six competition seasons in New Zealand (2010/11–2015/16). Endurance ride entries were dominated by lower distances (40–80 km), with the number of eliminations increasing with ride distance. The competition season was structured with the longer, more competitive rides at the end of the season, allowing the shorter, earlier rides to be used as conditioning rides. Ride distance, location and progression of the endurance season were significantly associated with eliminations due to lameness or metabolic reasons and horse age was significant for metabolic reasons only. The changing profile of endurance competitors over the years showed a decreasing number of higher level riders and subsequent increase in lower level riders competing in shorter rides. This profile with low competition speeds, demonstrates better horse welfare outcomes than seen in other parts of the world.The welfare of horses in endurance competitions has been the focus of recent media attention. Epidemiological studies have examined the sport at the international (FEI) level. However, much of the participation in the sport occurs at a national level in preparation for FEI level competition. The aims of this study were to describe participation in, and risk factors for elimination, from New Zealand endurance competitions. Data were collated from all endurance competitions (≥40 km) held in New Zealand during the 2010/11–2015/16 competition seasons. There were 6885 starts (n = 775 horses, n = 665 riders), horses had a median age of 9 years (IQR 6.2–10.0) and had a median of 3 (IQR 2–5) starts per season. Accumulated ride distance per season per horse decreased from a median of 240 km/horse (IQR 120–440) in 2010/11 to 180 km/horse (IQR 80–320) in 2015/16. Ride entries were dominated by the 40 km (n = 2834, 41%) and 80 km (n = 2517, 37%) distances. Eliminations increased with ride distance, from 7% in 40 km rides to 53% in the 160 km rides. Lameness accounted for the majority of eliminations (64%). The odds of elimination due to lameness were significantly associated with ride distance, location (North or South island) and time of year. The 11% of starters eliminated for metabolic reasons of the horse had increased odds of elimination associated with horse age, ride distance, location and time of year.

The Fluidity of Gender and Implications for the Biology of Inclusion for Transgender and Intersex Athletes.

One of the most contentious issues in modern day sport arises when sports are divided into male and female categories. The International Association of Athletics Federations' (IAAF) previous policy regulating intersex athletes was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), resulting in a new policy. The challenge faced by the governing body of athletics is to formulate a policy that upholds both international law and the Olympic charter that stipulates athletes compete without discrimination of any kind. Implementation of the policy has been delayed until after a verdict, expected no later than March 26, 2019, in the Semenya versus IAAF trial in the Court of Arbitration for Sport. If the policy is enacted, it will restrict athletes from competing in the female athletics category with specific differences of sex development (DSD) in races from 400 m up to the mile in international level competitions unless they lower their natural testosterone (T) levels below 5 nmol·L. To thoroughly assess this new IAAF policy, one needs to appreciate its legal, sociological, and scientific underpinnings but also the history of previous policies attempting to define precisely how athletes should be divided into male and female categories. We previously proposed a system to deal with gender variant athletes that relied on a determination of an "athlete/athletic gender." The concept of "athlete gender" was presented to multiple audiences, and the resulting survey is included. A large majority of participants (71% of 153) who answered the survey agreed with the idea of an athlete gender. This position also was accompanied by the request for more studies (20% of those who agreed) and concern over the process of hormone monitoring (32% of those who agreed) to avoid doping misuse. The primary argument of those participating in the survey that disagreed with the position (23% of 153) was that biological differences between males and females remained even after the transition (47% of opposing comments). Mixed gender/sex competitions provide unique opportunities for athletes to compete against one another outside of the traditional male/female divide and pave the way for a more flexible approach for dealing with gender variant athletes.

Athletic Identity and Self-Esteem of Wheelchair Basketball Players

Background. Disabled persons do not consider and use a single identity to represent themselves. Athletic identity as a wheelchair basketball player can help the process of acceptance and support psychological adjustment. Thus, there is a need to research the association between and the influence of the wheelchair basketball player’s qualification and a strong athletic identity on a person’s self-esteem (Hawkins, Coffee, &amp; Soundy, 2014; Martin, Adams-Mushett, &amp; Smith, 1995). Methods. The multidimensional Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (Brewer &amp; Cornelius, 2002) was used to assess self-identity, social identity, exclusivity and negative affectivity of 36 wheelchair basketball players. Self-esteem was evaluated by the adapted V. Stolin’s (Столин, 1983) test including nine self-evaluation scales: internal integrity, self-confidence, self-direction, self-image, self-interest, self-content, self-orientation, self-contradiction and self-accusation. Results. It was found out that the athletic identity value of the players participating in international level competitions (30 points) is statistically significantly higher compared to that of participating in national level events (18 points, p &lt; .05). Conclusions. Disabled persons of the competition group with better athletic identity represented stronger self-integrity and were less self-accusative, more self-content, their self-confidence grew and they had a better self-image in comparison with the national level group.Keywords: self-confdence, self-image, persons with physical disability.

Autologous tenocyte implantation into shoulder tendon pathology in an elite swimmer

IntroductionThe use of novel bioengineer treatment techniques such as Autologous Tenocyte Implantation (ATI) have shown promising improvements in both pain ratings and functional outcomes in elbow, gluteal and shoulder tendon pathology. This case will review the injury timeline of ATI intervention in an elite male swimmer with subscapularis tendon pathology and investigate whether ATI has a concomitant healing effect associated with improved functional outcomes. MethodsA palmaris longus tendon biopsy was performed and cells were expanded by in-vitro culture. Autologous tenocytes were injected into the subscapularis site identified. Three blinded radiologists reported on pre and post shoulder MRIs using the same 3T MRI protocol. A validated rating scale for severity of tendinopathy (0–3) and degree of tear (0–3) was used and hand-held Dynamometry (HHD) strength was recorded. ResultsIndependent blinded radiology review demonstrated a significant reduction in tear size and improved tendon morphology. IR strength on HHD returned to baseline strength levels post ATI (231–253N) 6 weeks post intervention. The athlete returned to full training (volume and intensity) pain free and international level competition at 4 months post ATI. ConclusionAn athlete who had previously undergone unsuccessful conservative management demonstrated significant improvement in function and in tendon morphology post intervention.

PENGARUH PERSUASI ATAS PREFERENSI KLIEN DAN PENGALAMAN AUDIT TERHADAP PERTIMBANGAN AUDITOR DALAM MENGEVALUASI BUKTI AUDIT PADA KANTOR AKUNTAN PUBLIK DI KOTA DENPASAR

Asian Economic Community (AEC) is the thought of the leaders of the Southeast Asian region, which will make their international level competition for professional people especially public accountant. Public accounting firm that works in the KAP is needed in order to assess whether the financial statements of a company have been presented fairly and can be accounted in accordance with the applicable standard. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of persuasion on client preferences, experience an audit of the auditor's judgment in evaluating audit evidence. The study was conducted on 8 KAP in Denpasar with a total population of 75 auditors. The research instrument used questionnaire. Data collected was processed using a computer program using multiple linear regression analysis technique. The results showed significant influences of persuasion on client preferences (X1) on the auditor's judgment in evaluating audit evidence. There is a significant effect of audit experience (X2) on the auditor's judgment in evaluating the audit evidence. There is a simultaneous influence of persuasion on client preferences (X1) and audit experience (X2) on the auditor's judgment in evaluating audit evidence. Keywords: Persuation On Client Preference, Experience Of Audit, Judgment Auditor

Analysis of International Competition and Training in Men's Field Hockey by Global Positioning System and Inertial Sensor Technology

This study assessed the relative demands of elite field hockey training and competition to determine whether familiar exercise prescription strategies provide an appropriate training stimulus. Sixteen elite male field hockey players (age, 25 ± 4 years; body mass, 70.9 ± 6.6 kg; and maximal oxygen consumption, 61.0 ± 2.1 ml·kg·min [mean ± SD]) participated in the study. Seventy-five elite level competition and 37 training analyses from 8 games and 4 training sessions were obtained. Training duration was longer than competition and covered a greater total distance (109 ± 2.5 vs. 74 ± 0.3 minutes and 7318 ± 221 vs. 5868 ± 75 m; p < 0.001 in both). The distance covered sprinting and running at high intensity was not different between training and competition (114 ± 6 vs. 116 ± 9 m when sprinting and 457 ± 6 vs. 448 ± 7 m for high-intensity running). More high-intensity accelerations were performed during training than in competition (37 ± 3 vs. 20 ± 2). Despite having lower predicted aerobic capacity and covering less distance in competition than in some previous studies, these data support the suggestion that it is high-intensity activity that differentiates international level competition and further suggests that international players can replicate the intensity of competition during small-sided games.