International Islamic University Research Articles

Unveiling Awareness: Exploring Antibiotic Hypersensitivity among International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Undergraduates in Kuantan, Pahang

Background: The condition known as antibiotic hypersensitivity, or antibiotic allergy, poses serious problems for the medical field. Despite its importance, little is known about the awareness of antibiotic hypersensitivity, particularly among undergraduate students in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to assess the awareness of antibiotic hypersensitivity among IIUM Kuantan undergraduate students to improve drug allergy education and healthcare practices. Methods: A general qualitative design was used to conduct the study. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather information about the awareness of antibiotic hypersensitivity. Due to their similar prevalence of antibiotic hypersensitivity, medical students served as a representative sample of Malaysia's adult population among undergraduate students from a variety of faculties. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results: Six people in all were enlisted to take part in the study. Most of the participants were female Malay students at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus, Pahang, Malaysia. Two primary themes emerged from the study: (1) Antibiotic hypersensitivity awareness and (2) Factors contributing to antibiotic hypersensitivity. This finding indicated that students' knowledge of antibiotic hypersensitivity is still lacking. Conclusion: The research found evidence to suggest that additional intervention is necessary to raise awareness within the current community. Putting skill training into practice could be a good way to raise students' awareness in this area. On the other hand, more information is needed to determine the precise kind of skill training that Malaysia should adopt.

Knowledge and Practice Towards Cleaning Medical Equipment among Nursing Students in a Malaysian Public University

Background: Healthcare-associated infections are infections acquired by patients during stay or receiving treatment within healthcare facility. High cases of healthcare-associated infections are contributed by poor medical equipment disinfection among healthcare workers, including nurses. It could be due to poor practice and awareness during their training in universities and colleges. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices regarding cleaning medical equipment and their association with socio-demographic characteristics among nursing students at International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan Campus. Methods: A total of 252 nursing students were recruited using stratified random sampling. Data of socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, and practices related to medical equipment disinfection were collected using an online questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were used to assess the level of knowledge and practice on medical equipment contamination and disinfection, and their association with socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Most respondents (84.1%) have a good level of knowledge regarding disinfecting medical equipment. Meanwhile, 50.8% of respondents have a good level of practice regarding disinfecting medical equipment. Further analysis revealed a significant strong association between academic year and level of knowledge (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that most of the nursing students have good knowledge and practice regarding medical equipment disinfection. The significant strong association between academic year and level of knowledge indicates the knowledge improvement among nursing students as their academic years increasing. Though, a larger study comprising of more universities are needed to gain the better insight on influence of nursing students on healthcare-associated infections in Malaysia.

Knowledge and Attitude Level Towards Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Screening among University Students

Background: Cervical cancer is mainly caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and it is the most common malignancy among women worldwide with significant number of mortality rates. The objective of this study is to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding cervical cancer and pap smear screening and its association with sociodemographic characteristics among female students at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus, Pahang. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study using the convenience sampling method was conducted among 369 female undergraduate students of IIUM Kuantan Campus, from March to May 2023. Data were collected using a physical questionnaire which was available in the English Language that was distributed to all female undergraduate students in the campus. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 27. Results: This study demonstrated that the majority of the female students have average knowledge of cervical cancer (35.8%) and low knowledge of pap smear screening (37.9%). In addition, they have a low attitude toward cervical cancer (37.9%) and an average attitude toward pap smear screening (40.4%). It is also demonstrated that age, kulliyyah and year of study are significantly associated with knowledge level towards cervical cancer and pap smear screening (p<0.05). For attitude level of cervical cancer, there is a significant association between kulliyyah, family history of cancer and family history of cervical cancer (p<0.05). In addition, there is a significant association between year of study and family history of cervical cancer towards attitude level of pap smear screening (p<0.05). This study also demonstrated that most of the participants are unaware if vaccinating males can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer or not (57.2%), agreed that a woman who had a hysterectomy performed does not need to do a pap smear anymore (55.8%), which is incorrect, agreed that they feel shy, embarrassed and reluctant during pap smear test examinations (46.1%) and they afraid the results may show that they are positive for cancer (54.7%), Conclusion: Hence, it is imperative to plan and implement targeted health promotion initiatives aimed at elevating the knowledge and reshaping the attitudes of female undergraduates pertaining on cervical cancer and the importance of pap smear screening test.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Intimate Care and Its Association with Vaginal Discharge among Female Students in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Background: Prioritizing cleanliness, especially in intimate areas, is crucial for personal health. Globally, around 10% of women suffer from genital infections, and 75% of them have experienced these infections before and the rate of occurrence is increasing in many developing countries. Many women intend to get screened for vaginal discharge problems, but due to taboos and other factors, they often do not follow through with the process. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards intimate hygiene and the association between knowledge, attitude, and practices on intimate care and vaginal discharge among female students at International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan (IIUMK). Methods: Two hundred and sixty respondents from different Kulliyyah were given a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analysed using SPSS software. Results: The finding showed that most of the respondents had good knowledge (87.5%) and practice (68.8%), and moderate attitude (53.6%) towards intimate care and its association with vaginal discharge. Conclusion: These findings of the study underscore the importance of targeted health education and awareness programs to further enhance intimate care practices and knowledge, particularly among younger women, married women, and those who are sexually active.

Anwar Fazal-A Breastfeeding Advocate Extraordinaire.

Anwar Fazal has been a driving force in the founding of several civil society organizations in the areas of health, human rights, environment, and peace, that have been at the forefront of activism locally, nationally, and globally. In this interview, he shares his journey of 6 decades, involving a multiverse of public interest issues, which led him into the breastfeeding movement. It began with the setting up of the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN), a pioneering action that triggered the formation of Health Action International (HAI), Pesticide Action Network (PAN), and the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA). Each of these resulted in several unique frameworks and codes relating to the marketing of infant foods, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. They also led to the formation of World Breastfeeding Week, now being celebrated globally. Anwar studied Economics at the University of Malaya and did his postgraduate studies in Education. Anwar has served as a visiting professor at the University of Science Malaysia and the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). He is the recipient of the Right Livelihood Award, popularly known as the "Alternative Nobel Prize," for his work on breastfeeding and infant nutrition and other health, environmental, and consumer issues. La Leche League International (LLLI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have honored him with the International Health Award and the Millennium Development Goals Award. He has written extensively on breastfeeding. He is currently Chairperson Emeritus of the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) and continues to speak out actively on protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding.

The Third-Person Effect and Islamic Religiosity: Perceptions of Moral and Non-Moral Issues on Social Networking Sites among IIUM Students

Third-Person Effect theory (TPE) postulates that audiences deny the media's direct impact on themselves but perceive the same media as having a larger impact on others. This study examines TPE and its relationship with Islamic religiosity in shaping perceptions of moral and non-moral issues on social networking sites (SNS) among students at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Another objective of this study is to determine how students perceive the effect of moral and non-moral issues in SNS on themselves compared to others. This study employed a quantitative design, with 357 students from the IIUM serving as respondents. The findings indicate that participants perceive moral issues as affecting others more than themselves, which is consistent with TPE. However, non-moral issues are perceived as influencing both the self and others. The results also indicate that Islamic religiosity positively affects the perceived impact of moral issues on others and non-moral issues on oneself in SNS. The data were analyzed using SPSS, with paired t-tests comparing self versus others' perceptions of moral and non-moral issues on SNS. The findings confirm that students perceive moral issues as having a greater impact on others than on themselves, aligning with TPE. Conversely, non-moral issues are perceived as influencing both the self and others, demonstrating SPE. The study also reveals that Islamic religiosity positively influences the perceived effect of moral issues on others and non-moral issues on oneself in SNS.

Navigating through pandemics: a bibliometric analysis of research trends in Islamic finance and Islamic banking

Purpose This study aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of 1,104 journal articles to explore the multifaceted research field of Islamic finance and banking, explicitly emphasising the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach Insights into the evolving trends and dynamics within the academic discourse are presented. Findings The research highlights different patterns and collaborative networks through co-authorship, co-occurrence and thematic map analyses. Prior to the pandemic, research focused primarily on customer satisfaction and compliance with Shariah principles. However, the pandemic heralded an increased discourse on sustainability, fintech and the financial crisis. Research limitations/implications This review describes the prevailing academic terrain and identifies potential avenues for future research, particularly those that examine the socio-economic impact of the pandemic within the context of Islamic finance and banking. Originality/value Prominent author such as M. Kabir Hassan, leading institution such as the International Islamic University Malaysia and esteemed journal such as the International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management have been instrumental in shaping academic discussions and creating synergies in research. Moreover, Malaysia’s strong commitment to spatial research, evidenced by its robust global collaborations, underscores its pioneering role in the academic world of Islamic finance and banking.

Public-Private Partnerships and Sustainable Development Goals: A case study of IIUM

A community with aging infrastructure while struggling with maintenance due to limited allocation is becoming more common. This study discusses the initiatives by the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) campus community of overcoming these challenges through Public-Private Partnerships. Instead of relying solely on government’s budget, IIUM and a private company embarked on a journey to achieve a landmark effort to become energy efficient and make a conscious effort to a better environment. Simultaneously, IIUM gets to reduce its carbon footprint which further strengthening the attainment of its Strategic Direction of Humanizing Education and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Artificial intelligence to predict pre-clinical dental student academic performance based on pre-university results: A preliminary study.

Admission into dental school involves selecting applicants for successful completion of the course. This study aimed to predict the academic performance of Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia pre-clinical dental students based on admission results using artificial intelligence machine learning (ML) models, and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient (PCC). ML algorithms logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) models were applied. Academic performance prediction in pre-clinical years was made using three input parameters: age during admission, pre-university Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), and total matriculation semester. PCC was deployed to identify the correlation between pre-university CGPA and dental school grades. The proposed models' classification accuracy ranged from 29% to 57%, ranked from highest to lowest as follows: RF, SVM, DT, and LR. Pre-university CGPA was shown to be predictive of dental students' academic performance; however, alone they did not yield optimal outcomes. RF was the most precise algorithm for predicting grades A, B, and C, followed by LR, DT, and SVM. In forecasting failure, LR predicted three grades with the highest recall, SVM predicted two grades, and DT predicted one. RF performance was insignificant. The findings demonstrated the application of ML algorithms and PCC to predict dental students' academic performance. However, it was limited by several factors. Each algorithm has unique performance qualities, and trade-offs between different performance metrics may be necessary. No definitive model stood out as the best algorithm for predicting student academic success in this study.

NavigateMe : An In-Building Navigation Application

For some people to reach their destination and complete their daily tasks, navigation systems serve as an aid, a tool, or an assistance. Currently, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) lacks an in-building navigation system that could assist users, particularly new students, in finding their way to the location of their choice. This paper has two goals. This study first examines the current campus navigation systems and the relevant research article. Second, this work suggests a mobile navigation system that facilitates user navigation within Kuliyyah of Information and Communication Technology (KICT) facilities. Methods used to build the application were according to Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The suggested navigation application, NavigateMe, helps users navigate within buildings by providing sequential instructions and images of landmarks along the route. It stands out for being usable even in the event of sporadic internet connectivity. In conclusion, visitors and the IIUM community, particularly the new students of KICT, will benefit from an in-building navigation application like NavigateMe to effortlessly reach their destination.

Postoperative Complications of Third Molar Surgical Extraction in a Malaysian Sample

The most common impacted teeth in adults are the mandibular third molars which frequently require surgical extraction. There are many factors contributing to the occurrence of postoperative complications, one of which is surgeon’s experience. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of postoperative complications of third molar extractions by different level of surgical experience. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia. A total of 112 cases were collected from the records of surgical extraction of lower third molars performed by dental students, dental officers and specialists, collected data was transferred into special case sheets and analyzed using IBM SPSS 23. Results: From 112 cases, 64(57.1%) had presented with postoperative complications. The highest prevalence of postoperative complications was in dental students’ group 38 out of 62 patients (61.3%), followed by specialists’ group 20 out of 39 patients (51.3%) and dental officers’ group 6 out of 11 patients (51.6%). Meanwhile, the common complications observed were pain (33.9%), swelling (20.5%), trismus (12.5%), paresthesia (6.3%) and bleeding (3.0%). Conclusions: There is no statistically significant correlation between the postoperative complications and the level of surgeons’ experience.

The Impact of Symptomatic Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) on Health-Related Quality of Life (HR Qol) in A Multi-Ethnics Society in a Developing Nation

INTRODUCTION: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common condition especially among those of advance age that is often neglected. As the disease severity progresses, it increases the healthcare cost and resources required, while diminishing the quality of life of the persons. Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among CVI patients begins to decline once the symptom starts to appear, and reduces it further as the symptoms worsens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective, multi-centred, cross-sectional study on consenting symptomatic CVI patients who presented to the International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) teaching hospital in Pahang, Malaysia. The diagnosis of CVI was confirmed on duplex imaging. Clinical grading was performed using Clinical Etiologic Anatomic Pathophysiologic (CEAP) classification. Patients completed generic validated Malay language Short Form 36 (SF36) HRQoL instrument. RESULTS: One hundred and ten patients (62% male) with a mean age of 57 years, Malays (60%), Chinese (25%) and Indian (15%) were recruited. The most frequent CVD symptoms reported were pain (42%). The clinical, aetiological, anatomical, and pathophysiological (CEAP) classification placed most patients in the C2 class (34%). Apart from partaking in social functions, all other elements of mental and physical health component of SF 36 showed a marked deterioration as the disease progressed. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant decline in the HRQoL among symptomatic CVI patients presenting to IIUM hospital in a multi-ethnic developing country.

Exploring Undergraduate Students’ Mental Well-Being, Mental Health Seeking Attitude, and the Impact of Socioeconomic Status: A Cross-Sectional Study from Malaysia

Introduction: The future of our healthcare services highly depends on the current generation of health science students since they are the ones who will work in the healthcare setting. Ensuring their mental well-being is an utmost priority so that they can offer top-tier quality care and services to people in need. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of mental well-being and mental help-seeking attitude among undergraduate sciences students and the impact of socioeconomic status toward both variables. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among students (N = 364) from six sciences schools at International Islamic University Malaysia via an online survey, which contained three main parts; socioeconomic status, mental well-being assessment using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), and assessment of mental help-seeking attitude using the General Mental Help-Seeking Attitude Scale (MHSAS). Data were analysed using SPSS, version 29.0. Results: Only 7.1% of the students have positive mental well-being, while 44.8% scored positive mental help-seeking attitude. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in students’ mental well-being and any of SES components. There was a significant association between students’ year of study and mental help-seeking attitude (P = 0.029), in addition, WEMWBS and MHSAS scores showed a positive correlation (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Future studies are essential to find out the contributing factors, prevention, and intervention that can be done to help the student in need.

Takaful as an Islamic Alternative to Conventional Insurance: A Thematic and Bibliometric Review

Islamic insurance, or Takaful, offers a Sharia-compliant alternative to conventional insurance, circumventing the prohibitions on uncertainty, interest, and speculation. This study presents a bibliometric review of 228 Takaful research articles from the Scopus database, using RStudio® for visualization from 1989 - mid 2023. The analysis encompasses science mapping techniques such as co-citation analysis, bibliometric coupling, word analysis, and trending topics on alternative investments. The findings reveal Malaysia as the leading nation in Takaful research, with significant contributions from International Islamic University Malaysia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Prominent journals in this domain include the Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Journal of Islamic Marketing, and International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. This study found the article entitled; “Establishing construct validity and reliability: Pilot testing of a qualitative interview for research in takaful (Islamic insurance)” written by Dikko (2016), as the most global cited document with 61 citations. Notably, the research focus has evolved from operational, shariah principles, and risk management to awareness, family Takaful innovations, micro-Takaful and relationship commitment. This study serves as a valuable resource for researchers, offering quantitative bibliometric insights and thematic analysis, and highlighting areas for future investigation.

Islamic Finance Transformation: A Bibliometric Analysis

This research paper aims to comprehensively examine the evolution, themes, and trends within Islamic finance transformation. This study used bibliometric analysis in biblioshiny R-Studio to collect and analyze relevant scholarly sources. We perform citation network analysis, co-authorship analysis, and keyword co-occurrence analysis to identify the intellectual structure in Islamic finance transformation. We found that Malaysia is the most outstanding country in this topic, the Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research is the most outstanding journal, and International Islamic University Malaysia is the most outstanding affiliation. Our study also reveals a notable increase in publications on Islamic finance transformation over the past decade, indicating growing interest. Key themes identified include fintech, regulatory frameworks, ethics, and Islamic-conventional finance integration. We highlight influential scholars and journals shaping the field, showcasing its multidisciplinary nature. This research offers a comprehensive overview of Islamic finance transformation literature, synthesizing themes and highlighting ongoing research areas. The bibliometric analysis provides quantitative insights into influential works and scholars, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners navigating the evolving landscape of Islamic finance.

Error Analysis of English Writing in Final Year Projects in Malaysia: The Case of IIUM

This study conducted an Error Analysis (EA) on written dissertations by undergraduates from the English Language and Literature (BENL) department at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Despite the abundance of research on EA conducted with multiple samples and backgrounds, only a few studies concerning EA can be found and accessed in a Malaysian context. Thus, this paper aims to find the most common errors committed by undergraduates in Malaysia, focusing on their theses that adhered strictly to academic writing. Using Stephen Pit Corder's EA framework, a qualitative approach was employed to find the errors in the written samples. Additionally, this research synthesised the results of the Lunsford & Connors' study in 1988 with several studies on the Malaysian context that were compared and contrasted with findings from the interview session with lecturers from the BENL department to find the most common errors in writing among Malaysians. This paper's results demonstrate that the most common errors from IIUM undergraduates are word choice, punctuation, prepositions, plurality and singularity, verbs, articles, pronoun, ambiguity, adverbs, and subject-verb agreement. Similar to the synthesis, word choice remains the most highlighted classification of errors. In contrast, it is revealed that subject-verb agreement (SVA) is not the most frequent error. One possible justification for this finding is accessible online grammar checkers that revise students' writing with basic grammar rules. Therefore, this paper has contributed to Error Analysis in theses to benefit language learners, both learners and teachers and researchers interested in the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) field in Malaysia.

International Islamic University Malaysia’s (IIUM) Islamic Education Teacher Trainees’ Self-Efficacy during Teaching Practicum

International Islamic University Malaysia’s (IIUM) Islamic Education Teacher Trainees’ Self-Efficacy during Teaching Practicum

A Retrospective Review of Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Three Years of Experience at Sultan Ahmad Shah Medical Centre at International Islamic University Malaysia.

Introduction Endogenous endophthalmitis is characterized by severe intraocular inflammation caused by the invasion of microorganisms into the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It results from hematogenous spread from distant foci of infection. This, in turn, leads to potential vision loss and blindness due to reduced anatomical and functional outcomes. The latest reported prevalence of endogenous endophthalmitis accounts for at least 2-8% of cases of general endophthalmitis which is fairly significant. Purpose This study aimed to analyze the clinical profile of endogenous endophthalmitis presented in the Ophthalmology Clinic, Sultan Ahmad Shah Medical Centre atInternational Islamic University Malaysia (SASMEC@IIUM). This study includes the patients' demographics, clinical manifestations, causative organism, treatment, and final visual outcome. Methods This is a retrospective case seriesof endogenous endophthalmitispatients from January 2020 to June 2023. The data were obtained from the patients' medical records in SASMEC@IIUM. Results A total of six patients (six eyes) were diagnosed with endogenous endophthalmitis from January 2020 to June 2023. Four patients (66.6%) were female, with a mean age of 51.6 ± 17.5 years. Presenting visual acuity ranged between 6/21 to hand movement (HM). Five patients (83.3%) presented with reduced vision, while one presented with eye redness (16.6%). Ocular signs included vitritis and retinitis (five eyes, 83.3%), hypopyon (five eyes, 83.3%), injected conjunctiva (five eyes, 83.3%), and eyelid swelling (one eye, 16.6%). The most common primary infection seen was intraabdominal sepsis (three patients, 50%), septic arthritis, hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and urinary tract infection (UTI). Vitreous biopsy was only positive in two patients (33.3%) However, five out of the six patients (83.3%) had positive blood cultures (two Staphylococcus aureus,two Klebsiella pneumoniae and one Pseudomonas aeruginosa). All patients received intravitreal injections and intravenous antibiotics. Only one patient underwent subsequent trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV). Final visual acuity ranged from 6/6 to no light perception (NPL). Conclusion In this case series of six patients, we observed a variety of outcomes with similar presentations despite standardized treatment in all patients. Five out of six patients showed poorer visual outcomes and only one patient showed a final visual acuity of 6/6. Therefore, further study with a larger sample size is needed to evaluate the factors associated with the final visual outcome in endogenous endophthalmitis.

Editorial Information

CHIEF EDITOR Prof. Dr. Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF & TECHNICAL EDITOR Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fadzil Ismail IIUM, Malaysia DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. Dr. AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Asst. Prof. Dr. Norhanis Diyana Binti Nizarudin, IIUM, Malaysia EDITORS (IIUM, Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Gairuazmi Mat Ghani Prof. Dr. Farid Sufian Shuaib Prof. Dr. Shukran Abd. Rahman Prof. Dr Jamalludin Ab Rahman Prof. Dr. Noor Lide Abu Kassim Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Razak Sapian Prof Dr Abd Rahman Ahlan Prof. Dr. Zainul Ahmad Rajion Prof. Dr. Rusni Hassan Prof. Dr. Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani Azmi Prof. Hamzah Mohd. Salleh Prof Dr AbdelAziz Berghout Prof Dr Ahmad Aidil Arafat bin Dzulkarnain Assoc. Prof. Dr. Badri Najib bin Zubir Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sany Izan Ihsan Assoc. Prof Dr Jesni Shamsul Shaari Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohd Azrul Azlen Abd Hamid Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Kamil Che Hasan Asst. Prof. Dr. Juliana binti Md. Jaffri LANGUAGE EDITORS (IIUM, Malaysia) English Language Division Assoc. Prof. Datin Dr. Engku Haliza Engku Ibrahim Dr. Faridah Abdul Malik Bahasa Melayu Division Nurma bintiAbd Karim Nurul Husni binti Zawawil Anwar Quranic Language Division Dr. Zakaria Omar Dr. Nordin Ahmad ADVISORY COMMITTEE Prof. Emeritus Tan Sri Dato’ Dzulkifli Abdul Razak Prof. Emeritus Tan Sri. Dr. Mohd Kamal Bin Hassan Prof. Datuk Dr. Asma binti Ismail EDITORIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS Prof. Dr. Nasser Mohammad Amjad AIMS & SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE (IJIoK) The International Journal on Integration of Knowledge aims to promote excellence by providing avenues for academics and professionals to publish current and significant research in integrating knowledge that tests, extends, or builds theories. This multidisciplinary journal considers review and research articles related to Social Sciences and Humanities, Science and Technology, Health and Life Science, Finance and Commerce, and Language and Literature. IJIoK accepts submissions from all fields and any source for fundamental and applied investigations related to the Integration of Knowledge with peer review, ensuring high-quality articles. REFEREES’ NETWORK All papers submitted to the International Journal on Integration of Knowledge will be subjected to rigorous review through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments. SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM Journal website at https://journals.iium.edu.my/ij/index.php/iok. The journal website can also be used for further correspondence on the paper's status. Published by: IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone (+603) 6421-5014, Fax: (+603) 6421-6298 Whilst the publisher and editorial board make every effort to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement.

Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 7 No. 2 May 2024

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin. The next edition of the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm), has been published in May 2024. This edition contains ten articles: Pharmacology-Toxicology, Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical, Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, Microbiology Pharmacy, Natural Product Development, Clinical-Community Pharmacy, and Management Pharmacy. This edition includes writings from five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. The authors come from several institutions, including Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Universitas Koperasi Indonesia, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Biomatics Indonesia, Indonesian Institute of Bioinformatics, Universitas Nasional, University of Ilorin, Summit University, Ambrose Alli University, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Premium Medical Services, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Clarke International University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, International Islamic University Malaysia, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Universitas Indonesia, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Menur National Mental Hospital, and East Java Provincial Health Service. Editorial boards are fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition, hence with all humility willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback for improvements to the publication for the next editions. The editorial board would like to thank all editors and reviewers, and contributors of the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire in this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors, could re-participate for publication in the next edition on August 2024. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.