International Intergovernmental Organizations Research Articles

International cooperation and its role in ensuring everyone’s right to health care and medical assistance

The article states that the right to health care and medical care is a guarantee of the right to life. To the state in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine is entrusted with the duty to affirm and ensure human rights and freedoms, including the right of everyone to health care and medical assistance. Such a duty of the state is defined as the main one among its other duties. For its implementation, Ukraine must create an effective mechanism for ensuring the above-mentioned right. The Covid-19 pandemic, Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and, as a result, Russia’s temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine, the commission of crimes in such territories that fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and testify to violations of human rights in the field of health care, have actualized the issue of the specifics of international cooperation of states in the field of health care under conditions of military occupation, pandemics, etc. and its role in ensuring the above-mentioned right of every person. The doctrinal approaches to defining the concepts of «cooperation», «international cooperation», and international treaties on human rights are analyzed. It has been established that diametrically opposite points of view are expressed in the scientific literature: from the declaration of cooperation as a duty of states to the complete denial of the legal force of this principle. The author’s definition of the concept of international cooperation in the field of health care is formulated - it is a complex of legal means, methods and institutions that are the result of joint multilateral or bilateral activities of states and which they use to achieve common goals of sustainable development in the field of health care in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law. Attention is focused on the fact that the result of international cooperation are international standards of human rights in the field of health care, which are adopted by international organizations of a universal and regional nature, and which are implemented in national legislation, but such standards are the result of the cooperation of states, albeit within the framework international intergovernmental organizations, since these organizations are not endowed with special competence by nature, but are endowed by states by defining it in the charter of such organizations.

SEEIIST – a new research facility for tumor treatment and biomedical investigations with proton and ion beams

Abstract Purpose A project for the establishment of an international intergovernmental scientific organization in the region of South East Europe (South East European Institute for Sustainable Technologies - SEEIIST) is currently in progress. SEEIIST is an intergovernmental effort supported by nine countries from the region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo (This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia, while Switzerland is an observer). The main goals of the project are to establish a unique research infrastructure and to form a research nucleus in the region of South-East Europe, to boost the technology transfer from European laboratories like CERN and others, to promote collaboration between science, technology, and industry, to mitigate tensions between countries in the region, and to provide platforms for the development of education. Methods The research infrastructure will include a powerful next-generation accelerator that will provide proton and ion beams for tumor treatment and biomedical research. The center will comprise of three rooms for patient treatment and two large experimental halls. Results A wide pre-clinical and clinical research program in the fields of radiobiology, medical physics, medical imaging, biophysical modeling and planning of patient treatment, design and investigation of new materials, production of isotopes for diagnosis, and treatment of patients are envisaged. Conclusions This infrastructure is unique for Europe and will attract researchers from all European countries to perform their investigations.

International Legal Framework for the Protection of Cultural Objects

Introduction. For thousands of years, historical and cultural monuments have been damaged or destroyed as a result of armed conflicts and acts of vandalism. Given the role that these sites play in the development of humanity, international humanitarian law (IHL) establishes the basis for the international legal protection of religious, cultural and scientific sites. At the beginning of the 20th century. the situation was complicated not only by the absence of a universal international treaty that would be devoted exclusively to the international legal protection of these objects, but also by an international intergovernmental organization that would develop appropriate norms and standards. These problems led to the creation in 1945 of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Thanks to the activities of this specialized UN agency, as well as the activities of a number of non-governmental international organizations, it was possible to form an international legal regime for the protection of cultural property both in peacetime and during armed conflicts.As a result of changes in the strategy of conducting armed conflicts, as well as improving the methods and means of conducting them in the 21st century, cultural objects are in great danger. In this regard, the analysis of current international legal norms and principles for the protection of cultural property in the context of international humanitarian law is of particular relevance.Materials and methods. As for the materials, we were talking about legal acts, Russian and cultural information based on the cultural traditions of international law. methodological basis based on scientific methods of lysis and synthesis, comparative legal method, scientific method of delivery.Research results. The evolution of the system of international legal protection of cultural property and world cultural heritage allows us to draw a conclusion about the comprehensive level of such protection, applied both in peacetime and in armed conflicts. The international legal responsibilities of states in this area are associated, first of all, with assessing the significance of cultural objects and giving them the appropriate legal status through national legislation or inclusion in the registers of international organizations.Discussion and conclusion. At the same time, the activities of states and international organizations related to the special designation of cultural objects in armed conflicts, the training of civilian and military personnel, and taking into account the specifics of the placement and maintenance of such objects are of particular importance. The general body of knowledge and skills for the protection and protection of cultural objects is formed by UNESCO as a specialized agency of the United Nations, which strives to preserve the universal heritage as the highest achievements of art and science.

War in Ukraine and the role of international non-governmental organizations in ensuring international cooperation of states in the field of health care

The purpose of this scientific article is to identify the role of international non-governmental organizations in ensuring international cooperation of states in the field of health care.
 The article focuses on the role of such international non-governmental organizations during the war in Ukraine: the Red Cross Committee, the World Medical Association, the International Pharmaceutical Federation, etc.
 International cooperation of states in the field of health care is a complex of legal means and institutions that the subjects of international public law - states - use to achieve common goals in the field of health care, which is implemented in the forms of multilateral and bilateral participation and is carried out accordingly to generally recognized principles and norms of international law. It can be carried out with the participation of both states and international intergovernmental organizations, but not international public organizations.
 The subject of international legal relations in the field of health care can only be that international organization that is endowed by its member states with special competence, defined in its charter. The term “international intergovernmental organization” is not synonymous with the term “international public organization”.
 The participation of non-governmental legal entities in activities in the field of health care does not contradict the norms of international law, however, they are not subjects of international legal relations in the field of health care, because they are not endowed by the states with special competence, which would be determined in their statute.

Basic Conditions for Application of Necessity as a Circumstance that Precludes Bringing to International Legal Responsibility

The article examines a situation of necessity as a circumstance that precludes bringing to international legal responsibility. The relevance of the article is due, on the one hand, to the growing crises in modern international relations, and on the other hand, the lack of comprehensive studies of necessity in the Ukrainian science of international law. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the international legal grounds for states and international intergovernmental organizations to apply to the state of necessity, as circumstance that precludes bringing to international legal responsibility. The article uses general philosophical, general scientific, special scientific and legal methods of research, in particular: dialectical, formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, comparative-legal, and logical-legal. The article analyzes Art. 25 of the draft articles on the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts prepared by the UN International Law Commission and submitted to the UN General Assembly in 2001 (UNGA resolution 56/83 (A/RES/56/83) of December 12, 2001). The relevant practice of a number of international courts and arbitrations was analyzed, in particular: the International Court of Justice, the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The main conditions for the lawful use of necessity are identified, and a forecast of the areas of its further application is given.

ASEAN competence in the field of human rights

The article is devoted to consideration of the competence of ASEAN in the field of human rights. Human rights are universal values agreed by the countries of the world. The main pillars of the international system of promotion and protection of human rights are regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights. The most prominent subregional organization in the Asia-Pacific region in terms of recent human rights developments is ASEAN. ASEAN is an international intergovernmental subregional organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. The ASEAN Charter enshrined human rights as a fundamental principle of ASEAN and created a mechanism to promote and protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of ASEAN citizens. Respect for fundamental freedoms, the promotion and protection of human rights, and the promotion of social justice are among the general principles binding on member states. To ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Charter in the aspect of human rights protection, the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights was established, which later adopted the ASEAN Declaration of Human Rights. But despite quite significant progress in the aspect of legal support of ASEAN's competence in the field of human rights, practical problems still exist today. In particular, one of the problematic issues that still exists within the Association is the provision of human rights in the region. After all, guided by the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states, ASEAN does not pay attention to events related to the violation of human rights in the territories of its member states. In addition, ASEAN does not have judicial bodies to consider cases of human rights violations by member countries, as European countries do. The ASEAN Commission itself does not have the authority to make binding decisions, consider cases or conduct investigative visits. The absence of such functions and the absence of mandatory requirements regarding the independence and experience of AICHR members lead to debate. At the same time, the provision concerning the scope of powers to make decisions only by consensus is subject to the most criticism. After all, every state can reject any criticism of its human rights by way of veto.

Fundraising as a Means of Raising Financial Resources for Project Activities

The main goal of fundraising is to attract funds for the implementation of a project or idea that can help solve a certain problem or satisfy a certain need. In addition, fundraising can be an effective tool for popularizing the project and attracting attention to its goals. Purpose: The main aim of the article is to study the theoretical and applied aspects of fundraising and its main instruments. Design / Methodology / Approach: Theoretical methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalisation were used for the theoretical and practical study of fundraising and its tools, retrospective analysis of fundraising capitals, and development of recommendations. Empirical methods of surveys and observations were used to study the current situation with fundraising in the centres, analyse activities and needs, and interpret the results. Findings: The research delved into the correlation between an organization’s strategic objectives and the imperative need to procure resources. It examined the foundational theories underpinning fundraising tools while assessing their efficacy. Subsequently, a fundamental fundraising strategy was devised to gather funds for project undertakings. The study revealed that to ensure sustainable development, initiative groups need to be provided with the necessary tools and information resources. This facilitates a transition from disorganized management practices toward establishing a framework for long-term planning. This necessitates maintaining a steady financial income and possessing diversified tools for their acquisition. Originality / Value: The effective execution of a fundraising strategy will pave the way for emerging centres to embark on sustainable development trajectories, enabling a concentrated effort towards accomplishing strategic objectives and missions. This successful implementation will provide consistent backing for youth initiatives, fostering their continued advancement and further growth. Moreover, it will empower other small-scale centres to embrace and tailor this experience to suit their unique needs and projects. Practical Meaning: Successful implementation of a fundraising strategy will help new branches embark on a path of sustainable development and allow them to focus on achieving their strategic goals and mission; ensure stable support for youth initiatives, their further development and additional growth of the branch, and enable other small branches to adopt this experience and adapt it to their needs and projects. Further Research: Developing cooperation with Ukrainian and international intergovernmental organisations and foundations will help achieve strategic goals and ensure additional growth in fundraising activities.

Strengths and Constraints of International NGO Involvement in Social Assistance

In recent years, as a result of frequent political unrest and catastrophic events caused by natural disasters, there has been a growing international demand for objects capable of participating in social relief. In addition to most sovereign states and intergovernmental international organizations, international non-governmental organizations are also active in social relief, and they have made outstanding contributions to the defense of human rights, refugee relief, the prevention of infectious diseases, and other related relief work. Therefore, this paper analyzes the advantages and limitations of the participation of international non-governmental organizations in social relief by means of literature review and theoretical analysis. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can provide targeted help to countries in trouble in different aspects. However, due to their own problems, including becoming a political tool for some countries, and a lack of funds, they have also caused some negative impacts on the relief activities of international NGOs. NGOs need to recognize these concerns and find a balanced solution.

International legal regulation of the circulation of dual-use biotechnologies

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the vulnerability of each country, regardless of the economic well-being and health system development, highlighting the need for further rethinking of the global security and human security concepts. The need to sustain the spread of infectious diseases, as well as the treatment of life-threatening diseases, determine the relevance of scientific research on all key aspects related to the development of technologies, both by states and non-state actors. In view of the efforts made over the past decades, significant advances have been made in the field of biotechnology, which allows to detect the vulnerability of viruses, as well as to influence the genes responsible for the development of diseases. Such trends not only contribute to ensuring the human right to health and the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress, but also bring humanity closer to executing Sustainable Development Goals. The reverse side of the scientific research increase is the expansion of the availability of scientific data, as well as the simplification of the reproduction of various technological solutions, which leads to the risk of their use for military and terrorist purposes. The development of technologies, the use of which can not only counteract life-threatening diseases, but also create new threats to human security, has influenced the formation of the term “dual-use technologies” in the scientific literature and documents of international organizations. The article presents a systematic analysis of biotechnologies impact on the formation of “human security” concept, as well as the definition of “biological security” concept. The authors consistently consider international treaties, as well as documents of international intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations in the field of regulating the circulation of technologies that pose a threat to state security. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the features of control over the spread of biological agents in the context of the activities of the European Union, as well as ensuring the implementation of the national security strategy of the Russian Federation.

The role of parliamentarians in international intergovernmental organizations

The role of parliamentarians in international intergovernmental organizations

Legislative basis for assurance of measurement uniformity

An overview of the legal framework of metrology at the international level, in particular, the activities of the intergovernmental International Organization of Legal Metrology, is given. The establishment of the International Organization of Legal Metrology has had an impact on the consolidation of the regulatory framework for metrology at the regional level, especially in the European Union. The reliability, comparability and traceability of measurement results are ensured by international regulatory documents developed by countries in the field of activity of seven international organizations. For international recognition of measurement and test results of any country. There is a need for a system of normative instruments that ensure international law. Strategically, it is necessary to create a legal framework so that it is possible to move from regional politics to global politics. The role of legal metrology at the regional level and the formation of the legislative framework of fundamental metrology in the world are described. The article presents a database of basic documents for solving scientific problems of ensuring the uniformity of measurements at the international level and the main milestones in the history of the formation of the legal framework of the measurement system in Russia for two centuries. The creation of the metrological service of the USSR, and then the state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements determined new approaches to improving legislation in the field of metrology. Harmonization of the language of measurements and approaches to solving the problems of metrology will ensure the uniformity of measurements not only in individual countries and regions, but also on a global scale.

О потреблении рыбной продукции населением России

The article analyzes the history of fishing, production of food fish products and its per capita consumption by the population of Russia, as well as their significance for the implementation of the Doctrine of Food Security. The domestic method of calculating the consumption of fish products by the population is considered, compared with the methods of other countries and international intergovernmental organizations. The data on the average per capita consumption of fish and fish products in Russia and in a number of countries with developed fisheries and market economy are presented. Measures aimed at increasing the consumption of fish products by the population of Russia are proposed.

II International Scientific School-Conference “Atom. Science. Technology”

June 6-9, 2023, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan School Organizers • Council of young scientists of RSE on REM "Institute of Nuclear Physics" of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan • Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan • International intergovernmental organization Joint Institute for Nuclear Research “Atom. Science. Technology.” is a scientific conference with the participation of leading Kazakhstani and foreign scientists on its subject, within which leading scientists conduct a scientific school for young scientists and specialists in order to familiarize them with the latest results of scientific research on the subject of the conference, discuss the progress and results of research by young scientists . The conference provides for the presentation in the form of reports of the results of research works of young scientists, students, undergraduates and doctoral students, contains plenary review and specialized reports of leading scientists in the field of theory, practice and innovation management on the subject of the conference, is multi-sectional for a wider coverage of participants. The conference is dedicated to the Day of Science in Kazakhstan.Like ANT-2021, ANT-2023 is held online. In 2024, our conference will be held in a hybrid format, that is, it will be possible to participate both online and come in person. This will provide an opportunity for participants to get to know each other better, establish contacts, etc. At the same time, from 2024 the conference will be held only in English.List of Organising Committee, School topics, Registration of participants, Rules of speech, s, Important dates, Contact addresses of the secretariat of the School are available in this pdf.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL LEGAL APPROACHES TO THE STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

In the article, some actual problems of the status of international non-governmental organizations in the theoretical and practical direction are extensively analyzed based on the existing diversity of opinions in the legal literature and international practice. The activity of international non-governmental organizations is already felt in various spheres of international relations, as well as having an important influence. Their activity is accepted not only by the international community, but also by individual states, and at the same time, it also leads to the quick resolution of relevant problems. Furthermore, the creation and operation of international non-governmental organizations are more convenient and easier than international intergovernmental organizations. One of the main features of international non-governmental organizations is characterized by their solving important problems of the international society and international law as a whole, and the activity in this direction is expanding even more. In addition, the role of international non-governmental organizations in the management of international society is strengthened, in other words, they act as the main mechanism of international cooperation and control. The article consists of several interrelated parts. In the introductory part of the article, the main research directions are defined. Then, the relevance, scientific novelty, and purpose of the research are justified by the main characteristics and new approaches of international non-governmental organizations. Then, a basic analysis of the problem is carried out. Finally, the article concludes with a presentation of scientific innovations and important conclusions. Scientific coherence and connections have been established between all parts of the article. What was mentioned was directly reflected in the scientific results. The scientific innovations and results obtained in the article can be defined in the main directions as follows: the need to adopt universal and regional international agreements related to various aspects of the activities of international non-governmental organizations; strengthening of international legal subjectivity of international non-governmental organizations in the system of modern international relations; further activation of the activities of international non-governmental organizations in the process of international law creation; formation of the role of international non-governmental organizations in the law enforcement process; strengthening of cooperation relations between states and international non-governmental organizations; the need to establish close relations of international non-governmental organizations with universal and regional international organizations; strengthening the role of international non-governmental organizations in the international control system; existence of international obligations of international non-governmental organizations; the need to adopt a universal international document in the field of international non-governmental organizations and the approximation of national legislative acts of states.

Translators who own it: A case study on how doxa and psychological ownership impact translators’ engagement and job satisfaction

This paper explores the job satisfaction of translators working for an international intergovernmental organization. The extant literature on translators’ job satisfaction has explored a number of constructs. Based on developments in the field of organizational theory and the complexity of translation as a job, it is argued that psychological ownership may prove an adequate framework to explain translators’ job satisfaction and instrumental in establishing a dialogue between the various analyses of different workplaces in the field of translation and interpreting studies. The study focuses on a specific multilingual intergovernmental organization and draws on the interviews of 17 Spanish-native translators of different nationalities. Their feelings of ownership are analyzed and variations in how they relate to constructs of psychological ownership —feelings of control, intimacy of knowledge, and self-investment— become apparent. Exploring patterns shows those variations to be related to translators’ differing translation doxas, that is, their divergent, competing, and sometimes conflicting understanding of what translation is and should be. Furthermore, relationships between psychological ownership, translation doxa, and translators’ efforts to advance their own doxas in the organization are examined with a view towards creating means to engage professional translators in advancing a doxa shaped by and for translators across workplaces.

САМОВРЯДНА ПАРАДИГМА У ФОРМУВАННІ ТА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННІ ДЕМОКРАТИЧНОЇ ПРАВОВОЇ ДЕРЖАВНОСТІ: ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЗМІСТУ, РОЛІ ТА ЗНАЧЕННЯ

The article is devoted to the scientific and theoretical substantiation of the problem of determining the content, role and significance of the self-governing paradigm in the formation and functioning of a democratic legal statehood. In domestic jurisprudence, this topic is practically not studied. The authors connect the appearance of this problem with the factors of formation, development and improvement of the phenomenology of democratic legal statehood, when it is in these conditions that permanent para-democratic, meta-democratic processes of a tactical and strategic nature arise and intensify, as well as purely democratic tendencies are formed, determined by these processes, which permanently stimulate as a phenomenology of statehood, emphasizing its potential promising opportunities, as well as new forms of communicative interaction and rather productive cooperation of actors. At the same time, it is noted that the above processes are stimulated not only at the level of intrastate relations: a) the state, b) its public authorities, including local selfgovernment bodies, c) citizens who are simultaneously residents of certain territories of the state, i.e. residents-members relevant territorial communities; d) other natural persons with different legal status (foreigners, stateless persons, refugees, etc.), who are legally on the territory of a specific state and permanently residing within its borders, are also residents and members of the relevant communities, who are in subordinate, coordination and reorientational subordination among themselves within the limits of national constitutional and administrative law in the understanding of communication of subjects of public authority. They are quite clearly and sensibly manifested at the level of actors of international legal relations: a) sovereign states; b) international intergovernmental and intergovernmental organizations, which enter on the basis of the sovereignty and equality of their patrimonial and other states in a complex and multifactorial inter-subject interaction within intergovernmental structures on the basis of the fundamental principles and norms of general international law. It is noted that the self-governing paradigm is based on the managerial humanisticself-governing paradigm "human rights - municipal human rights - municipal person", which, firstly, acts as its content, and, secondly, acts as a strategic and basic direction in the formation and the functioning of a democratic legal state, because it is within the limits of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that a person: a) carries out his life cycle; b) realizes all his life aspirations, needs and interests, which are transformed into human rights; c) the constitutional and legal status of a person and a citizen is realized in the sphere of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It is noted that the paradigm "human rights - municipal human rights - municipal person" has a clear and understandable management character, has a number of identifying features: A) subject-object composition, B) structural organization, C) national and international regulatory legal support and provision, which, in turn, endows it with: a) a theoretical basis; b) doctrinal justification; c) praxeological realization; d) value-methodological orientation; d') existential essence and objective-existential potential; e) regulatory definition; e) ascertaining the existence of managerial impulses; g) objectification of management actions; g) connotational content; h) communicative coordinate system; i) strategic narrative content.

Analysis of Environmental Factors in the Development of the Regions of Kazakhstan

This paper examines theoretical, methodological and analytical studies to improve the environmental monitoring of air pollution and water resources, as well as to facilitate the collection of data for the determination of assessment indicators for future research work and reports on the environment. A literature review has shown the importance of understanding the impact of environmental issues such as air and water pollution on various aspects of human life and regional development. In the paper, it was decided to use methodological generalization and system analysis. The theoretical significance of this study is to generalize and expand classical and modern theories of sustainable development of regions, theoretical developments of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of environmental monitoring, and increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of regions in the context of globalization and Industry 4.0. Additionally, statistical data on strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2005-2020 were used. Based on these results, it can be recommended that the neediness implement the priority of improving the welfare of society in regions with minimal environmental impact. To maintain the overall balance, prevent the depletion of natural resources, and reduce the generation of hazardous waste, it is essential to rationalize the production and consumption of energy. The study results can be used by international intergovernmental organizations, local, regional and republican government bodies, universities and colleges. The relevance of this study is due to the need to conduct high-quality theoretical, methodological and analytical studies to improve the environmental monitoring of air pollution and water resources, as well as to facilitate the collection of data for the determination of assessment indicators for future research work and reports on the environment. The scientific novelty of this research work is expressed in the fact that in Kazakhstan in the past systematic methods were not applied enough in research in the field of human impact on the environment. These methods will determine the environmental factors that have such an impact, as well as the degree of such an impact.

International legal nature of multilateral development banks

The article examines the theoretical foundations of the international legal nature of multilateral development banks. The methodological basis of the study was a complex systematic analysis of legal phenomena, as well as private scientific methods of knowledge: formal-legal, historicallegal, and comparative-legal. It indicated that multilateral development banks are international organizations that meet all the characteristics of subjects of international law – they have their own will, competence, and responsibility. Multilateral development banks are international organizations of a special type that combine public and private foundations in terms of competence. It noted that multilateral development banks create conditions for cooperation between states in matters of financing the economy. Development banks created as international organizations based on multilateral agreements for joint management of international settlements in the field of financial cooperation. Multilateral development banks as subjects of international law are capable of responding quickly to changes in the world economy. The purpose, tasks, functional features of multilateral development banks constantly being transformed, which corresponds to modern trends in the development of international legal and economic relations. It indicated that multilateral development banks, as international intergovernmental organizations, have their own legal personality and do not fall under the jurisdiction of the national states on whose territory the headquarters are located. Development banks have international immunities and privileges that are functional in nature. A feature of the legal status of multilateral development banks, as subjects of international public law, is the combination of public and private functions due to the private law and public-law nature of their activities. This manifested in the fact that the financial operations of international multilateral development banks are similar to market financial operations, but credit agreements are international contracts concluded with states. A special aspect of the legal activity of development banks is the influence on social and economic reforms in member states by financing development programs.

Modern Legal Forms of State Participation in the Activities of International Organizations

International intergovernmental organizations, as subjects of international law, play an important role in modern international relations. States have a key place in their activities. Currently, there are various legal forms of participation of states in the work of international organizations. Each form has its own characteristics, which are expressed primarily in the availability and scope of rights and obligations, as well as the level and conditions of interaction between States and international organizations. At the same time, the issues of the state’s participation or non-participation in the activities of an international organization, in choosing the form of such participation, are exclusively within its jurisdiction, which is one of the elements of state sovereignty. It is obvious that states have a variety of reasons for choosing the form of interaction with an international organization, while, as a rule, they are based on their own interests. The paper provides a comparative legal analysis of modern forms of state participation in the activities of international organizations, provides their practical examples, and notes the differences, advantages and disadvantages. Special attention is given to the institution of membership, which has a special status among the existing forms of participation of states in international organizations. The peculiarities of the legal status of a member of an international organization, its varieties, methods and grounds for the acquisition, suspension and loss of membership are revealed. The legal aspects of the interaction of states with international organizations as candidates for membership, partners, observers, specially invited countries are considered. The analysis suggests that the existence of different forms of participation of states in international organizations is an absolute achievement of modern international law, allowing the state to adopt the most appropriate ways of cooperation with international organizations.

Legal status of the intergovernmental organization of the Danube Commission in the conditions of technical progress of shipping

The article presents the legal status of the international intergovernmental organization of the Danube Commission. The Convention on the Regime of Navigation on the Danube in 1948 defined the institutional and legal structure of the DC, which is an integral feature of any international intergovernmental organization and is determined by its purpose, functions and tasks, which were set by the member states in the founding act of this organization. In its work, the DK relies on the rich historical experience of regulating shipping on international rivers in Europe. The priority areas of its activity are the unification of regulatory acts for navigation on the Danube, promotion of improvement of navigation conditions and improvement of shipping safety, creation of other conditions for the integration of the Danube into the European system as the main transport route. Ukraine is a full member of the international intergovernmental organization DC. The basis is the acquisition of membership in the international intergovernmental organization of the Danube Commission of Ukraine in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR dated February 18, 1949 "On the ratification of the Convention on the Danube Navigation Regime dated August 18, 1948. There are problems related to shipping and ecology, so it is necessary to clearly define the levels of certain regions and sections of the Danube River, namely the improvement of navigation conditions and improvement of navigation safety. Also, certain ecological restorative measures should be proposed in order to prevent the loss of ecological status. With the help of joint projects, opportunities for improving environmental and shipping conditions should be identified. The Danube Commission is designed to determine the prospects for more active development of trade and transportation on the Danube and the technical progress of shipping, the creation of other conditions for the integration of the Danube into the European system as the main transport route. Shipping is regulated by various international legal and national instruments, in particular, guaranteeing the safety of shipping. The updated version of the "Plan of the main works aimed at achieving the recommended dimensions of the navigation, hydraulic and other structures on the Danube River" and the issue of assisting the national administrations of waterways in carrying out annual hydraulic works were considered.