International Institute For Environment And Development Research Articles

It’s Just Conservation: To What Extent Are Marine Protected Areas in the Irish Sea Equitably Governed and Managed?

It is not enough to simply designate a protected area. According to the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Target 11, these sites should be governed and managed effectively and equitably. Equitable (i.e., fair and inclusive) conservation is vital to ensuring effective protection of natural resources while maintaining human well-being. Yet, equity tends to be overlooked in protected area assessments. Three marine protected areas (MPAs) in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland were selected to assess equitable governance and management in the Irish Sea. This is one of the first studies to assess equity across multiple stakeholder groups in MPAs. The Site-level Assessment for Governance and Equity (SAGE) toolkit, developed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) to address the gap in equity assessments, was used to evaluate equitable governance and management in these MPAs. Based on the three dimensions of equity (recognition, distribution, and procedure), SAGE contains Likert-scale questions to assess good governance by evaluating how different stakeholder groups perceive their protected area’s management and how included they feel in decision-making. Quantitative data from SAGE is complemented by qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with stakeholders to understand the impact MPA management has on local communities and MPA users. The results of this study reveal a lack of communication between MPA authorities and local stakeholders. They highlight the need for co-management in the form of inclusive partnerships as an alternative to the current top-down governance approach favoed in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Understanding shelter from a gender perspective: the case of Hawassa, Ethiopia

The city of Hawassa is growing fast, driven by construction of a flagship industrial park that is expected to attract up to 60,000 workers by 2021, mostly young women, arriving without families or dependents, and living off very low wages. Along with these young women, female-headed households; divorced, separated and widowed women; elderly women; and women with disabilities all face severe/acute shelter vulnerabilities. These groups are most likely to struggle to access both formal and informal shelter, related to their below-average income levels but also to other forms of bias and discrimination. This paper draws out key findings on gender and housing from a collaborative study investigating shelter provision in Hawassa, part of a wider research study on inclusive cities in East Africa led by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). It aims to highlight specific constraints faced by women in accessing shelter, and around such issues as informality, safety and security, and infrastructure provision.

Inclusive shelter provision in Mogadishu

This article is based on a research project led by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) on shelter in East Africa. It explores Mogadishu’s history, political settlements and variations in housing to inform more inclusive, affordable shelter interventions. MAIN FINDINGS: • Connection between urban poverty and internal displacement. Mogadishu’s informal settlements are inhabited by people displaced from other regions and poor urban residents. As the urban poor live in areas with high tenure insecurity and can be evicted without notice, there are migration flows both into the city and within Mogadishu itself. • Role of informal networks and relations. As access to land and shelter is governed by a complex system of formal and informal rules, having contacts with powerful actors in the informal settlements is key to finding shelter. • Vulnerabilities of women, people with disabilities, and young single men. In Somalia’s patriarchal society, the male-headed family is the fundamental social unit; people who fall outside this category are heavily disadvantaged when accessing housing.

Productivity and coastal fisheries biomass yields of the northeast coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem

Myanmar (Burma) is the second largest territory in Southeast Asia with a 2200 km coastline and continental shelf of 230,000 km2. The Myanmar exclusive economic zone (EEZ) occupies 80% of the northeast coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BoBLME); a 300 km stretch of the Bangladesh coastline completes the area. Four decades ago a combination of extensive mangrove forests, large continental shelf and fertile deposits from the rivers systems discharging into the Bay from two mega deltas (Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna and the Ayeyarwady) generated high productivity and valuable coastal fisheries. In terms of productivity, the end of the dry season (April) is the most productive, with 2590 ± 1560 mg C m⁻2 day⁻¹ and high concentrations of chlorophyll a (3.14 ± 2.64 µg L⁻¹). In 2016, the Department of Fisheries (DoF Myanmar) reported marine fishery landings in Myanmar's waters of 2.9 million metric tons (mt), which would have accounted for 47% of the total BoBLME fish catch and 3% of global fisheries coming from 10% of the BoBLME maritime area of 6.2 million km2. Sequential fisheries assessments by Fridtjof Nansen Fisheries Research vessels over four decades have shown that in 2015 a combination of factors has led to reduced yields of valuable fish species by 80% while low value, fast-recruiting fish species have increased. A 2011 Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), delivered by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) co-funded FAO implemented BoBLME eight-country project, describes the causes for this dramatic reduction in biomass yields. A Strategic Action Programme (SAP) designed to mitigate the problems was endorsed in 2016 and will be implemented in 2019. The area's coastal fishing fleets are 95% artisanal. There is a combined total of 442 species of fish, prawn, shrimp and lobster in the area. The transboundary hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery is the most economically important in both Bangladesh and Myanmar. WorldFish and the DoF (Bangladesh and Myanmar) are currently operating hilsa conservation projects in both countries with the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and USAID funded Enhanced Coastal Fisheries in Bangladesh (ECOFISH) projects. A 2018 FAO-WorldFish fisher folk vulnerability and social protection study has demonstrated the precarious nature of coastal fishers.

Editorial: Documenting by the undocumented

Environment & Urbanization Copyright © 2012 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Vol 24(1): 1–10. DOI: 10.1177/0956247812438364 www.sagepublications.com Sheela Patel and Carrie Baptist were invited to write the editorial for this issue of Environment and Urbanization, which is on “Mapping, enumerating and surveying informal settlements and cities”. The theme was suggested by Sheela Patel, who is on the Journal’s Advisory Board and who has worked for more than two decades with lowincome communities in India in developing communityled documentation. Sheela Patel and Carrie Baptist also encouraged many individuals and organizations they know and who work on this topic to submit papers, and we the Editors are very grateful to them for their help in developing this issue of the Journal as well as for writing the editorial. The “Adapting cities to climate change” and “Feedback” sections in the editorial were written by the Editor. To be counted in city surveys and to have documents to prove that you have been counted and have an address implies that you (and often your neighbourhood) are considered part of the legal city. To have no official document to prove your identity or your address often means being denied access to public services and entitlements in urban areas – for instance, connections to piped water supplies and sewers, household waste collection, and even schools, health care services and the rule of law. It often means having no possibility of opening a bank account, of obtaining insurance or of getting on the voter’s register.(1) A legal address can provide some protection against your house being bulldozed or, should it be, of getting some compensation as opposed to none. Perhaps as many as one billion people live in informal settlements in urban areas where most lack identity documents and official documents confirming their right to live there. There is also a lack of data about informal settlements – their scale, boundaries, populations, buildings, enterprises – and the needs of their inhabitants. This also implies their exclusion from government policies and public investments. All informal settlements exhibit some aspects of illegality, but they cannot be considered marginal or exceptional when they house between one-third and twothirds of the population of so many cities. This also means that they provide a very large proportion of these cities’ workforce. They represent important and persistent forms of urbanism that have multiple and complex links with the rest of the city. Many also have long histories. A lack of documentation about these informal settlements contributes to a lack of understanding about their importance to city economies. It serves as an excuse for public sector agencies not to provide infrastructure and services. It also means that there is no evidence to counter the inaccurate claims by politicians or civil servants that those living in informal settlements are law breakers or unemployed migrants who should go back to rural areas. This issue of Environment and Urbanization has 11 papers on the mapping and documentation of informal settlements. All but one relates to the engagement of the residents of these settlements and their own organizations in this mapping and documentation, and most include one or more authors who were engaged in the process the papers describe. This focus on communityled documentation might seem unusual. Why should the inhabitants of informal settlements, who almost always have difficult relations with local governments, document themselves? For what purpose? Since all informal settlements show some aspects of illegality, might not this documentation be used against them? And surely such documentation is the responsibility of government bodies? Shouldn’t household surveys be designed and implemented by professionals in order to be accurate, objective and implemented across the whole city? There have been some papers on community-driven mapping and documentation in previous issues

Shadow Cities; a Billion Squatters, a New Urban World - By Robert Neuwirth

International Journal of Urban and Regional ResearchVolume 32, Issue 1 p. 233-235 Shadow Cities; a Billion Squatters, a New Urban World – By Robert Neuwirth David Satterthwaite, David Satterthwaite International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), LondonSearch for more papers by this author David Satterthwaite, David Satterthwaite International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), LondonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00775_6.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume32, Issue1March 2008Pages 233-235 RelatedInformation

Editorial

The lives and livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people will be affected by what is done (or not done) in cities with regard to climate change over the next 5–10 years. As the paper by Patricia Romero Lankao points out, cities are key players both in the generation of greenhouse gases and in strategies to reduce this generation, especially in reducing our dependence on carbon-based fuels. Cities also concentrate a large proportion of those most at risk from the effects of climate change. While the need for city governments and civil society groups to act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is well established – and with many city governments in Europe and North America already acting on this – the need to act to reduce vulnerability to climate change is not. In addition, most of the cities (and nations) that face the highest risks from the negative effects of climate change are those with almost negligible contributions to atmospheric greenhouse gases. Take, for instance, Cotonou, the economic capital of Benin, with around one million inhabitants, whose vulnerability to climate change is described in the paper by Krystel Dossou and Bernadette Glehouenou-Dossou. In 2004, average emissions of carbon dioxide per person in Benin were around one-fi ftieth that in highincome nations – or one-eightieth that in the USA.(1) Like many cities on the coast of West Africa, large parts of Cotonou’s economy and residential neighbourhoods are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges. Some roads, beaches and buildings have already been destroyed by the regression of the coastline in the last 10 years. Many other cities in Africa are also at risk from sea-level rise and storm surges. Half of the continent’s 37 “million cities” are either within or have parts that are within the low elevation coastal zone. Banjul, Lagos and Alexandria are among the cities most at risk, although many others are also likely to face much increased risks from storms and fl ooding – but because of the lack of local analysis, the scale of these risks has yet to be documented.(2) Many Asian cities are also particularly at risk. Asia has many of the world’s largest cities/ metropolitan areas that are in the fl oodplains of major rivers (e.g. the Ganges–Brahmaputra, the Mekong and the Yangtze) and cycloneprone coastal areas (the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea, Japan and the Philippines).The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has emphasized how river deltas are among the world’s most valuable, heavily populated Saleemul Huq, Hannah Reid and David Satterthwaite are at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED); Saleemul Huq and Hannah Reid with the Climate Change Group, David Satterthwaite with the Human Settlements Group. Sari Kovats is with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Saleemul Huq, Sari Kovats and David Satterthwaite also contribute to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Working Group II.

The International Institute for Environment and Development: Notes on a small office

Organisations thrive on personality andlead ership. Academic analysis sometimes does not give sufficient attention to the role of individual people in policy making. Yet, the headof a non governmental organisation can be just as influential as the chief executive of a major corporation, or a minister, in establishing a ‘personality style’ for the institution. In this column, Simon Batterbury, shows that the International Institute for Environment andDevelopment (IIED) has been blessedby distinguishedandhigh profile founders and campaigners from its inception. This is why it is so influential andtransformational. In the modern day politics of partnership, forum, think tanks and focus groups, the role of the individual personality can become less distinct. This delightful historical assessment of IIED’s achievements since 1972 speaks volumes for the well networkedorganisations of unforgettable people. Long may they continue to remain distinctive! Finally, this is the very last editorial we shall write in this series. It began in 1994, so we have coveredmuch in our institutional odyssey. It has been fun to create and sustain a column that has attractedso many d ifferent concepts andauthors. In the process, we have learned a lot about how institutions emerge andevolve. We also have enjoyedsharing with you our ed itorial observations.

Measuring distributive and procedural justice: An exploratory investigation of the fairness of retailer‐supplier relationships in the UK food industry

A report on UK supermarkets published by the Competition Commission in October 2000 concluded that there was evidence that multiple food retailers were abusing their position of power and engaging in practices that adversely affected the competitiveness of suppliers. To address these adverse effects it was recommended that a code of practice be introduced to govern retailer‐supplier relationships. The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) is co‐ordinating a project that is designed to monitor the extent to which multiple retailers are complying with the principles set out in the code of practice. This paper presents the findings of exploratory research, conducted as part of this project, to investigate suppliers’ current perceptions of the fairness of their trading relationships with the multiple retailers.

Sustainable development strategies: a resource book

This resource book provides in-depth information on processes and methodologies. It was prepared by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), working in collaboration with members of the partner country teams (see above) and a number of other organizations and individuals. It will be of value to a wide range of organizations, institutions and individuals in both developed and developing countries aiming to bring about sustainable development.

From professionally driven to people-driven poverty reduction: reflections on the role of Shack/Slum Dwellers International

PERHAPS THE SINGLE most important factor in the limited success or scope of so many housing and urban projects supported by governments and international agencies over the last 40 years is the lack of influence allowed groups of the urban poor in their conception, location, design, resource mobilization, financing, implementation and management, and evaluation. Or, going beyond this, the very limited support for urban poor groups to develop their own local representative organizations that can influence these projects or develop their own – and for these organizations to be able to work together in larger federations at municipal, city, regional or national level to influence policies, laws and resource allocations beyond the local levels. In many nations, it is not only a question of lack of support for organizations formed by the urban poor but of official disapproval, harassment or suppression. But it is difficult to envisage much success for the new emphasis given by some governments and many international agencies to poverty reduction without organized, representative urban poor groups at neighbourhood and city level. It is difficult to envisage successful national and international “poverty reduction” policies if these are not influenced by these groups. However, this depends on urban poor groups having the capacity (and political space) to produce representative organizations able to work at national and international level, as well as in their own locality. The discourse about urban development (and within this the discourse about reducing urban poverty) is dominated by professionals – the staff of NGOs, government departments and international agencies. These professionals have long had the means and resources to learn from each other – through their capacity to travel and through journals (including Environment and Urbanization), newsletters, seminars and conferences. Urban poor groups have to rely on these professionals to articulate their needs at national and international levels, and this includes the many official reports and speeches produced by governments and international agencies about “the problems of the poor”; however, the politicians, civil servants or consultants who produce these have very rarely consulted the urban poor groups. When reading official reports produced by national governments about their enabling housing strategies or their commitment David Satterthwaite is Director of the Human Settlements Programme at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and Editor of Environment and Urbanization. The work of his programme has long included an interest in the work of community organizations and their contribution to city development. This was the theme of the book he wrote with Jorge E Hardoy in 1989 entitled Squatter Citizen: Life in the Urban Third World (Earthscan, London).

Alternative Energy Strategies for the United Kingdom Revisited: Market Competition and Sustainability

Energy and electricity demand forecasts for Britain made in the late 1970s by a research team from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), under the leadership of Gerald Leach, are assessed with the benefit of hindsight. These researchers broke the energy market down into some 400 end-use, fuel, and appliance categories. They then assessed the potential for energy saving in physical terms, using available technical fixes, for each category. The resulting “bottom-up” projecitons of energy consumption departed from the historic correlation with economic growth, or “top-down” approach. It enabled the IIED team to postulate an alternative, low energy strategy for the United Kingdom to 2025. This study subsequently had a great influence on energy planning elsewhere in the industrialized world, although it was not without its detractors. The IIED energy demand projections are reviewed in the context of both the greatly increased market competition in the UK from 1979 onward, and the need to achieve sustainable development. It is shown that, although total primary energy consumption in the mid-1990s was much in line with the forecasts in the Leach report, the reasons for this and the structure of the newly competitive energy market are quite different from that originally postulated. However, the critics of the IIED team did little better. Long-term energy projections (25–50 years) as one-off, static exercises appear to be of little value for energy planning purposes. They can, as in the case of the Leach report, be a great source of data and ideas, as well as stimulating debate about new strategies. It is argued that rolling projections using a rather broad, sectoral approach that is continuously updated at not greater than five-year intervals, in a similar manner to econometric forecasts, are more useful for energy planning purposes.

Towards a Sustainable Paper Cycle: A Summary

SummaryThe production of paper is a key economic activity accounting in value terms for about 2.5% of the world's industrial production and 2% of world trade. Paper products make a vital contribution to education, communications, packaging, and health care. In recent years the paper cycle has become the focus of environmental concerns about the impacts of forestry pollution from manufacturing, and waste. To address these concerns, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development commissioned the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) to examine the sustainability of the paper cycle. The first phase ofthe study involved a review of literature related to the paper cycle to identify the main debates and gaps in knowledge. This was followed by a journal of Industrial Ecology wide‐ranging program of research and consultation on various aspects of the paper cycle. This article summarizes the key findings of the study for different stages of the cycle covering issues such as the impacts of forestry, the outlook for fiber supply, the role of nonwood fiber; the environmental and social impacts of pulp and paper manufacturing, the choice of options for wastepaper and the contribution of the paper cycle to greenhouse gas emissions. The study makes a number of recommendations for the pulp and paper industry, governments, international agencies, consumers, and nongovernmental organizations

95/02024 IIED (international institute for environment and development) annual report 1993–1994

95/02024 IIED (international institute for environment and development) annual report 1993–1994

Notice: Facing the Future: Beyond the Earth Summit, by Johan Holmberg, Koy Thomson & Lloyd Tlmberlake, with Photographs by Mark Edwards, the Authors being research workers at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).

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The Hellenic Marine Environment Protection Association (HELMEPA): An Overview*

The Hellenic Marine Environment Protection Association-HELMEPA-was founded in mid-1982 by the Union of Greek Shipowners (E.E.E.) in cooperation with the Panhellenic Seamen's Federation (P.N.O.) in a voluntary effort to raise the en- vironmental consciousness of the Greek shipping industry and thus prevent or reduce ship-generated marine pollution. This initiative was warmly welcomed by a number of prominent international organizations such as: The Club of Rome; the International Union for the Conserva- tion of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN); the World Wildlife Fund (WWF); the International Ocean Institute (101); and the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), who also

Organizations

The Human Settlements Programme of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) arose out of the Institute's involvement in Habitat, the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements in Vancouver in 1976. Before the conference, the Canadian government had invited the Institute's President, Barbara Ward, 1 1 Barbara Ward retired as President in 1980 and died in 1981. to write a popular book on the issues the conference should be tackling and this was published just before the conference as The Home of Man. 2 2 Published by W.W. Norton (USA), Penguin (UK) and McClelland and Stewart (Canada). While various IIED members took part both in the official conference and in the non-government ‘Habitat Forum’, it was through Canadian government support after the conference that a Human Settlements Programme was started. 3 3 At present, the Programme is funded by the Canadian International Development Agency, the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries, the Swedish Building Research Council and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat). This article is the first in a series of reports from settlements- and urban-related organizations .

Low energy strategies for the UK — an economic perspective

The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) study, A Low Energy Strategy for the United Kingdom, which Chris Lewis summarized in the June 1979 Energy Policy, concluded that the link between economic growth and energy consumption growth can be broken — mainly through technological improvements. However, the IIED study, while generally accepted as a valuable piece of research, has been criticized for its failure to take sufficient account of economic factors. Here Eileen Marshall examines the IIED study from an economist's point of view. Are the economics internally consistent as far as the demand-side projections are concerned? Should minimizing energy use be the target for energy policy? To what extent is government intervention justified? Should A Low Energy Strategy for the United Kingdom be a basis for national policy?