International Financial Reporting Standards Standards Research Articles

The Possible Future Implementation of The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Libya

The research aims to examine the feasibility of implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Libya. Based on 306 survey responses and 11 interview transcripts from 2015 and 2018, most respondents had sufficient awareness and knowledge of IFRS and believed its implementation would positively impact financial reports. The top two factors affecting implementation are government instability and corruption, followed by language barriers, low education levels, and political factors. However, most respondents did not feel that adoption of IFRS was urgent. Women were more optimistic than men about government regulations and training courses assisting with IFRS implementation. Respondents were more concerned about the negative effects of political instability on IFRS implementation in 2018 than in 2015. The study found that IFRS standards that do not conform to Islamic requirements could be excluded. The research recommends stakeholders encourage and support training programs for accounting specialists and integrate IFRS into Libyan education programs.

Cryptoassets: Definitions and accounting treatment under the current International Financial Reporting Standards framework

AbstractThis paper provides a first comprehensive definition of cryptoassets for accounting purposes in the types of payment tokens, electronic money (e‐money) tokens, utility tokens and security tokens. The delivery of definitions for accounting purposes addresses some of the concerns raised by the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) discussion paper and helps accounting regulators adapt current International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) standards to blockchain‐based tokens' taxonomy and nature. The paper helps policymakers reconcile Markets in Cryptoassets Regulation Proposal's (MiCA) definitions and classification of cryptoassets with the EFRAG's specific needs for clarification and/or amendment in the IFRS standards and contributes to providing an accounting guide for practitioners in their financial disclosure.

IFRS Adoption and the Financial Statements Comparability: The Case of Russia and Canada

The effect of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on the level of financial statements comparability was investigated for Russia in the current article. Canada was chosen for comparison due to the close time frame of IFRS adoption, which also allowed comparing the influence of IFRS adoption for both types of economies – well developed and emerging. Initial sample selection had been created from 23 companies that are presented on the stock exchange markets of the particular countries. Each sample contains semi-annual data for four years of the pre-adoption period (2008 to 2011 for Russia, 2007 to 2010 for Canada) in which companies use their home country accounting standards and four years of the post-adoption period (2012 to 2015 for Russia, 2011 to 2014 for Canada) in which companies use IFRS standards. The research was performed on the country level and industry level for both countries. Two measures had been used for the research: earnings-return regression and earnings-cash flow regression. The overall result of the study shows that the application of IFRS improved information comparability between companies only in Canada, while the same was not the case for Russian companies and the cross-country comparability. However, the study confirms an increase in the comparability level in the post-adoption period in such industries as Energy and Basic materials not only between companies inside of the given country but on the cross-country level as well.

The relevance of XBRL extensions for stock markets: evidence from cross-listed firms in the US

PurposeThe study investigates the relevance for stock markets of voluntary disclosure of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) extensions [based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or US-GAAP] for an international sample of US cross-listed firms.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines if the disclosure of XBRL extensions by a firm provides relevant information to market participants. Towards that end, this paper investigates whether this type of disclosure affects the level of information asymmetry between insiders and investors and if it is value relevant. This study measures information asymmetry by bid-ask spread and value relevance by stock price or Tobin's Q.FindingsAfter a certain level of disclosure of XBRL extensions, the impact on stock pricing is negative (creates noise on stock markets). Controlling for that phenomenon, both IFRS and US-GAAP XBRL extensions are value relevant. Second, results indicate that XBRL extensions are positively (negatively) related to stock market value for firms that exhibit positive (negative) earnings. This suggests a complementary effect between earnings and XBRL extensions on their relation with stock price or Tobin's Q. Finally, the results also indicate that both IFRS extensions and US-GAAP extensions are associated with lower information asymmetry (i.e. bid-ask spread).Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the relevance of XBRL extensions under IFRS for US cross-listed firms since the availability of the IFRS taxonomy for foreign private issuers that prepare financial statements under IFRS standards.

The effect of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on the degree of compliance with IFRS Standards in developing countries

This paper aims to highlight the cultural impact of Hofstede (1980) on the degree of compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in 55 developing countries for the year 2014, based on the method adopted by Elad (2015) in order to identify IFRS Standards. Results show that culture (by means of three components, namely power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity) does not promote the degree of compliance with IFRS. However, only one significant relationship was found between individualism and the degree of compliance with IFRS Standards. This finding confirms Gray’s (1988) observation that individualism fosters a climate of transparency and professionalism

Current state of accounting in Slovak Republic in the conditions of globalization

Research background: Globalization currently impacts every aspect of economic life. Accounting and the law that govern it are no exceptions. The interconnectedness of companies across state boundaries brings with itself challenges to the accounting practices around the world. The globalization in the world of accounting is represented with the movement for harmonization of accounting practices around the world. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a vehicle for that harmonization. Slovak Republic also allows companies to publish their financial statements in accordance with the IFRS standards. Therefore, it is important to study them and their effect on Slovak accounting law and practice. Purpose of the article: In this article, we will look at the accounting harmonization that resulted from the globalization of the world economy and the impact it had on accounting in the Slovak Republic. We will also look closer at International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Slovak Republic – their use, regulations governing them and potential implications for future. Methods: We use the methods of analysis and synthesis of current literature and law concerning the regulation of accounting in Slovakia with the focus on the impact of globalization on it. We then analysed the current state of use of International Financial Reporting Standards in Slovakia. Findings & Value added: We found a high level of accounting harmonization with the European Union.

Auditors' Response to Different Reporting Environments: Experimental Evidence From the Quantity and Quality of Auditors' Evidence Demands in China

There has been a significant worldwide movement to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which are more principles‐based compared to many of the more rules‐based national accounting standards that they replaced. The majority of previous studies focus on how this financial reporting environment change influences earnings quality, while there has been limited research on how auditors respond to IFRS. We perform an experiment using Chinese professional auditors to test the joint effects of the type of accounting standards and the strength of the financial regulatory regime on both the quantity and quality of auditors' evidence demands. We find that auditors are likely to have more evidence demands and, particularly, more diagnostic evidence demands under principles‐based accounting standards. This influence is more pronounced under the stronger financial regulatory regime. The effect of the institutional environment on IFRS standards is an important international reporting topic particularly for emerging markets like China where there is strong economic growth with an increased focus on reporting standards and regulation. China is an ideal environment to examine this topic because it is the largest country in the world to adopt IFRS, and many Chinese auditors have experienced both rules‐ and principles‐based accounting standards.

APPLICATION OF ACCOUNTING LEARNING USING STANDARDS OF PSAK CONSERVATION OF IFRS IN MEDIUM SCHOOL ACCOUNTING VOCATIONAL SCHOOL

The purpose of education at the opening of the 1945 Constitution in the fourth paragraph was clearly explained that, to educate the life of the nation and participate in carrying out world order. In accordance with the goals and ideals of the nation, various fields of science are needed by the State. To be able to progress and develop in accordance with the needs of the State, we must also follow the existing regulations that are binding in the agreement of states. Likewise, there is no escape in accounting learning that must be applied in schools, both in universities and high schools, which are mainly vocational high schools (SMK). As an example of accounting subjects, Accounting is a field of applied science that is used to see the financial existence of both the state, agencies, companies and organizations and others. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is the making of accounting reports that are adjusted to the standards of international financial reports, and almost all parts of the world in this world of accounting reporting use the IFSR standard. Because of that, almost all companies are required to use these standards in terms of financial statements making, educators are also obliged and participate in teaching these standards to students, both in universities and schools that have accounting majors can also apply this as teaching materials that are not left behind. The indicators used to measure the application of accounting learning by using standards are IFRS convergence PSAK, namely: Viewing and observing the behavior of actions taken by teachers in schools that are the object of research, whether using IFRS convergence accounting standards in teaching to provide material to students and adjustments between kurukulum given by dina education. The population in this study were the Accounting Department teachers who were in Langkat Regency. Data collection techniques in this study were using interviews, observation, documentation and questionnaires. The research method used in this study is descriptive analysis. And the results obtained as a whole in this study are the absence of teachers who apply accounting learning by applying accounting using IFRS standards because there is no directive from the education office to enforce these standards.Keywords: IFRS, BM-SMK, Accounting.

Evaluación literaria sobre contabilidad creativa aplicada a las NIIF

This article aims to explore and expand the literature on creative accounting in the current International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to analyze how standards can be used to manipulate financial statements. The methodology that was applied was the inductive method through a review of exploratory literature. A case study was analyzed to have as a main result a comparative evaluation of real, optimistic and conservative scenarios of a company that uses IFRS standards. In addition, a systematic review was carried out to obtain an analysis of data on the literature published from 2000 to 2016 related to issues of creative accounting in the IFRS / NIC and the interest of study through its historical evolution. In conclusion, creative accounting is a problem of relevant concern that takes advantage of the margin of interpretation of accounting rules and regulations to manipulate the financial image of the company at its convenience without falling into fraud by operating within the framework of the law.

Comparative study between IFRS and AAOIFI disclosure compliance

PurposeThis study measures and compares the level of compliance with the disclosure requirements provided by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). This study also aims to investigate the factors associated with this compliance in a sample of Islamic banks (IBs) in Gulf Cooperation Council member states.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consists of 39 IBs between 2010 and 2014. Among the selected IBs, 23 banks were complying with the AAOIFI standards and 16 banks were complying with the IFRS standards. An unweighted disclosure index was used to measure the level of compliance with IFRS/AAOIFI disclosure requirements.FindingsIt was found that the level of compliance with IFRS is higher than that of compliance with AAOIFI. In addition, the results reveal that compliance with IFRS/AAOIFI disclosure requirements is higher for larger and older IBs. Finally, it was observed that compliance was more noticeable for IBs having a higher leverage and multinational subsidiaries.Originality valueThese findings would be of great help to regulators and policymakers to better understand the accounting disclosure practices of IBs.

Students' Attitudes towards the Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Kuwait

The purpose of this paper is to examine the perceptions of a sample of Kuwaiti students about their knowledge and interest on the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the usefulness of learning IFRS. A questionnaire survey is used in this study to identify the attitudes of the students towards adoption IFRS in Kuwait. Questionnaires were distributed to 350 students who study in colleges of business administration in Kuwait. They were asked to express their perception about the adoption of IFRS. 228 questionnaires returned completed resulting in 65% usable response rate. The surveyed students gained knowledge about IFRS through their academic program. Most of the surveyed students knew nothing about IFRS before taking an accounting course that addresses the IFRS Standards. They became interested in learning more about IFRS after studying an accounting course. The surveyed students demonstrated that they acquired information about IFRS through formal academic lectures and the Internet. Yet, they prefer to study more about IFRS through formal lectures, practical case studies applied to Kuwaiti companies and seminars. There is consensus among the respondents that the business administration academic program must have more about IFRS offered as elective courses. Although Kuwait was one of the Middle Eastern countries that adopt IFAS, the vast majority of the students who took part in survey indicated that they were not aware of this. This gives clear indication that the financial reporting courses offered in business colleges in Kuwait are theoretical and hardly use the financial reports of companies listed on the national stock exchange as cases studies. The respondents believe studying IFRS helps in mastering accounting measurements and disclosure and this would help in proceeding in their studies and support them in developing their future career.

On the ‘Review of Structure and Effectiveness of the IFRS Foundation’: the EAA’s Financial Reporting Standards Committee’s View

In July 2015 the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation launched its third five year review of its structure and effectiveness of the organisation. In a public call, the Trustees solicited stakeholders’ input on the relevance of IFRS Standards with respect to broadening the IFRS scope and to the impact of new technology, on the consistent application of IFRS and on the governance and funding of the International Accounting Standards Board and the IFRS Foundation. The European Accounting Association (EAA)’s Financial Reporting Standards Committee responded to this request for views by submitting a comment letter based on research-informed opinions. This article provides an overview of this Review of Structure and Effectiveness of the IFRS Foundation and the EAA’s opinions in response to this Review.

IFRS and convergence in China and the USA

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to perform a brief examination of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the progress towards IFRS convergence in the accounting environments of China and the USA, providing useful information on the current status and future of IFRS convergence in these countries. Design/methodology/approach – A range of IFRS-related literature from 1993 to 2013 was analyzed to provide the current status of IFRS and to determine the past, present and future of IFRS convergence in the country examinations. Findings – IFRS convergence and adoption has occurred on a global scale due to the call for a single set of standards. China's most significant obstacles include training accounting professionals and becoming more involved in the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) standard setting process. The USA's most significant obstacle is completing the Securities and Exchange Commission roadmap milestones, which will progressively move the accounting industry towards IFRS convergence. Research limitations/implications – These findings have been limited to an overview of IFRS convergence and adoption within China and the USA. Additional research opportunities exist by examining how successful countries have been in protecting individual economic interests by working with the IASB in the standard setting process for the IFRS, as opposed to being passive in the process. One economic indicator that should be examined is foreign direct investment, which has major impacts on country development and can be influenced by financial standards such as IFRS. Practical implications – China and the USA both have milestones identified in this paper that will need to be reached before benefits may be reaped from the converging to IFRS. Originality/value – These findings show that IFRS standards are being implemented globally in many nations, providing a common set of reporting tools to businesses and investors. Through these standards, China and the USA are working to be even more competitive forces in financial markets.

Long-Lived Asset Impairments in the Shipping Industry and the Impact on Financial Statement Ratios: Comparing U.S. GAAP and IFRS Standards

In this paper, we investigate asset impairment standards particularly as they relate to differences between United States generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) and international financial reporting standards (IFRS) for the impairment of long-lived assets in the shipping industry and the corresponding impact on financial statement analysis ratios. Our study provides evidence that return on assets and asset turnover ratios diverge significantly as a result of the difference between US GAAP and IFRS on asset impairments within the shipping industry. Reporting differences between US GAAP and IFRS can impede the comparability of financial reporting. Asset impairment accounting differences can have significant differences for companies reporting under these two accounting standards.

The Incorporation of International Accounting Concepts in the Curriculum at Private Universities in the State of Pennsylvania

The purpose of this paper is to report the coverage of various topics specific to the coverage of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). This paper used as a base a survey sent to approximately 50 private colleges and universities in Pennsylvania. The questions ranged from the differences in accounting concepts between the IFRS standards and the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the cultural influences of financial reporting in today’s global economy. A small percentage of the universities have a stand-alone course in international accounting and the coverage of the various differences is not consistent from college to college. This paper will also describe key differences that exist with IFRS and US GAAP.

Awareness of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): A study of Post- Graduate Students of Commerce & Management in Kashmir

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has announced its decision to adopt IFRS in India with effect from 1 April, 2011. The standards will have a significant impact on capital markets but students and investors know remarkably little about these standards. Many European countries shifted to IFRS as early as 2005. They are ahead of India in including IFRS in the curriculum for students. An understanding of Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and IFRS standards is an urgent need for today's students. The commerce and management post- graduates are the future accounting professionals working in various companies s; thus, they must be aware about the newer concepts in accounting. In this backdrop, the study seeks to explore the degree of awareness about the newer concept of accounting standards called as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) amongst students of Commerce and Management in Kashmir.

New Zealand’s Thin Capitalisation Rules and the Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards in New Zealand

In response to Australia’s decision to adopt international financial reporting standards (IFRSs) from 2005, New Zealand has subsequently decided to follow. New Zealand reporting entities are required to adopt IFRSs from 2007 with the option of early adoption from 2005. As New Zealand is one of many jurisdictions where different rules are employed to determine income for financial reporting and tax purposes, it would seem to a casual observer that the adoption of IFRSs in New Zealand is unlikely to have any income tax implications for New Zealand companies. This is not entirely correct. There are links between financial reporting standards and the determination of taxable income under New Zealand income tax law in respect of certain matters. One such area is the application of the New Zealand thin capitalisation rules in subpart FG of the Income Tax Act 2004. The rules rely upon values taken from a taxpayer’s financial statements to determine the taxpayer’s debt percentage and consequently the extent to which a deduction for interest expense will be apportioned. Therefore the adoption of IFRSs in New Zealand potentially could affect a taxpayer’s New Zealand tax liability if the thin capitalisation rules have application. This paper seeks to examine the changes in IFRS and their impact on the New Zealand thin capitalisation provisions. In particular it will examine the changes in the IFRS Standards concerning the measurement and valuation of assets and the effect on the safe harbour provisions. In addition, the paper will consider the implications for tax advisers and their clients in complying with the new standards and the transitional issues involved.

Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Accounting Curriculum in India-An Empirical Study

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has announced its decision to adopt IFRS in India with effect from 1 April, 2011. The standards will have a significant impact on capital markets but students and investors know remarkably little about these standards. Many European countries shifted to IFRS as early as 2005. They are ahead of India in including IFRS in the curriculum for students. An understanding of Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and IFRS standards is an urgent need for today's students. Therefore, by investigating the perception of IFRS among Indian management students, this study aims to assess the level of planning for adopting the standards and also assist management schools and universities with decisions regarding adopting IFRS in Indian Accounting curriculum. According to the empirical results of the study, the adoption of IFRS mainly depends on the need and interest among students to understand the subject. If students are knowledgeable about the positive impact of the course, they are more likely to take these courses when management colleges or universities offer them. Further, successful integration to the course also depends upon efficient training of instructors, use of appropriate pedagogy and availability of relevant reading materials.

The Impact Of International Financial Reporting Standards On Accounting Curriculum In The United States

According to the time line presently specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), business firms in the United States (US) should switch from the existing US accounting reporting guidelines of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by the year 2014. The US business school graduates and accounting professionals have less than four years to understand the differences between the two accounting systems, and to learn how to implement the new International Accounting Standards. But many of the business schools in the US are not yet ready to include the new IFRS standards in their accounting curriculum. In many schools, administrators do not have any understanding of how to incorporate the new standards in their curriculum. Many European countries shifted to IFRS as early as 2005. They are ahead of the US in teaching IFRS to their students. The main problems in incorporating IFRS in the curriculum include lack of good textbooks and providing training for professors to learn IFRS procedures so that they can teach them to their students. This paper makes an effort in presenting the historical background of IFRS, and the impact of the adapting of IFRS on US business schools.

National Adoption of International Accounting Standards: An Institutional Perspective

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: Effective corporate governance requires accurate and reliable financial information. Historically, each nation has developed and pursued its own financial standards; however, as financial markets consolidate into a global market, there is a need for a common set of financial standards. As a result, there is a movement towards harmonization of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) throughout the global economy. While there has been considerable research on the effects of IFRS adoption, there has been relatively little systematic study as to the antecedents of IFRS adoption. Consequently, this study seeks to understand why some economies have quickly embraced IFRS standards while others partially adopt IFRS and still others continue to resist.Research Findings/Results: After controlling for market capitalization and GDP growth, we find that foreign aid, import penetration, and level of education achieved within a national economy are all predictive of the degree to which IFRS standards are adopted across 132 developing, transitional and developed economies.Theoretical/Academic Implications: We found that all three forms of isomorphic pressures (i.e., coercive, mimetic, and normative) are predictive of IFRS adoption. Consequently, institutional theory with its emphasis on legitimacy‐seeking by social actors was relatively well supported by our data. This suggests that the IFRS adoption process is driven more by social legitimization pressures, than it is by economic logic.Practitioner/Policy Implications: For policy makers, our findings suggest that the institutional pressures within an economy are the key drivers of IFRS adoption. Consequently, policy makers should seek to influence institutional pressures that thwart and/or enhance adoption of IFRS. For executives of multinational firms, our findings provide insights that can help to explain and predict future IFRS adoption within economies where their foreign subsidiaries operate. This ability could be useful for creating competitive advantages for foreign subsidiaries where IFRS adoption was resisted, or avoiding competitive disadvantages for foreign subsidiaries unfamiliar with IFRS standards.