International Economic Changes Research Articles

Assessing the implications of imported electricity equipment in Indonesia: A comprehensive ECM approach for short-term and long-term analysis

This study aims to explore the implications of imported electrical equipment in Indonesia, analysing both short-term and long-term impacts using a quantitative approach. The research focuses on understanding how various economic factors, such as domestic production, international pricing, national income, and exchange rates, influence the country’s import dynamics in the electrical equipment sector. Employing an Error Correction Model (ECM) for regression analysis, the study utilises time-series data from 2007 to 2021 to delve into the complex interplay of these variables. The methodology involves a comprehensive analysis using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests to assess the stationarity of the data. This approach ensures the robustness of the ECM, which is employed to analyse the short-term and long-term effects of the identified variables on electrical equipment imports in Indonesia. The results reveal significant relationships between these economic factors and import levels. In the short term, imports are shown to be sensitive to changes in domestic economic conditions and international market prices, while in the long term, the country’s economic growth, reflected through GDP, emerges as a significant determinant. The findings suggest that Indonesia’s electrical equipment import policies must adapt highly to domestic and international economic changes. In the short term, a responsive approach is required to manage the immediate impacts of market fluctuations. The study highlights the importance of aligning import strategies with broader economic growth and environmental sustainability goals for long-term sustainability. Policymakers are advised to focus on enhancing domestic production capabilities, reducing import dependency, and ensuring that environmental considerations are integral to import policies. This study contributes to understanding import dynamics in a developing country context, offering valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders in shaping strategies for economic growth and sustainability in the electrical equipment sector. The findings underscore the need for a balanced, data-driven approach to managing imports, aligning short-term responses with long-term strategic objectives for Indonesia’s ongoing development and industrial advancement.

Transformacja specjalnych reżimów prawnych na Węgrzech w świetle kryzysów

In our study, we present the new amendments to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, which significantly broaden the definition of a state of danger. The reason for the amendment is the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, which has led to a humanitarian situation unprecedented since the Second World War and has changed the economic situation in Europe. The aim is essentially to be able to develop effective, rapid national responses to the consequences of international economic changes. The amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary allows the Government to declare a state of danger in the event of war, armed conflict, or humanitarian disaster in a neighboring country so that all necessary means are available to assist, support and accommodate people fleeing the situation and to prevent the adverse economic effects of the situation and mitigate the consequences. The study describes in detail the changes to the concept of the state of danger following the amendments of the Fundamental Law of Hungary and also when the emergency was introduced in practice. The authors also draw attention to the reasons for the Tenth Amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary and present other types of special legal orders.

Weighted spatial dynamic shift‐share model as a forecasting tool for a regional economy: The case of South Korea

AbstractThis study proposes a weighted spatial dynamic shift‐share model that considers two regional attributes, namely, interregional interactions and regional receptive capabilities for domestic and international economic change, to improve the forecasting capability of the traditional shift‐share model. In particular, the spatial dependence among regions is embodied by a spatial weight matrix based on contiguity. Additionally, regional receptive capabilities are represented by weights imposed on regional industries. Forecasts over the period of 2014–2016 are made for 14 regions in South Korea using the proposed model. The results are compared with actual data from the same period and evaluated in terms of the mean absolute percentage error. The results indicate that the proposed model is more reliable and accurate than the traditional model and other dynamic extensions.

The Cold War and the international political economy in the 1970s

This article reviews the scholarly literature on the international political economy (IPE) in the 1970s and considers the connections between the Cold War and the transformations of the liberal (or capitalist) international political economy. It presents the 1970s as a transitional decade that brought the ascent of globalisation and financial deregulation, the reorientation of advanced capitalist economies towards services and post-industrial production, and the end of the extensive growth patterns of the 1950s and 1960s. While the liberal IPE underwent dramatic changes during the 1970s, the Communist bloc experienced diminished rates of growth but not the kinds of dramatic economic restructuring that occurred in the West. These developments in the 1970s prefigured the Cold War's resolution in the 1980s. Situated in comparative context, the transformations of the liberal world economy during the 1970s exposed – and in some ways exacerbated – the relative backwardness of the Soviet Union's command economy, with decisive consequences for the legitimacy of the Communist regime. International economic change, in this view, precipitated the ideological and geopolitical developments that would bring the Cold War to its end.

Race, Nation, and Market: Economic Culture in Porfirian Mexico (review)

Reviewed by: Race, Nation, and Market: Economic Culture in Porfirian Mexico Danny J. Anderson Weiner, Richard . Race, Nation, and Market: Economic Culture in Porfirian Mexico. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2004. 167 pages. In Race, Nation, and Market: Economic Culture in Porfirian Mexico, Richard Weiner provides an innovative exploration of turn-of-the century Mexican economic history. Focusing on the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth, Weiner analyzes the way that the market functioned as contested signifier. Rather the empirical approaches to Mexican economic history that characterize the scholarship of John Coatsworth or Stephen Haber, Weiner examines the discursive construction of various meanings associated with the concept of the market and emphasizes the relationship among these constructions and political positions in the larger social field. In the first chapter, Weiner describes his methodology, explaining that he "analyzes discourse," or more specifically "public discourse" (7), in order to examine the competing notions of market that circulated in the Porfirian period and the rhetorical defects achieved by these notions in the struggle for power. Inspired by the scholarship of Albert Hirschman and of Ricardo Salvatore (the latter also examines economic discourse in Latin America), Weiner notes that "the market is not a physical place where goods are exchanged but a symbolic site where the identities and programs of social movements are constructed" (5). Following from this insight, he identifies a series of different markets that are discursively contested during these decades: "land, labor, capital, commodity, and international markets" (8). According to Weiner, at this particular historical moment, the market and economic discourse became central for a variety of reasons. Unprecedented political stability had finally allowed for attention to economic matters. International economic changes underscored the importance and impact of modernization processes. State emphasis on material progress directly linked the nation to notions of market success and competition. And discourses critical of the state also used the market rhetorically to formulate justifications for dissent and opposition. In order to follow through on this analytical model in the ensuing chapters, Weiner identifies principal symbolic uses of the market formulated from three particular social positions: developmentalist liberalism, social Catholicism, and radical liberalism/anarchism. Throughout, Weiner emphasizes the ways that the symbolic conceptualizations of market participate in the notions of identity, serve to construct racialized identities (especially of Mexico's indigenous population), and supposedly affect behavior depending on the social power attributed to the market. In chapters two and three, Weiner examines the establishment discourse of the group known as los científicos, the members of the ruling elite who were "scientific" because of their positivist legacy. Weiner takes a term from Alan Knight and characterizes this group as "developmentalist liberals" (21–22): they were interested in [End Page 107] the creation, not distribution, of wealth as the key to Mexico's progress. In chapter two Weiner attends particularly to the domestic policy implications of developmentalist liberalism: market rhetoric emphasizes discipline and control with the goal of creating a manageable, educated labor force able to increase national productivity. Weiner concludes that although nineteenth-century market theories such as those of Adam Smith and David Ricardo attributed power to the market and the inevitable emergence of homo economicus, the Mexican versions of this liberal discourse attenuated the power attributed to the market and noted the failure of the market to conjure individuals economically driven to maximize profit. Indians in particular, with communal lands and misunderstood behavior, were outside the market system and thus developmentalist liberals supported state intervention through practices such as forced labor, vagrancy laws, mandatory consumption, labor contractors, and education. The hacendado class and the hacienda system were diagnosed as needing more forceful state intervention to inculcate a capitalist ethic of productivity. In chapter three, Weiner keeps his focus on the científicos, but turns toward international markets. With the dramatic changes in global flows of capital, labor, and goods in the late nineteenth century, the international markets had an immense impact on Mexico. Whereas nineteenth-century liberalism ascribed to the concept of competition in a free market, Weiner notes that developmentalist liberalism, influenced by social Darwinism and the desire to consolidate national sovereignty, called for strong state intervention...

Interests, Institutions and Industrial Relations

AbstractIn the comparative politics literature there are two main approaches to the impact of international economic change on national policy patterns. The first — new institutionalism — has been very influential in comparative industrial relations scholarship. The second, which focuses on the role of interests, has been less prominent. Comparing industrial relations reform in Australia and New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s, this paper argues that there are a number of limitations to an institutionalist approach and outlines a framework for the comparative study of the impact of international economic change on national patterns of industrial relations which integrates both institutionalist and interest‐based approaches.

"En Proie a la Fievre du Cacao": Land and Resource Conflict on an ewe Frontier, 1922-1939

In 1936 an Accra newspaper hit the streets with the alarmist headline Tribesmen Mobilise for War in British According to the newspaper the people of Buem and Akposso, rivals for a parcel of land occupied by prosperous farms severed by the international boundary, were going to combat. Several attempts had been made to resolve the matter before British courts, but appeal after appeal swung the decision in different directions. The claims were further complicated because British courts had no jurisdiction over land under French control, which meant that a parallel case remained unresolved. Ultimately an appeal reached the Privy Council in London, but not before many other groups embroiled themselves in the conflict.British and French native policies of the nineteen-twenties and thirties significantly reorganized chiefly authority in their respective territories, prompting chiefs to attempt new strategies to aggrandize their economic and political power bases. The chiefs of Akposso and Buem, the fertile borderland between the two Togolands, were witness to a large emigration movement during this period caused by domestic and international economic change. The emigrants themselves followed well-worn paths to the Buem region marked by Ewe and others. In emigrating, they not only overcame European attempts to control their movement, but they pushed the Ewe northward into a true borderland region. On a macro-level this article details how Ewe pushed the frontier of north with farming, emigration and settlement. On a micro-level this is a narrative of conflict caused by local chiefly power networks, land ownership and tenure, and ethnic alliances. The story of the Buem-Akposso conflict, two non-Ewe communities, conceals a complicated narrative about Ewe emigration around a new border zone between the British and French mandates. It is thus a fascinating story for the colonial legal historian, offering new insight into the manipulation of Ewe identities for political and economic gain and the political instability ushered in by the cocoa rush in British Togoland.Although the plaintiffs in this conflict were the chiefs of Buem and Akposso, Ewe emigrants were the de facto protagonists of a much larger socio-economic transformation of the region. Although wildly exaggerated, the newspaper story captures the relative isolation of the densely forested region north of Hohoe, in British Togoland. Largely unsettled and unfarmed in the mid-nineteen-twenties, Buem by I936 was a site of intense demographic growth because of the expansion of farming. Thousands of settlers moved from French Togo, from both Ewe territory and elsewhere, and worked as day laborers, or bought land and hired their own farmhands. The French were unable to halt the exit, while the British openly encouraged the development and exploitation of the mountainous region, considering a logical development of the peasant capitalist mentality that had already transformed Akan territories. European authority ruptured as Ewe people voted with their feet and expanded farming, and with it Ewe language and customs. This article investigates the story of a border conflagration between two different communities on the mandate borderland as a point of departure for a wider discussion of four themes familiar to African historians: the invention of tradition, status and authority; the development of colonial economies and borders; the development of the colonial mandate administration and its legal apparatus; and, the concept of ethnic identity, in this case Eweness and its evolving relationship with the ideas of ethnicity and nationalism. Chiefly status conflict, farming, and new land tenure arrangements, when studied as social process, can each be interpreted as markers of authority and identity. Emigration, the motivations underlying the movements, and the limitations of the mandate structure, particularly with respect to the control of borders, provide a critical link between colonial economies and the evolution of Ewe identities during the mandate period.

Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden.

This paper presents results from the first national survey of problem gambling completed in Sweden. The Swedish survey is unique in its quality and representativeness, due to the use of multiple modes of data collection, recruitment of respondents from national registers rather than from households, and high response rate. In spite of high rates of gambling participation in Sweden, the combined prevalence of problem and pathological gambling in Sweden is relatively low (3.9% lifetime and 2.0% current). Multivariate analysis shows that being male, under the age of 25 and born abroad are significant risk factors for lifetime gambling problems in Sweden. Additional risk factors are being single, living in big cities, and receiving social welfare payments. The groups most at risk for gambling problems in Sweden are people disadvantaged and marginalized by international economic changes as well as the dismantling of the Swedish welfare system.

Debate: The 'second wave' of Weberian historical sociology - The historical sociology of the state and the state of historical sociology in international relations

With the current concern to critique neorealism, international relations (IR) theorists are looking to a variety of new perspectives as a way forward. Various authors have taken a specific interest in Weberian historical sociology (WHS), outlined in the works of Michael Mann and others. Nevertheless, there is currently only a rudimentary understanding of the approach within IR, and perhaps even less understanding of how it can be applied to IR. There is also a growing perception that the approach is inherently realist. This article seeks to redress this. It begins by laying out the basic WHS approach by identifying six general principles or traits. Special emphasis is given to recent developments in WHS's theory of state autonomy, which takes the approach beyond neorealism. Having considered how this approach overlaps with the concerns of various IR theorists, notably Linklater, Halliday and others, it proceeds to examine how the approach can take IR beyond neorealism, by applying it to understanding: international economic change through a historical examination of tariff protectionism and free trade; the international politics of states, war and revolution; and international systems change (namely European industrialization). It concludes with a possible historical sociology research agenda for the study of IR.

Globalization and Urban Economic Change

The reorganization of global space that has been set in motion over the past quarter century by processes of international economic change has had some important consequences for North American cities. Traditionally, cities' economic functions have been to organize and facilitate production and distribution within local, regional, and national spaces. Increasingly, these functions are being eclipsed by cities' roles as nodal points in global commodity chains. In this context, a few cities have acquired world city status because of their involvement in linking and shaping whole complexes of commodity chains. In most other cities, the globalizing world economy can be seen in the changes of economic fortune attached to the ebbs and flows of foreign direct investment, imports, and exports, and in the local economic restructuring and spatial reorganization driven by a new international division of labor.

Policy Convergence in Banking: A Comparative Study

The relationship between global economic integration and policy convergence in banking is examined in five countries: Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Focusing upon policy styles and modes of policy-making, considerable convergence in membership of policy communities and some convergence in the organization of state agencies is found. When it comes to policy networks, there is more limited convergence on a corporatist mode of policy-making in banking. Policy style may not be as responsive to international economic changes as policy goals, policy content, and policy instruments.

Domestic and international economic changes. Embarrassing correspondences

The breakdown of the socialist regimes of the east European countries has been incredibly fast. The subsequent changes in the international setting may imply much slower processes. Unified Germany is building up a vast area of influence ranging from the Baltic to the Adriatic sea. The former Moslem republics of the Soviet Union may fall instead under the influence of Turkey, supported by the USA. The presence of the USA in the Middle East and the American influence over Israel, Saudi Arabia, and possibly Iran, might help to build up a huge Moslem area controlled by the USA. This implies questioning the pre-existing national borderlines, a problem in which ethnic conflicts seem to be playing a role. The three great economic areas of the world exhibit a common tendency to become three strongly protected commercial areas. In the domestic structures of the main capitalist countries very similar changes are taking place: a general fall in the ideals of social justice, replaced by the ideology of individual eff...

The Economic Significance of Infrastructural IT Systems

This paper develops a new framework for analysing how and why IT is being applied to the infrastructure of the‘information economy’. The interaction of micro and macro aspects of IT provides an economic rationale for the IT community to go beyond questions of firms’ operations and strategies and to look towards national and international economic change. The micro-economic roles of transactions, communication and information infrastructure are analysed. These are then considered in terms of IT-related policy, from the local to the international level, illustrated by property rights legislation and changes in the European economic environment. It is concluded that the significance of IT lies primarily in its role as the very means by which markets and other economic mechanisms operate.

The economic significance of infrastructural IT systems

This paper develops a new framework for analysing how and why IT is being applied to the infrastructure of the ‘information economy’. The interaction of micro and macro aspects of IT provides an economic rationale for the IT community to go beyond questions of firms' operations and strategies and to look towards national and international economic change. The micro-economic roles of transactions, communication and information infrastructure are analysed. These are then considered in terms of IT-related policy, from the local to the international level, illustrated by property rights legislation and changes in the European economic environment. It is concluded that the significance of IT lies primarily in its role as the very means by which markets and other economic mechanisms operate.

Capitalist restructuring and Local Economic Development: Perspheral City-economy

WELCH R. V. (1993) Capitalist restructuring and local economic development: perspective from an ultra-peripheral city-economy, Reg. Studies 27, 237–249. Adopting a locality studies approach, this paper analyses the economic responses within an ultra-peripheral city-economy to contemporary capitalist restructuring. Initial, unco-ordinated responses are shown to have been followed by tentative co-operation between territorial local authority, business leaders, and tertiary education and research institutes. Attention is drawn to the rapid and far-reaching process of economic restructuring in New Zealand, itself generated by international economic changes, in which context this local response has been forged. In the light of British experience, an assessment is made of the appropriateness of changes undertaken and strategies adopted. WELCH R. V. (1993) La restructuration capitaliste et le developpement economique local: le cas d'une economie peripherique qui repose sur une ville, Reg. Studies 27, 237–249. A ...

Location and Change: Perspectives on Economic Geography

Part 1 Concepts and methodology: economic change and location theoretical perspectives. Part 2 The concept of change: the physical context factors of production demand, transport and linkages the technological context the organizational context the political context the social and cultural context location and land-use decision-making primary industries manufacturing industries service industries international economic change regional economic change I - nature and theories regional economic change II - case studies and policies economic change and the environment.

Teaching English to psychiatrists from overseas

The Institute of Psychiatry accepts approximately 30 postgraduate students each year from overseas countries. The composition varies, largely as a result of international economic changes, and since 1977 students from 60 countries have attended (Appleby & Araya, 1990). Knowledge of English also varies and can influence the training of a student in many ways. Difficulties in understanding and communicating with patients, colleagues and teachers can adversely affect study, clinical practice and examination performance. MRCPsych results are poorer for non-UK than for UK doctors (Cawley, 1986): one reason may be poor communication.