International Division Of Labour Research Articles

Economic Development Pattern and Trade Imbalance: Comparing the U.S. with East Asia

With the development of trade globalization, East Asian countries have occupied an important position in global trade. The rise of the East Asian economy has led to a long-term trade deficit between the United States and East Asian countries, causing economic imbalance. Focusing on the economic development patterns of the United States and East Asian countries, this paper proposes a research question: How does the difference in economic development between the U.S. and East Asian countries lead to trade imbalance? This article uses comparative advantage and absolute advantage theory, Keynesian political economy, global savings glut hypothesis and the flying-geese model to provide theoretical support for the research, and then uses data from the World Bank and Bureau of Economic Analysis to further demonstrate. The last part of this paper makes an empirical analysis through case analysis and model tests. This study argues that differences in economic development lead to an international division of labor and a savings-investment gap, which in turn lead to trade imbalances.

Platform sub-imperialism

This commentary explores Brazil's role in Latin American platform capitalism, integrating Ruy Mauro Marini's theoretical framework with contemporary studies of platform capitalism. It examines the connections between Latin American platforms, overexploitation, and data accumulation, leading to the concept of platform sub-imperialism: The emergence of certain Southern countries as platform sub-imperialist powers, acting as regional centers of data and capital accumulation through the expansion of their platforms into neighboring countries. This positioning constitutes an intermediate state between hegemonic nations and “digital colonies” in the international division of platform labor, data accumulation, and technological dependency.

Dynamics of development of industrial parks in Russia

The globalization of market conditions leads to the development of positions that influence the modification of the national economy. There is a change in business models, a rearrangement of the system of international division of labor. One of the modern business models is the investment and construction of industrial parks, industrial clusters that integrate on their territory the production and logistics capacities necessary for the optimal production and distribution of certain goods. The development of these models in the country, in addition to optimizing production and logistics processes, also makes it possible to influence the economy of the region in which the park is located, both from an economic and demographic point of view, providing jobs. The study describes the current state of development of industrial parks as one of the main sectors of industrial production.

Eurocentric globalization of football. Coloniality, consumption, social distinction and identities of transnational fans in Latin America

ABSTRACT This paper examines the Eurocentric Globalization of Football (EGF), that is, the concentration of capital, broadcasts, players and coaches from around the world in the most powerful football leagues in Europe. It presents a historical analysis based on statistics and an ethnographic approach to three groups of fans of European clubs in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. It is concluded that EGF is defined by an unequal international division of labour that mainly benefits the European clubs and contribute to the reproduction of a kind of (neo)colonial world system. In Latin America, transnational fans are often seen as mere imitators of the so-called ‘first world’ lifestyles and traitors of the national culture. On the contrary, transnational fans conceive the EGF as an opportunity to transit freely through different cultural references, distinguish themselves socially, and build trans-scale identities that creatively challenge traditional ways of building identity in the globalized world.

The impact of the U.S. Inflation reduction act on the restructuring of the Asia-Pacific energy industry Chain and China’s response strategies

ABSTRACT The development of the energy industry holds a crucial position in the industrial layout of countries worldwide. The Inflation Reduction Act intends to exclude China and other Asian countries from the clean energy industry supply chain, which will have a significant impact on the Asia-Pacific energy industry chain layout. This paper constructs a GTAP-GVC model to simulate and analyze the impact of the act on the layout of the PV and EV industry chains in the Asia Pacific region through GVC participation, location, and industry chain elasticity. The study finds that the implementation of the act will drive the ascent of the international division of labor in the U.S. clean energy industry, while worsening the trade environment for other Asia-Pacific countries. Canada, Mexico, and other ‘allies’ of the U. S. cannot benefit from the subsidy conditions of the act. China should strengthen the development of its domestic clean energy industry, enhance its independent research and development capabilities, and promote industrial technological upgrades to cope with the impact of the act.

Оценка добавленной стоимости во внешней торговле: современные подходы

The increase in globalization processes, which accelerated the fragmentation of production chains in the global economy, updated the task of clarifying the contribution of each of the element of the chain to the final result. With the consolidation of foreign economic cooperation, on the one hand, new opportunities have opened up for the inclusion in the international division of labor for more and more countries and companies, and on the other hand, risk threats of destroying or breaking relationships in these global value chains have intensified. This updated the task of specifying the real volumes of export-import turnover, cleared of double counted elements. In the early 2010s almost simultaneously there have been launched 3 basic concepts of export decomposition in the categories of value-added trade, prepared by UNCTAD, OECD and the EU. The system-functional analysis of the proposed approaches made it possible, at the same time, to reveal a number of keen questions that asked for clarification, in particular, the underestimation of intangible assets in creating value-added in exports within the framework of a specific global value chain, the measurement of value-added embedded in re-export (re-import) turnover of the country, etc. These aspects received due coverage in foreign and domestic economic literature. However, the latest developments by foreign specialists of the methodology of decomposing exports into the internal and external components of net production and double counted elements in the domestic scientific turnover are still being introduced with some delay. In this regard, the article set the task of conducting a comparative analysis of the main new results achieved, focusing on the methods introduced by A. Nagengast – R. Stehrer (2014) and A. Borin – M. Mancini (2019). At the same time, the main attention was concentrated on identifying breakthrough methodological "increments." It was revealed that new results are in demand not only in the context of macroeconomic analysis of transformational processes in the global economy, but also to an increasing extent to adjust foreign trade policy and develop ways to mitigate the risks of deterioration of bilateral foreign trade relations.

Introduction

ABSTRACT Far from simply being a ‘bookend’ of the industrial age, deindustrialization is an integral part of capitalist development and thus has a long history. In the North American context, the early scholarship on deindustrialization emerged from the efforts to resist plant closures as they were happening. More recently, the field of deindustrialization studies has been reinvigorated by authors who have shifted the centre of gravity from the US Rust Belt to Europe and increasingly to other parts of the world. This introduction traces the emergence and recent transformations in the field of deindustrialization studies. It also introduces this themed issue on the politics of deindustrialization, which tells the stories of shuttered mines, mills, and factories within the wider restructuring of the international division of labour in the late twentieth century. The articles, written from a range of disciplinary perspectives, extend outward to how workers, their unions, state actors, and the general public responded to the challenge of deindustrialization. The authors are all affiliated with the ‘Deindustrialization and the Politics of Our Time’ (DePOT) research project (deindustrialization.org), which brings together many of the world’s leading deindustrialization scholars to put the field in transnational perspective. By extending the range of comparisons and scales of analysis, this special-themed issue invites us to broaden our understanding of deindustrialization, both thematically and methodologically.

A Predatory West, Africa’s Postcolonial States, International Trade Relations and Underdevelopment in Africa: A Survey of Centre/Core-Periphery Issues

This paper examines a predatory West and Africa’s postcolonial states international trade relations and underdevelopment in Africa to divulge how centre-periphery issues evoke underdevelopment in postcolonial African states. It argues that, historically, be it a core or peripheral, in whatever mode of production, the state is the dominant laboratory for all human activities, as it plays ever-dominant roles in domestic and international politico-economic and socio-cultural affairs, being the primary vector for development or underdevelopment is society. However, international trade relations have conditioned these roles and capacities of the state, in terms of strengths or weaknesses in service delivery to its citizens. Having been incorporated and monetised into the West’s capitalism, the postcolonial Africa’s state, has despite these roles, subjectively occupied a debilitating peripheral capitalist position in global wealth production. Today, like yesterday, the postcolonial African state, exhibits excruciating and traumatising underdevelopment, incarnated by uncivilised political, social, economic infrastructures, which incubate citizens’ apathy to governance, while enhancing insecurity, poverty, conflicts and fragmentation of nationalities. Using Raul Prebisch’s (1949) dependency theory, I argue that, the weaknesses and fragilisation of the postcolonial African state accrue from the despondent peripheral capitalist position it occupies in the international capitalist division of labour. Via Wallenstein’s (1930-2019) Modern World System theory, (MWS), I seek reawakening the gratuitous Africans’ slumbering consciousness towards overcoming underdevelopment; impelled by a predatory West’s instigated peripheral capitalism.

A social reproduction analysis of digital care platform work

ABSTRACT Digital platforms are becoming an important factor in the process of reconfiguration and commodification of social reproduction during the neoliberal phase of capitalism. Developing a theoretical framework merging social reproduction theory and migrant labour regimes, this article argues that the introduction of digital platforms in the care sector is facilitating the expansion of precarised commodification of reproductive activities in a context of social care crisis. Through a mixed-method analysis, combining desk-based research with in-depth interviews of digital care platform work in Spain, the study examines the migrant labour regime of digital care platforms and how they take advantage of the international division of labour and global care chains to further exploit a highly precarious, informalised, feminised and racialised workforce. Our findings reveal that platforms use technology to rapidly access a reserve labour army, thus extracting more surplus value by restricting access to information, controlling the intermediation process and further fragmenting the workforce in reproductive activities.

Capitalism and the Organization of Displacement: Selma James’s Internationalism of the Unwaged

As political theorists explore work beyond traditional workplaces, how should we understand the vast class of insecure, informal, and unsalaried workers whose existence defies traditional categories of employment? In asking this question, I revisit the political theory of the Marxist feminist and cofounder of the International Wages for Housework movement, Selma James, to explore her “internationalism of the unwaged” and her writings on wagelessness. An example of political theory in service of struggle, James’s internationalism was widely circulated in anticolonial, Black radical, and autonomous Marxist circles in the 1970s. In this article, I argue that it was grounded in three intertwined and mutually reinforcing arguments: an account of how capitalist life is spatially divided into distinct workplaces; an anticapitalist theory of identity that explains social difference as maintained by the international division of labor and labor market hierarchies; and a diagnosis of work organization viewed from the perspective of the wageless worker. I trace how James developed these arguments about the spatial division of labor, hierarchies of identity, and internationalist political struggle and how her view of the common exploitation and division of workers formed the basis of a class-struggle identity politics. Her political theory was an important contribution to women’s international thought and transnational feminist critiques of global forms of domination and exploitation. It also offers a critique of capitalism’s organization of the displacement of work and workers and an account of wagelessness as a work situation, both of which illuminate capitalist organization of work and wageless life today.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF FASHION INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

INTRODUCTION. Sustainable development and victory in competition in the conditions of globalization and international division of labor can be ensured by enterprises that manage the quality of business processes on a systematic basis, which makes it possible to produce high-quality, environmentally safe products in an ethical way.
 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY is the further development of methodological, methodical and practical approaches to the management of the quality of business processes of a fashion industry enterprise in the context of its achieving sustainable development.
 RESEARCH METHODS. The research used scientific methods of theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, structural-logical analysis, historical method.
 RESULT. The high quality of products and services plays a decisive role in achieving sustainable development of the enterprise. The relationship between sustainable development and quality management at the evolution stages of enterprises and organizations is considered. Four stages have been identified, which correspond to organizational models, determined by a combination of the following features: closed – open system; rational – social thinking. The place of quality management and sustainable development in each organization’s model is determined. The quality chain reaction of E. Deming was supplemented and expanded with additional links of ecological and social component and it was shown that high product quality leads to a positive economic, social and ecological effect, i.e. ensures the sustainable development of the enterprise. The special role of the ecological component of sustainable development is highlighted. In order to avoid and counteract environmental threats, enterprises carry out rational nature management measures and processes of ecologically balanced development. The indicators of environmental protection activities in Ukraine 2016–2020 were reviewed.
 CONCLUSIONS. Sustainable development is the driver of quality management of business processes at the enterprise, which is confirmed by the logical chain of quality improvement influence on the economic, environmental and social components of sustainable development of the producer. The organization model in the period of open systems and social individual ensures comprehensive quality management and sustainable development of the enterprise. The quality management system of business processes at a fashion industry enterprise, which meets the requirements of the international standard ISO 9001: 2015, is a tool for realizing the goals of sustainable development of the enterprise.
 KEYWORDS: sustainable development; quality; quality management; business process quality management system; E. Deming's chain; environmental protection activity.

Globalization and the international division of labor: Legal challenges and perspectives

Globalization and the international division of labor: Legal challenges and perspectives

МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ НЕРІВНОМІРНОСТІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ

Trends in the development of the world economic system reflect the unevenness and heterogeneity of the formation of the main macroeconomic indicators of individual countries and regions at a given time. This contributes to the division of countries into economies of І, ІІ, ІІІ levels in turn. These differences were formed historically on the basis of natural-geographical, climatic, historical-cultural and socio-cultural factors and determined the emergence of the international division of labor. Using the methods of analogies, system analysis, historical analysis, chronology and synthesis, this article conducted a study to determine the causes of uneven economic development of national economies and search for options to overcome it, respectively. It has been established that natural-geographical, historical-cultural and climatic factors are not dominant in determining the causes of differences in GDP growth at a given time. This is taken into account, but is not decisive, since the economies of most countries are open compared to the middle of the 20th century. The determining factors are such factors as the availability of qualified personnel, the development of the scientific and technical complex and the possibility of external technology transfer, supported by appropriate national policies in the field of scientific, educational and technical development of the country. This approach makes it possible to significantly expand the production capabilities of a single country, as well as partially or completely move some of its production to countries with cheaper labor. An example of such a symbiosis of government policy in the field of science, education, technology and production can be the Chinese economy. But these trends are determined not so much by the presence of prerequisites for their development, but by such socio-cultural factors as the mentality of the population of a particular country. It is this factor, against the background of natural-geographical and historical-cultural features, that comes to the fore when determining the vector of economic development of a particular country.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICIES AND MARKETS

In this paper, is presented an overview of the evolution of international trade, emphasizing its role in enabling the international division of labor and a brief examination between Albania and Western Balkan countries foreign trade. The development of foreign trade is intrinsically linked to liberalization, which, in turn, fosters connectivity and mutual economic interdependence among nations. The performance exhibited in both exports and imports plays an important role in fostering sustainable development within the country's economy. Active engagement in these initiatives broadens Albania economy specialization possibilities but, simultaneously, necessitates a commitment to enhancing competitiveness. This development has been shaped by economic, social, political, and cultural factors, with significant advancements in recent decades due to industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, and the emergence of multinational corporations. Trade indicators for each country serve as a reflection of economic development and mutual benefit. The international markets of foreign countries serve as platforms for both generating additional income through exports and fulfilling the domestic economy's requirements through imports.

FINANCIAL POLICY OF UKRAINE IN THE DEVELOPING ITS FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS

At the present stage of development of the market economy in Ukraine, the priority is the steady inclusion of the domestic economy in the system of international division of labor and global integration processes. One of the stages of our country's integration into the world is the intensification of Ukraine's trade relations with the countries of the European Union. Therefore, Ukraine's financial policy should be aimed at shaping integration priorities. The basis of financial policy are strategic directions, which determine the long-term and medium-term prospects for the use of finance and provide for solving the main tasks of society. At the same time, the state takes a number of measures aimed at using financial relations in terms of solving tactical tasks, namely - to mobilize and effectively use financial resources, regulate foreign trade processes, stimulate the development of STP, certain sectors of the economy, certain territories. Therefore, we can state the fact that Ukraine has chosen integration into the European Union as a priority of its integration into world structures. After all, the focus on the European Union it's a significant capital markets, new technologies, higher standards of production, and environmental protection. Ukraine's integration with the EU is also important as a reform-stimulating factor for its economy, legal framework, and the main means of avoiding the threat of being outside the common European home. Thus, in the article are analysed the basic strategic direction of financial policy, which focused on the intensification of foreign trade cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. Are assessed the obstacles that negatively affect at the further development of the foreign trade sector of Ukraine's economy . The main causes of the investment crisis in the country as a factor in reducing integration processes are highlighted. The model of formation of the optimum system of financing of foreign trade operations is offered. Recommendations for the formation of an optimal system of regulation of foreign economic activity in Ukraine are formulated. Are offered the main directions of financial policy improvement in the conditions of European integration development of the country.

첨단 과학 기술의 국제정치

Why do states cooperate on emerging and critical technologies? The existing studies tend to focus on technological competition between great powers, such as the United States and China, drawing on securitization or perspectives of realism. This research, however, sheds light on why states cooperate on such high-tech areas and argues that states seek technological innovation in order to ensure the national security and industrial competitiveness, and such innovation is more likely to be promoted through the international division of labor that accompanies specialization and standardization across cooperating states. International high-tech cooperation also often involves mechanisms that are conducive to thwarting the technological development of adversaries. The plausibility case study examines incipient US-ROK cooperation initiatives in high-tech areas, such as next generation networks and artificial intelligence technologies. This research makes the theoretical contribution to the field, simultaneously urging policymakers to ponder why they have to cooperate and what to aim in their high-tech cooperation strategy.

Study on the Development Prospects of China-Japan Trade in the Context of Global Value Chains

Abstract This paper proposes a value-added trade measurement model after a specific analysis of the extent of China and Japan’s participation in GVCs, the mode of participation and the status of division of labor, and the characteristics of the participation structure. Combined with the ratio of value-added to total exports, China is compared with major trading countries to study China’s level of value-added in GVCs, trade characteristics, and the proportion of China’s industry-wide development. Combined with the WIOD data, based on the model proposed in this paper, the bilateral trade interests of China and Japan, the bilateral export value, and the trade interest rate of both sides are measured from 2000 to 2014. The classification method of HS commodity code is used to extract the trade data of important time nodes between China and Japan and analyze the development of the structure of commodity trade between China and Japan. It measured that in 2014, the trade interest rate of China to Japan was 81.95%, and the export of 172.911 billion dollars contained 141.707 billion dollars of trade interest. Japan’s trade benefit rate to China was 73.94%, with $95.615 billion of trade benefits included in $129.314 billion of exports. It shows that as of 2014, China has replaced Japan in the bilateral trade between China and Japan to occupy a relatively favorable position, indicating that the international division of labor between China and Japan has gradually shifted from a vertical division of labor to a horizontal division of labor.

Особливості трансформаційних процесів на світовому ринку морської торгівлі

The benefits of sustainable functioning are among the most important characteristics of any socio-economic structure. It predetermines the rationality of the formation of results at normalized costs. But sustainability is of particular importance to systems that predetermine the optimization of the state of other participants in market relations. In this aspect, the activities of maritime transport are particularly highlighted, ensuring the rationality of the international division of labor. All subsystems that form cargo flows are interested in the sustainable operation of maritime transport, which provides up to 80 percent of foreign trade. However, the periodic instability of the world merchant fleet is determined by three aspects: the cyclical nature of the world economy, the competitive situation within the global maritime trade market and alternative approaches of opposing economic strategies. Therefore, to achieve transport security and sustainable positioning of national or union economies, it is important to monitor and recognize unwanted crisis situations. In accordance with the characteristics of external influences, response strategies are selected to meet the requirements of ensuring sustainability. Therefore, a specific approach to ensuring risk management is being formed.

Evolution of global value-added trade networks and response to risk transmission

To enhance the international division of labor of developing countries and scientifically respond to the risks and conflicts in the network system, it is important to examine the evolutionary characteristics of the global value-added trade network, simulate the impact of risk shocks, and propose corresponding measures. Based on UNCTAD-Eora value-added trade data, this paper measured and evaluated the evolution characteristics of the global value-added trade network from 2003 to 2018 using the social network analysis and value-added decomposition methods. Then we analyze the impact of risk shocks on the evolution of the trade network using the bootstrap percolation model, building global trade networks and proposing countermeasures. The results show that the global value-added trade network has formed a complex structure and structurally stable distribution pattern, with Germany, China, and the U.S. as the core and the most crucial supports. Among which, China's core position is mainly due to the rapid rise in its export center status. The trade benefits of the three core countries are both competitive and complementary along the “One Belt and One Road”. Furthermore, simulations of bootstrap percolation model reveals that the adoption of trade protection policies (caused by poor institutional quality) by different countries will spread and diffuse non-linearly in the network, and the impacts triggered by low-centered countries are comparatively more widespread. By improving defense capabilities and changing the network structure, the “cascading” impacts of trade policy uncertainty can be reduced.

Research infrastructure as a tool for scientific integration: some aspects of the EU experience for Ukraine

Research infrastructure as a tool for scientific integration: some aspects of the EU experience for Ukraine