International Development Association Research Articles

Criticism of Multilateral Development Banks Operating Reflections During Covid-19 Pandemic - From the Perspective of the Sovereign Debt

The problem of sovereign debt crises has a long history at the international level, especially in the face of global crises such as the global financial crisis of '08 and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In the face of the negative social impacts of these emergencies, the state apparatus of each country needs help with relying on domestic channels such as tax revenues and investment returns to maintain efficient operations. It would, therefore, finance other countries in non-domestic currencies, and such a solution would exacerbate countries' sovereign debt crises. Countries have done well in restructuring their sovereign debt in response to sovereign debt crises, especially in Europe and Africa. The International Development Association provided some debt relief to those countries with fragile economies, but the crisis is still present today. In order to expand sustainable financing and maintain economic stability, new multilateral development banks have been established in some regions. These MDBs have been restructuring since the Great Depression, and their lending policies have indeed eased countries' sovereign debt crises to some extent. However, their financing rules have also influenced other countries' policies, making them widely criticised internationally. In the context of COVID-19, both the strengths and weaknesses of MDBs are exposed, so they still have a long way to go before they can become international institutions that can pay attention to disadvantaged countries and help them develop.

On The Working Practices of the International Development Association in the Post-Soviet States of Central Asia

Created to provide financial support to poor countries, the International Development Association (IDA) has been investing heavily in the countries of the Central Asia, especially in Uzbekistan. An analysis of the working practices of the IDA over the past three decades in the region shows that experts often overestimate the ability of Central Asian governments to implement planned transformations and enter the trajectory of sustainable and inclusive growth. The reasons for the low efficiency of IDA-funded projects and programs are often institutional difficulties arising from the poor quality of public administration. Up to mid-2000s, a number of failures took place to achieve the goals stated in projects and programs due to errors made by IDA experts when structuring transactions.

Green Environment-Social Protection Interaction and Food Security in Africa.

Expanding food production to commensurate with population growth has often come at a cost resulting from environmental problems. Industries generate pollutants that destroy the environment and negatively affect the level of food security. These trends threaten the sustainability of food systems and undermine the capacity to meet food security needs. Against this backdrop, this study examines how the green environment influences food security in Africa. To further articulate the novelty and contributions of the research to the extant literature, the study also examines the interaction effect of the green environment and social protection on food security. The study engaged panel data consisting of 37 African countries listed in the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank. The data was sourced from Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) and the World Development Indicators (WDI) for the period 2005 to 2019 and applied the system Generalised Method of Moments (SGMM). The result shows that a green environment and social protection are statistically significant and positively determine the level of food security in Africa. In addition, the result shows that a green environment and social protection interaction positively and significantly influence food security. The implication is that a 1% increase in the drive for a green environment may improve the level of food security by 0.8%. Also, increases in the level of social protection intervention may increase food security by 1.2%. The interaction between social protection and food security can increase food security by 0.96%. In summary, it is found that African countries under study have moderate social protection coverage and policy for environmental management and sustainability required to drive food security. The discussions of the findings and policy implications of the study are underscored in the paper.

Estimating a panel MSK dataset for comparative analyses of national absorptive capacity systems, economic growth, and development in low and middle income countries.

Within the national innovation system literature, the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) eligible for the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) support, are rarely part of empirical discourses on growth, development, and innovation. One major issue hindering empirical analyses in LMICs is the lack of complete data availability. This work offers a new full panel dataset with no missing values for IDA-eligible LMICs. I use a standard, widely respected multiple imputation method (specifically, Predictive Mean Matching) developed by Rubin in the 1980s, which conforms to the structure of multivariate continuous panel data at the country level. The incomplete input data consisting of many variables come from publicly available established sources. These variables, in turn, capture six crucial country-level capacities: technological capacity, financial capacity, human capital capacity, infrastructural capacity, public policy capacity, and social capacity. Such capacities are part and parcel of the National Absorptive Capacity Systems (NACS). The dataset (MSK dataset) thus produced contains data on 47 variables for 82 LMICs between 2005 and 2019. The dataset has passed a quality and reliability check and can therefore be used for comparative analyses of national absorptive capacities and development, transition, and convergence among LMICs.

The Comparison in Countries Obedience on CPIA Implementation through Country’s Governance: A Case Study of Europe and Central Asia

The International Development Association (IDA) is part of the World Bank Group that helps the poorest countries reduce poverty by providing concessional loans and grants for programs aimed at boosting economic growth and improving living conditions. Through the CPIA Exercise, the country will be assessed from the extent to which a government policy can encourage a country's development. That way, conducting a review of the parliamentary system and the form of the country will be able to provide an overview of how the performance of a country in the policy-making process by the government can influence the activities of the CPIA. The researcher will use the comparative political MSSD method to find out how the condition of a domestic government can affect domestic development, where it is found that the similarity of the parliamentary system and form of government does not ensure that a country will get the same results due to different domestic conditions. There are two objectives of this research, there are (1) to provide an overview of how the performance of a country in the policy-making process by the government can influence the activities of the CPIA: and (2) to find out how the condition of a domestic government can affect domestic development.

Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure Projects: The Role of Ida Status of a Country

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly promoted by advocates as an innovative policy tool for redressing inefficiency in traditional public procurement mechanisms. Governments, operating on razor-thin budgets in many developing countries, also pursue PPPs on the grounds that they will bridge their countries' infrastructure gaps. This paper empirically investigates the main incentives that motivate both public and private entities to pursue PPPs as an infrastructure investment tool, focusing on the International Development Association (IDA) status of a country. This study uses a cross-country panel regression for 36 developing countries over 1990-2019, where the outcome variable is the project count as well as the level of PPP investment (PPI). For the regression of the former the study applies Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP), while for the latter it uses tobit model. While IDA status is negatively associated with PPPs, GDP per capita, economic growth, market size, M2 money supply and inflation are all positively related with PPPs. While volatile exchange rates discourage risk-averse investors, fuel export and foreign aid encourage them to participate in PPPs. Findings also suggest that private investors are less inclined toward PPPs in highly indebted and effectively governed countries. Although the years of PPP experience initially attract more PPPs, further experiences are proving to be frustrating and discouraging of future PPPs. The size of the market, purchasing power in terms of per capita GDP, and inflation all emerge as the most relevant factors in attracting PPPI. Countries with substantial foreign exchange reserves and higher fuel exports are found to attract greater PPPI. Similarly, crisis-ridden nations also pursue more PPPIs. Finally, government effectiveness is found to exert a negative impact on PPPI. The findings could be useful for governments of these countries to guide the design and implementation of policies conducive to a sound investment environment. The prevalence of PPPs in richer countries and the private sectors' preference for higher inflation and less effective government hint a rent-seeking motive on the part of private entities. Alternatives should, therefore, be investigated before pursuing the PPP route. If governments opt to engage in PPPs, they have to pay attention to certain macro conditions.

COOPERATION OF UKRAINE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL AND CREDIT ORGANIZATIONS: CURRENT STATUS AND EXPANSION PROSPECTS

The article analyzes the state of Ukraine's cooperation with leading international financial organizations, paying special attention to such organizations as the International Monetary Fund, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The article identifies the advantages and disadvantages of cooperation with the IMF. The investment and credit activity of IFRS in Ukraine is analyzed. The influence of IFRS on the economic development of the country has been studied. The features of Ukraine's cooperation with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are revealed. The most relevant joint projects of the World Bank and the Government of Ukraine are given. The subject of the study is theoretical and practical issues related to the role of international financial organizations in financing the state development of the country. The purpose of the article is to open to identify the impact of international financial and credit institutions on financing the social development of Ukraine. research methods. The work uses a combination of general scientific and specific methods and approaches, such as dialectics, consistency, the method of scientific abstraction, comparative and factor analysis, and the logical approach. Work results. The role and significance of the IFC as an important source of external financial resources are disclosed. Scientific approaches to the use of international financial assistance and ensuring economic development in conditions of financial imbalances are summarized. It is shown that the experience of international financial organizations and their recommendations make it possible to take into account global and regional trends and processes, risks and problems in the financial environment. This is important for shaping the financial policy of sovereign states and improving the formats of their cooperation in the international arena. Findings. Financial cooperation with international institutions is a powerful source and an effective tool for the development of the national economy. The resources of international financial institutions are used to implement programs aimed at market reform, ensuring the stability of the national currency, solving socio-economic problems, economic growth, financing the state budget deficit and balancing the balance of payments. But financial debt to these institutions makes the country's economy vulnerable and dependent on foreign creditors. Now, when Ukraine is in a state of crisis, the issue of finding resources in the external market needs an urgent solution. Of particular relevance is the search for ways to expand international financial cooperation of Ukraine, which is associated with the need to provide the national economy with the necessary amount of financial resources due to a lack of funds in the Ukrainian market. A sovereign country has advantages in obtaining external official financial resources in comparison with other economic entities, which are determined by the trust in the sovereign state. This means support in the international arena and better conditions for receiving financial assistance. Additional financial resources as part of external official assistance allow the introduction of the latest technologies and financing mechanisms of the IFC, which improves the best management of financial resources and increases the efficiency of their use.

Absorptive capacities and economic growth in low- and middle-income economies

I extend the firm-level concept of absorptive capacity to a framework applicable to the national level in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Employing confirmatory factor analyses on 47 variables, I build 13 composite factors crucial to measuring six national level capacities: technological capacity, financial capacity, human capacity, infrastructural capacity, public policy capacity, and social capacity. Data cover most LMICs, eligible for the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) support between 2005 and 2019. I then analyze the relationship between the estimated capacity factors and economic growth, controlling for potential confounders. My results indicate that enhancing infrastructure, finance, business environment, specialized human capital, and public policy capacities improve economic growth. Finally, by ranking empirically important capacities for economic growth, I offer suggestions to cash-strapped governments and international organizations such as the World Bank, the UN, and the USAID to make effective investments to achieve sustainable development goals and boost shared prosperity.

Association between labor force participation rates and the total fertility rate in Iran: gender aspect

The influence of economic growth on the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has been widely discussed and demonstrated in many research papers. The labor force participation rate and the unemployment rate as economic indicators play an important role in the TFR dynamics. Different studies have shown that fluctuations in female and male labor force participation rates have either positive or negative impacts on the TFR. In this study, we aim to investigate if there is any positive or negative correlation between female and male labor participation rates and the TFR in Iran. We applied time-series analysis for the period 1991-2019. We used secondary data from official bodies such as Iran’s Ministry of Cooperatives Labor and Social Welfare, the World Bank data, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the Statistical Center of Iran, and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics to explain the trends in labor force participation rates, unemployment rates, and the TFR. We also applied Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis to measure the strength and direction of these relationships. The results of the study show that the female labor force participation rate has a negative correlation (r = -0.783, sig. = 0.000), and the male labor force participation rate has a positive correlation with the TFR (r = 0.827, sig. = 0.000). Men’s unemployment seems to have a negative correlation (r = -0.366, sig. = 0.050), and women’s unemployment seems to have no correlation with the TFR. Considering the economic problems in Iran, more women will enter the labor market in the nearest future, therefore they postpone their marriage and the TFR will continue to decline.

The effect of international development association's (IDA) aid on conflict. A fuzzy regression discontinuity approach

In this paper, we try to explore the relationship between the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) aid and domestic conflict. As IDA aid is distributed only to countries that fall below an income threshold, we employ a (fuzzy) regression discontinuity approach to estimate the causal effect of aid on conflict. Our results suggest that IDA aid leads to a decrease in protest events, such as anti-government demonstrations, strikes, and riots, and in an increase in violent events that involve forms of aggression, like assassinations of political leaders, purges, and revolutions. Our results, as well as a series of robustness tests, are consistent with the view that foreign aid may increase popular support for the government, thus reducing protests, and at the same time increase conflict over lootable aid rents, and so increasing events of extreme aggression.

Solution of sowing methods and seeding rates for the intraductive kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) seeds

This research was prepared on the basis of an expedition conducted by the Department of Applied Ecology of National University of Uzbekistan in four territories adjacent to the Aral Sea: Karakalpakstan, Bukhara, Khorezm, and Navoi provinces, in particular in 20 cities of Uzbekistan. The expedition was carried out within the framework of the project “Program for adaptation to climate change in the Aral Sea Basin and mitigation of its consequences”, under the auspices and assistance of the International Development Association. Also, the Agency for the Structural Transformation of Agricultural Enterprises and the Consulting Company Intellect management took an active part in the project. The aim of the study was to assess climate change, understanding the impact of dangerous consequences, measures to adapt to climate change in Uzbekistan. To find possible objective and scientific approaches to the application in a broad sense of methods for confrontation in all areas of agricultural activity was also a potential objective of this paper. In addition, within the framework of this program, in 20 cities, local inhabitants were familiarized with the results of this study by conducting lectures, trainings and seminars for representatives of production, farms, workers of agricultural enterprises, scientific researchers, undergraduates, bachelors of higher education in the project area.

Orchestrating private investors for development: How the World Bank revitalizes

AbstractConfronted with a new wave of criticism on the in effectiveness of its development programs, the World Bank embarked on a revitalization process, turning to private investors to finance International Development Association projects and widening its mandate. To explain these adaptation strategies of the World Bank to regain relevance, this piece draws on organizational ecology and orchestration scholarship. We contend that international organizations rely on two adaptation mechanisms, orchestration and scope expansion, when they lose their role as focal actors in an issue area. We find that the World Bank has indeed lost market share and has relied on these two mechanisms to revitalize itself. We show that the World Bank responded to changes in the environment by orchestrating a private sector‐oriented capital increase, prioritizing private funding for development through a “cascade approach,” and expanding the scope of its mandate into adjacent domains of transnational governance, including climate change and global health.

Household and Community Gardens Surge in the Philippines and Senegal during COVID-19

Household and Community Gardens Surge in the Philippines and Senegal during COVID-19

THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK IN THE GLOBAL LENDING SYSTEM

This article describes the structure and role of the largest international financial institution, the World Bank, which provides credit services through two institutions, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, established in 1944, and the International Development Association, established in 1960, in the global lending system and the specifics of recent years. The structure of the World Bank, which unites about 200 countries, occupies a prominent place in the financial system of the world. Since investment and development loans are a source of financing for the developing and lagging countries of the world. The object of the study is the credit indicators provided by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association to States in various regions in the period from 2016 to 2019. The article uses the method of comparative research. As a result, a sufficient assessment of the projects implemented by the international financial organization will be given.

Living Standards in Sub–Saharan Africa: Current Situation and Stimulation of Growth

The paper discusses possible ways to overcome one of the most relevant global problems – poverty in the developing countries. The study is based on a component analysis of the Human Development Index as a quantitative indicator of living standards for the three poorest countries in Sub–Saharan Africa – Burkina Faso, Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire – with close economic, geographical and diplomatic ties. The standard of living in each of the three countries and its dependence on four groups of the most important factors (export and import levels, net current transfers from abroad, grants from the International Development Association etc.) are analyzed. The human development index is used in the study as an indicator that most fully reflects the actual situation in the state in terms of living conditions of the population and opportunities for development available to them. The analysis carried out in the article made it possible to reveal the strength and direction of the relationship between the standard of living in each of the countries (HDI) and the factors identified earlier. Particular interest in the article is given to the description and interpretation of the results, which at first glance seem paradoxical and impossible, but upon a more detailed examination acquire a certain meaning and high significance. Recommendations are given to improve the situation in each of the listed countries, taking into account their economic and social characteristics, problems and prospects. Particular attention is paid to identifying individual strategies that will allow each of the countries to qualitatively increase the standard of living of the population and will help accelerate the development of the national economy.

Making the Final Decade of the Sustainable Development Goals Count: An Analysis of Donors’ Subnational Approaches to Reaching the Poorest People

Although the proportion of the world’s population living in poverty has declined substantially over the last two decades, the absolute number of people that live in poverty or vulnerable conditions has remained high. Nearly 70% of the poor now live in countries classified as middle-income.3 We conducted a document review and comparative analysis of six of the largest global health donors to better understand the extent to which they incorporate subnational poverty into their allocation decisions and programming. The donors we studied were Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi); the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund); the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR); the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)—specifically, its Global Health Bureau; the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA); and the Government of Japan. We found that most donor high-level strategy documentation allude to the relationship between poverty and health by, for example, noting the financial burden of specific diseases targeted or the disproportionate disease burdens that may fall on the poorest people. However, only two of these donors, Gavi and IDA, incorporate any subnational poverty indicators or broader subnational poverty focus that could be tracked and monitored over time. Gavi and IDA also integrate household level wealth or health expenditure data in their routine monitoring processes, though there is limited information about how much this integration influences how these two donors target aid toward the poorest communities. For the other four donors—Global Fund, PEPFAR, USAID, and Japan—subnational poverty is either not addressed or else is invoked in the context of other social or demographic factors that make certain groups of people vulnerable to disease (e.g., sex workers’ vulnerability to HIV).

The post-COVID Legacy of Debt and Debt Service in Developing Countries

The post-COVID Legacy of Debt and Debt Service in Developing Countries Homi Kharas (bio) and Meagan Dooley (bio) The economic outlook for developing countries is grim in the wake of COVID-19. While gross domestic product (GDP) growth projections for 2021 look more optimistic with the rollout of mass vaccination campaigns, 150 countries are expected to have per capita incomes in 2021 below their levels in 2019.1 Commodity prices have been volatile, with swings in energy prices and increases in agricultural prices, creating winners and losers depending on a country's commodity dependence.2 Although fiscal support for developing countries has been far more modest than that of advanced economies, general government debt levels and foreign exchange debt levels have continued to rise in 2020, with prospects of further elevation in 2021. Sovereign debt levels are forecast to rise by 12 percentage points of GDP in emerging markets and 8 percentage points in low-income countries thanks to a combination of higher borrowing, falling GDP, and depreciating currencies.3 There is every expectation that debt restructuring will loom large on the international policy agenda in 2021 and 2022. Following a call from the African Ministers of Finance,4 G-20 leaders agreed to a Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) for all International Development Association (IDA) countries (GNI per capita below $1,875)5 and Angola,6 temporarily suspending debt service payments to bilateral creditors and allowing governments to spend more on COVID-19 response efforts.7 The initiative initially covered all bilateral debt service due between May 1 and the end of 2020 and has since been extended to year-end 2021.8 By May 2021, however, DSSI agreements have only covered $6 billion in debt service due.9 Doubtless this coverage will increase, but the agreement still falls well short of what developing countries owe: $350 billion in debt service on public and publicly guaranteed debt due in 2021 and another $334 billion in 2022. This debt service limits the fiscal space countries have to respond to the pandemic, including needed vaccine procurement and contact tracing measures. Countries will likely need to continue to borrow to finance these measures, yet many developing countries face limited market access and high interest spreads. Thus, getting debt dynamics back on track is a crucial element of COVID-19 response efforts. Policymakers must decide what to do. The lessons from past debt episodes are that interventions that are too little, too late result in inefficiencies and significant social and financial costs linked with large scale debt overhang problems and repeated restructurings.10 Conversely, too rapid and too large an intervention generates a moral hazard, potentially throws more money at a bad investment, and can seriously affect countries' future access to capital markets. This paper provides a framework and quantitative evidence for how to differentiate among developing countries based on their debt dynamics [End Page 262] and then prescribe an optimal tailored solution for each country. The main message is simple: public debt servicing problems go far beyond the DSSI in terms of the number of affected countries. While some countries require proper debt workouts, the larger problem is one of liquidity—the ability to roll over principal repayments at affordable rates in a context where market confidence is low and where collective action is desirable. The international community faces the challenge of solving this problem, while at the same time providing additional external financing for the investments needed to transform economies through sustainable development. Context To figure out how much debt service is really at risk, we disaggregate the public external debt service obligations by country income category in Figure 1 below (World Bank classification). The figure shows that the majority (roughly 70 percent) of debt service falling due is owed by upper-middle-income countries and most of the remainder is owed by lower-middle-income countries, while low-income countries, who are covered by the DSSI, owe a very small fraction of the debt service due. For each country category, we further divide up debt service obligations in terms of the credit rating of the public obligor. To give an example, Figure 1 shows that around $135 billion of...

Childhood health and the changing distribution of foreign aid: Evidence from Nigeria's transition to lower-middle-income status.

With sustained economic growth in many parts of the developing world, an increasing number of countries are transitioning away from the most subsidized development finance as they exceed income and other qualification requirements. Cross-country evidence suggests that Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors view the crossing over of the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) eligibility threshold to signal that a country needs less aid, with subsequent reductions in both IDA and other donors' concessional funding. Within the health sector, it is particularly important to understand the implications of these status changes for children under five years of age since improving early childhood health is critical to fostering health and social and economic development. Therefore, we examine the implications of the IDA transition by measuring the extent t which World Bank commitments—including both IDA and IBRD—are directed to infant and child health needs in Nigeria. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) models were used in a difference-in-differences (DID) strategy to compare World Bank IBRD/IDA lending before and after the crossover to regions with varying initial levels of under-five and infant need. We find that the infant need orientation of World Bank aid has increased post-crossover. Conversely, alignment of World Bank commitments to regional child needs appears to have diminished after Nigeria crosses the IDA threshold. However, these effects are statistically insignificant and therefore provides inconclusive evidence. This research addresses an important policy question because the transition away from concessional funding mechanisms will result in difficult tradeoffs in allocating limited health resources; without providing conclusive evidence that crossover results in changes in need-based allocation, it does offer an essential path for future research. These results are directly relevant to policy debates about what we know and do not know about aid in transition and health. This research's value is especially important in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) era in understanding how donor exits could derail progress in health improvement.

Maasai Mara University Impact in Knowledge Sharing on Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development: Narok County, Kenya

Universities serve as a hub in knowledge generation which is the main driver for a sustainable economic growth. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) continues to foster a green development pathway for Kenya. Maasai Mara University being a public university in Narok County it is expected to influence the community in knowledge sharing and dissemination on various research outputs. Through the establishment of the Center for Innovation, New and Renewable Energy, Maasai Mara University has facilitated the use of green energy. With only 46% of the Kenyan households having access to electricity, 54% of the population make use of non-renewable energy sources for their daily needs. This means that most Kenyans continue to use non-renewable energy presumably due to lack of knowledge for an alternative. Narok County counted as a marginalized county in Kenya, benefited from International Development Association (IDA) where $150 million grant was issued via the World Bank to promote access to modern energy. The Kenyan government through Rural Electrification Programme, has come up with the National Electricity Policy aimed at increasing the deployment of renewable energy. With such concerns, there is need to determine whether or not universities actualize their role of sharing information including that of renewable energy to the community. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 11,776 households in Narok Town sublocation. With the use of stratified sampling technique, the sample size used in the study was 4122 households being 35% of the number of households in the area. Primary data was collected using open ended and closed questionnaire. The study revealed that 56.6% of the Narok Town residents were not aware of renewable energy sources. Only 17.6% of the households were able to be influenced on green energy choices by Centre for Innovation, New and Renewable Energy at Maasai Mara University. The study further indicates that 47.9% of the households would prefer seminars as the appropriate method. For universities to share knowledge on renewable energy. The study therefore recommends that Institutions of higher learning should be on the forefront to influence green energy to surrounding communities. Keywords: Universities; Knowledge Sharing; Renewable Energy; Maasai Mara University DOI : 10.7176/JETP/9-9-04 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

Introduction of road technical audit in Armenia as a criterion of quality improvement

Methods of implementation of technical audit are introduced for the purpose of improving quality of construction and rehabilitation works of the RA lifeline roads within the framework of the World Bank’s International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) loans and International Development Association’s loans and grants. The rendered services and deliverables submitted to the client have been analyzed. Suggestions are provided that could be expedient to be considered by the client during the organization of design, construction and technical audit tenders.