International Community In Order Research Articles

Upaya Diplomasi Publik Dalam Mempromosikan Produk Fashion Indonesia di Luar Negeri

Indonesia is one of the countries that has many kinds of cultures, which include dances, musical instruments, ritual traditions and clothing in each region in Indonesia. Public diplomacy is also seen based on a series of efforts to open good communication space and negotiate national elements in the international world. To get the attention of the international community and give a good image to Indonesia, it is necessary to make efforts made by Indonesia, namely by promoting fashion to the international community in order to achieve Indonesia's national interests. Although it is undeniable, a number of fashion product brands in Indonesia still need improvement to compete with foreign brands, because there are still many people who think that the quality of foreign brands is better, but with the creativity of Indonesian designers who are starting to provide ready-to-wear product choices at affordable prices than foreign brands. Human resources and a lot of international markets will have potential in the fashion sector so that special attention is shown by the government. Not only the government but citizens also have the ability to be actors in diplomacy. This study aims to determine public diplomacy efforts in promoting Indonesian fashion products abroad. This research is descriptive research. The data used in this study are secondary data sourced from articles, online journals, books, and internet facilities. This research uses library research data collection techniques and the data analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis technique. This research uses the theoretical framework of public diplomacy and creative industries. The results showed that public diplomacy efforts in promoting Indonesian fashion products abroad are by collaborating between the government and the private sector, as well as facilitating and promoting domestic products to the international world.

Роль России и Китая в Шанхайской организации сотрудничества в свете теории институционального баланса

The article analyzes the activities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the efforts of China and Russia to promote the idea of forming Greater Eurasia as a non-Western international community in order to embody their geostrategic, foreign policy and economic interests. Based on the theory of institutional balance, the article reveals the significance of the SCO over the past 20 years, the expansion of membership and geographical coverage, as well as some of the problems that it faced in consolidating and realizing its potential. Although Beijing and Moscow have many common interests in the region, their priorities and approaches may not always coincide.
 The author argues that the most important transformation of the SCO as a regional organization lies in its usefulness in an exclusive institutional balancing strategy for the PRC and Russia to prevent widespread US influence in Central Asia, to build trust among member states, and to turn the SCO into a regional security community for protecting the interests of member countries.

Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Romanian Forestry

This paper presents a literature review of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and the knowledge accumulated by Romanian foresters and researchers, covering species propagation, stand management, and vulnerability issues. As highlighted by numerous authors, black locust manifests dual features, both as an exogenous species and one that is already naturalized. The main drivers for this species’ expansion in Romania is its ecological adaptability on degraded lands, fast growth, and high biomass yields, in addition to other economic benefits. Black locust plantations and coppices also offer an important range of ecosystem services such as CO2 sequestration, landscape reclamation, fuel wood, or maintaining traditional crafts in regions with little to no forest cover. Highlighted disadvantages include short lifespan, invasiveness when introduced on fertile sites, and dieback in drought/frost prone areas. The results of extensive research and studies are captured in technical norms, although aspects such as species genetics, invasive potential, and adaptation to climate change dynamics call for more research and optimizing in species management. As Romania rallies its efforts with those of the international community in order to address climate change and desertification, black locust stands out as a proven solution for reclaiming degraded lands when native species are not an alternative.

NIZOLARNI TINCH YО‘L BILAN HAL QILISH VOSITASI SIFATIDA XALQARO TERGOV KOMISSIYALARI TUZISHNING XALQARO-HUQUQIY ASOSLARI

At the beginning of the last century, international commissions of inquiry were initially created by States to promote the peaceful settlement of international disputes. After the creation of the United Nations, International Commissions of Inquiry are formed in the international community in order to investigate crisis situations in the international arena, fully inform about cases of violations within the framework of international law and resolve issues of guilt of the perpetrators. At the same time, the activities of international investigative committees are increasingly necessary today to investigate and investigate situations related to genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and human rights violations. In short, the commissions have become one of the institutions of international law to which they turn in order to investigate violations committed by international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. In turn, it is believed that the creation of commissions has its own legal basis in international law. In this article, the author scientifically substantiated the legal framework and effective activities for the creation of international investigative commissions. Comments were also made on the further development of this activity.

XALQARO NIZOLARNI TINCH YO‘L BILAN HAL ETISH VOSITASI SIFATIDA XALQARO TERGOV KOMISSIYALARI AHAMIYATI VA TUSHUNCHASI

At the beginning of the last century, international commissions of inquiry were initially created by States to promote the peaceful settlement of international disputes. After the creation of the United Nations, International Commissions of Inquiry are formed in the international community in order to investigate crisis situations in the international arena, fully inform about cases of violations within the framework of international law and resolve issues of guilt of the perpetrators. At the same time, the activities of international investigative committees are increasingly necessary today to investigate and investigate situations related to genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and human rights violations. In short, the commissions have become one of the institutions of international law to which they turn in order to investigate violations committed by international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. In turn, it is believed that the creation of commissions has its own legal basis in international law. In this article, the author scientifically substantiated the legal framework and effective activities for the creation of international investigative commissions. Comments were also made on the further development of this activity.

Pandemic waves and the time after Covid-19 – Consequences for the transport sector

This paper discusses the dual role of the transport sector in the Covid-19 pandemic: spreading the virus around the world and being most negatively impacted by the pandemic. This paper describes and analyzes the following: (a) actions taken by the governments and international community in order to control the spreading and to alleviate negative economic impacts including massive fiscal and monetary stimulus funding; (b) detailed discussions on the impacts of the pandemic on air transport, rail and bus transport, and urban transit, and major countries’ responses to reduce the negative effects; (c) discussions on the positive effects of the pandemic on the environment and climate change by suggesting policy measures in order to make it sustainable over the long term. Finally, the paper addresses social acceptance issue of the behavioral changes necessary in the post-pandemic world, in particular reflecting historical experience of the Spanish flu case. We end the paper with some observations and discussion of the normative issues for a sustainable development of the transport sector.

Solar Power Transforming the Face of Rural India: Climate Justice for All

The word “environment” is difficult to define. Its normal meaning relates to surroundings. The environment itself is combination of physical, chemical and biological factors surrounding an organism. Environment provides us a number of renewable and a non-renewable energy source such as solar power, wind-energy, natural gas, hydropower, biofuels, coal, petroleum etc., Renewables energies are playing a vital role in augmenting Grid powers, provide energy access reducing consumption of fossil fuels and also provides India to pursue low carbon pathway. There are so many steps taken by the international community in order to promote the solar energy. The Sustainable Development Goal 7 ensures access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. The Paris Climate Change Agreement, 2015 has given hope for the carbon emission mechanisms that must be followed by the state parties. In our daily lives, the community as a whole must focus on reducing our daily energy consumption, migrating to renewable resources, using greener transport and adopting environmentally friendly technologies. Being a collective problem, climate change and emission of carbon needs collective solution. It is not new to the developing nations as solar productsis often low quality and negative experiences with substandard generic products damaged the receptivity of the potential consumers. It is important to note here that affordable price and high-quality standard products should be produced in the country itself. The solar power project will reduce and lead to carbon emission. In this paper, the importance of solar power and its usage for rural India will be discussed in detail in order to ensure the green environment.

Why magnesium sulfate 'coverage' only is not enough to reduce eclampsia: Lessons learned in a middle-income country.

Determine the eclampsia prevalence and factors associated with eclampsia and recurrent seizures in Suriname and evaluate quality-of-care indicator 'magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) coverage'. A two-year prospective nationwide cohort study was conducted in Suriname and included women with eclampsia at home or in a healthcare facility. We calculated the prevalence by the number of live births obtained from vital registration. Risk factor denominator data concerned hospital births. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were performed. Seventy-two women with eclampsia (37/10.000 live births) were identified, including two maternal deaths (case-fatality 2.8%). Nulliparity, African-descent and adolescence were associated with eclampsia. Adolescents with eclampsia had significantly lower BPs (150/100mmHg) than adult women (168/105mmHg). The first seizure occurred antepartum in 54% (n=39/72), intrapartum in 19% (n=14/72) and postpartum in 26% (n=19/72). Recurrent seizures were observed in 60% (n=43/72). MgSO4 was administered to 99% (n=69/70) of women; however 26% received no loading dosage and, in 22% of cases MgSO4 duration was <24h, i.e. guideline adherence existed in only 43%. MgSO4 was ceased during CS in all women (n=40). Stable BP was achieved before CS in 46%. The median seizure-to-delivery interval was 27h, and ranged from four to 36h. Solely 'MgSO4 coverage' is not a reliable quality-of-care indicator, as it conceals inadequate MgSO4 dosage and timing, discontinuation during CS, stabilization before delivery, and seizure-to-delivery interval. These other quality-of-care indicators need attention from the international community in order to reduce the prevalence of eclampsia.

COVID-19: Challenges and viewpoints from low-and-middle-income Asian countries perspectives

The crisis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is growing and has a potential impact on low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in Asian regions, which, have reported less so far. The main purpose of this article is to discuss the challenges of COVID-19 management in Asian LMICs and propose some future guidelines to control the transmission and spread. Due to a highly dense population, low-resourced health system, lack of testing kit, and tracing, the ultimate impact could be lasting. It is highly likely that Asian LMICs were not in the center of receiving high priority by the international community in order to take effective prevention strategies. This might upsurge caseloads. Like the symptoms, mode of transmission varies largely due to a number of unknown clinical features of the virus, defining a risk group only based on some limited criteria such as age and disease with comorbidity could be risky. Recently some of the Asian LMICs launched contact tracing app. However, the study has identified several healthcare challenges in Asian LMICs such as shortage of supply of PPE, inadequate long-term care services, the socio-cultural differences which require utmost consideration. In addition, to control infection and enhance prevention, some pertinent problems need to be addressed. Based on that, some multifactorial approaches can be taken in line with international guidelines. Finally, this paper recommends developing a strong and resilient healthcare monitoring system.

FDI AS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BURKINA FASO: HOW TRUE IS THIS?

Much emphasis has been placed on attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into Burkina Faso as a catalyst for improved economic growth within the economy. Against the lack of empirical evidence for evaluating this claim, we use data collected from 1970 to 2017 to investigate the FDI-growth nexus for the country using the ARDL bounds cointegration analysis. Our empirical model is derived from endogenous growth theoretical framework in which FDI may have direct or spillover effects on economic growth via improved human capital development as well as technological developments reflected in urbanization and improved export growth. Our findings fail to establish any direct or indirect effects of FDI on economic growth except for FDI’s positive interaction with export-oriented growth, albeit being constrained to the short-run. Therefore, in summing up our recommendations, political reforms and the building of stronger economic ties with the international community in order to raise investor confidence, which has been historically problematic, should be at the top of the agenda for policymakers in Burkina Faso.

Evolução do direito internacional dos direitos dos povos tradicionais

A despeito do reconhecimento dos Direitos Humanos na esfera internacional por ocasião da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos de 1948, nota-se que a sua aplicação prática nem sempre é algo fácil de ser alcançando. Portanto, o escopo do presente artigo é analisar como se desenvolve a proteção dos Direitos Humanos em relação às minorias, em especial, dos povos tradicionais da América Latina. O objetivo geral é despertar no leitor o pensamento crítico acerca da Decolonialidade e chamar sua atenção para a importância de se buscar um Direitos Humanos intercultural que atenda aos verdadeiros anseios das populações tradicionais, onde é reconhecido sua diversidade. O objetivo específico é analisar como tem sido a busca pela proteção dos direitos dessas pessoas a partir da jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH). Para isso, o trabalho utiliza métodos bibliográficos como doutrina especializada e instrumentos jurídicos regionais e internacionais que permitem melhor percepção sobre a realidade da evolução do direito internacional na proteção dos direitos dos povos tradicionais. Portanto, o presente tema é atual e merece a atenção da comunidade regional e internacional, a fim de que sejam promovidas políticas públicas mais eficientes e que o sistema de proteção dos direitos humanos dos povos tradicionais esteja em constante ascensão.

Positive Living: Visual Activism and Art in HIV/AIDS Rights Campaigns

Using the exhibition ‘Positive Living: Art and AIDS in South Africa’ (Peltz Gallery, London, 2016) as a starting point, this article offers itself as a short history of some key visual strategies developed to raise political consciousness in South Africa and internationally over one of the darkest periods in South Africa’s history, 1999–2006, when former President Thabo Mbeki, in denial about the relationship between HIV and AIDS, withheld life-saving treatment from hundreds of thousands of the most vulnerable South African citizens, who were only just emerging from the scourge of apartheid. The article examines the strategies deployed by fine artists engaged in raising awareness and support from the international community in order to put pressure on the South African government, together with visual strategies sometimes assigned as ‘craft’ or ‘therapy’, and produced as local and, often, rural community responses to the HIV crisis. ‘Positive Living’ is concerned to provoke a more comparative debate about the relative values and limitations of different visual strategies as part of a wider commitment to the ways in which visual and material culture (shortcomings notwithstanding) can produce powerful tools for social change.

La acción concertada de la Comunidad Internacional para la protección del patrimonio cultural en conflictos armados: Mali como paradigma

In Mali, for the first time ever, there has been a concerted and determined action of the International Community in order to protect the cultural heritage of a country under armed conflict: the Security Council, UNESCO and the International Criminal Court have shown their ability to answer the serious challenges that Humanity faces in this field; and have proved that, with political will and through common and coordinated action, the heritage of a people can be effectively protected, rebuilt and preserved, which amounts to protect, rebuild and preserve the identity of the people and, ultimately, peace itself.

Syria: Laying the Foundations for a Credible and Sustainable Transition

Despite its extreme fragility, the ceasefire in place in Syria since February 2016 has afforded the opportunity to assess the options for a set of interim governance and transitional justice arrangements. These could establish the foundations for a transition following the conclusion of the Syrian civil war, regardless of its endpoint. Drawing on the specifics of the Syrian case and wider studies of interventions in, and transitions from, civil war, Scott Lucas, Christalla Yakinthou and Stefan Wolff consider the challenges of peace- and state-building, identifying both risks and mitigating actions. The article argues that risk mitigation is possible and should begin now. These efforts need to be supported by the international community in order to lay the foundations for a credible and sustainable post-civil war transition in Syria.

Quality Control of Selected Antimalarials Sold in the Illicit Market: An Investigation Conducted in Porto-Novo City (Republic of Benin)

Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito and particularly affects the tropical areas of the world. According to national statistics it is the leading cause of consultations and hospitalizations. Nowadays, despite the surveillance systems for efficient malaria control and access to generic drugs, Benin is witnessing an increased development of illicit drug markets with a large part of the population going towards such markets. However, this is not without adverse impact on the health of individuals, as well as, the economic status of the country. Therefore, the situation needs to be seriously considered by policy makers at various levels, health professionals but also the entire international community in order to thwart this scourge.Regarding the aforementioned situation, the current study was undertaken aiming to perform a quality control of selected antimalarial drugs of the illegal market in Porto-Novo city. Therefore, 40 antimalarial batches were randomly collected in the illicit drug market and submitted to analytical tests such as: macroscopic examination (a visual and critical examination); mass uniformity test; disintegration test; identification test and active ingredients’ content measurement. At the end of the study, the percentages of non-compliance is 97.5%, 5%, 15% and 27.5%, respectively for the content uniformity tests, disintegration, identification and assay. Over-all, 42.5% of noncompliance was recorded. The findings of this study prove that street vended drugs offer no guarantee of good quality and pose a threat to the health of populations. Also, the rate of non-compliance denotes a flaw in the security of the drug distribution system.

Nigerian Foreign Policy and Global Image: A Critical Assessment of Goodluck Jonathan’s Administration

The study aimed at examining whether or not Nigeria’s foreign policy under former President onathan contributed in improving the image of Nigeria globally. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. A sample size of 399 was derived out of the 348,990 study population using the Taro Yamane. The data collected were presented in tables using frequency table as well as Pearson Product moment correlation coefficient, to test hypothesis. The study reveals that Nigeria's foreign policy over the years has been greatly sabotaged by inconsistencies and ambiguities. The findings also shows that more than external challenges, it is the internal challenges that are dampening Nigeria's attainment of positive international image and national transformation. Some of those challenges include leadership crisis, corruption, insurgency and terrorism amongst others. It was therefore recommended that major reorganization of the Foreign Service such that positions of the Ambassadors and other key positions will no longer be politicized and the government should integrate professional international public relations practitioners in its interaction with the international community in order to effectively boost the global image of the nation.

Projected treatment capacity needs in sierra leone.

Background: The ongoing outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa requires immediate and sustained input from the international community in order to curb transmission. The CDC has produced a model that indicates that to end the outbreak by pushing the reproductive number below one, 25% of the patients must be placed in an Ebola Treatment Unit (ETC) and 45% must be isolated in community settings in which risk of disease transmission is reduced and safe burials are provided. In order to provide firmer targets for the international response in Sierra Leone, we estimated the national and international personnel and treatment capacity that may be required to reach these percentages. Methods: We developed a compartmental SEIR model that was fitted to WHO data and local data allowing the reproductive number to change every 8 weeks to forecast the progression of the EVD epidemic in Sierra Leone. We used the previously estimated 2.5x correction factor estimated by the CDC to correct for underreporting. Number of personnel required to provide treatment for the predicted number of cases was estimated using UNMEER and UN OCHA requests for resources required to meet the CDC target of 70% isolation. Results: As of today (2014-12-04), we estimate that there are 810 (95% CI=646 to 973) EVD active cases in treatment, with an additional 3751 (95% CI=2778 to 4723) EVD cases unreported and untreated. To reach the CDC targets today, we need 1140 (95% CI=894 to 1387) cases in ETCs and 2052 (95% CI=1608 to 2496) at home or in a community setting with a reduced risk for disease transmission. In 28 days (2015-01-01), we will need 1309 (95% CI=804 to 1814) EVD cases in ETCs and 2356 (95% CI=1447 to 3266) EVD cases at reduced risk of transmission. If the current transmission rate is not reduced, up to 3183 personnel in total will be required in 56 days (2015-01-29) to operate ETCs according to our model. Conclusions: The current outbreak will require massive input from the international community in order to curb the transmission through traditional containment mechanisms by breaking the chains of transmission in Sierra Leone. If sufficient treatment facilities, healthcare workers and support personnel are not rapidly deployed, the increasing number of cases will be overwhelming.In addition to supporting isolation and treatment mechanisms, other viable control options, such as the development of an effective vaccine, should be supported.

Selected Problems of Implementation of the Espoo Convention in Ukraine (On the Example of Bystroe Canal Case)

The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (the Espoo Convention) stipulates that in case of authorizing a proposed activity that is likely to cause a significant adverse transboundary impact on the environment of a Party/ Parties of the Convention, the Party, under jurisdiction of which a proposed activity is planned, shall provide the affected Party/ Parties with an opportunity to participate in the authorization of this activity.Even though the Convention was ratified by Ukraine as early as in 1999, it failed to undertake the necessary legal, administrative or other measures to implement its provisions. Ukraine is not the only state being in non-compliance with the Convention. However, it may be considered as one of the most persistent violators of its obligations pursuant to the Convention. In particular, in the example case study concerning the Bystroe Canal Project, Ukraine violated Article 2, paragraph 3; Article 3, paragraph 2, 5(a) and 8; Article 4, paragraph 2; Article 5; Article 6, paragraph 1 and 2 of the Espoo Convention, and it did not comply with the recommendations of the Meeting of the Parties of this Convention. Even though the Meeting of the Parties to the Espoo Convention issued a caution to become effective to the Government of Ukraine in order to urge it to comply with the relevant provisions of the Espoo Convention, Ukraine did not fulfill its obligations under the Convention. Namely, works regarding the Bystroe Canal Project authorized with the violations of the Espoo Convention were continued.In response to the request of the Meeting of the Parties to the Espoo Convention, Ukraine adopted a strategy on implementation of the Espoo Convention into Ukrainian legislation. However, recent changes in the legislation on the development control have not satisfied the strategy. Thus, the Ukrainian government was just imitating compliance with the Espoo Convention in order to try to avoid imposing sanctions. Unfortunately, even though the persistent noncompliance was quite obvious, due to inherently soft character and rather political nature of the recommendations of the Meeting of the Parties to the Espoo Convention, it is almost impossible to compel the party of the Convention to follow its provisions. Furthermore, the lack of political will to implement the Espoo Convention, insufficient level of democracy and economic problems faced by Ukraine complicate the situation even more. However, in this uneasy transitional situation efforts made by Ukrainian civil society as well as by the international community in order to bring Ukraine into compliance with universally recognized norms and standards are even more valuable.

The Indian Ocean Rim – Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR–ARC): the futile quest for regionalism?

The Indian Ocean has received new attention in recent years because of its economic and strategic importance. The region is seen as a theatre for great power rivalries mainly between the United States, China, and India. In contrast to this, the Indian Ocean Rim – Association for Regional Co-operation (IOR–ARC) has hardly attained any political importance more than 15 years after its inauguration. The economic and political divergences among its 20 members and the competition with (sub-)regional organisations have limited its impact. The futile quest for regionalism should be replaced by a new understanding of the IOR–ARC as an international or inter-regional organisation that deals with different maritime issues. This would pave the way to promote closer cooperation between the different regional organisations and to enter into meaningful collaboration with the international community in order to fight common threats.

Swedish Foreign Policy on the Western Sahara Conflict

Sweden has since the establishment of the United Nations promoted the important role of the organization in its efforts to promote peace around the world. For Sweden it has been natural to be involved in the UN efforts together with the whole international community in order to promote peace and security. The United Nations has also played an important role in the decolonization process during the post-war period. In The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, adopted by the General Assembly in 1960, the member countries declared the absolute necessity of ending colonialism as soon as possible. In 1963 the Western Sahara was listed as non-self-governing territory by the United Nations (UN Charter, Ch. XI). Many former colonies attained independence during the 1960s and 1970s. Today there is still one colonial territory left on the African continent that has not yet been decolonized, the former Spanish colony Spanish Sahara known today as Western Sahara.