International Code Of Nomenclature For Cultivated Plants Research Articles

Nomenclature standards of honeysuckle varieties selected by the Pavlovsk Experimental Station of the Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources

Nomenclature standards of 17 varieties of honeysuckle selected by the Pavlovsk Experimental Station of N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) were developed under the Project on creation nomenclature standards for varieties of cultivated plants of domestic selection in the VIR. Plant material for herbarium specimens designated as nomenclature standards was gathered at the flowering and fruiting stages (2020, 2021) in the collection of the originator (Pushkinsk and Pavlovsk laboratories of VIR) in assistance of a cobreeder of these varieties. The herbarization process involves selecting variety-specific parts of the plant (flowers, vegetative and generative shoots, berries). A herbarium label specifies a herbarium code of the specimen in the VIR herbarium, a Latin name of the species, a name of the variety, an origin (name of the organization where the variety was created), a place of generation (where the herbarium plant was grown), dates of collection, names of collectors. Each herbarium specimen is supplemented with photographs of flowers and berries. The nomenclature standards were drawn in accordance with the recommendations of The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) as well as the VIR-developed protocol, and were registered in the VIR herbarium database. As a result of the study, nomenclature standards of the following honeysuckle varieties were created, formalized and deposited in the Herbarium of Cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR): Altair (WIR-97772), Amphora (WIR-97778), Bogdana (WIR-97780), Viola (WIR-97784), Volkhova (WIR-97785), Lebedushka (WIR97834), Malvina (WIR-97837), Morena (WIR-97838), Nympha (WIR-97839), Omega (WIR-97840), Pavlovskaya (WIR-97841), Pushkinskaya (WIR-97842), Slavyanka (WIR-97845), Sodruzhestvo (WIR-97847), Solovey (WIR97848), Souvenir (WIR-97975), Fialka (WIR-97978).

Nomenclatural standards of pear varieties bred by Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station

As part of the research there have been developed and published nomenclatural standards of 12 pear varieties bred by Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station: Berezhenaya (WIR-101392), Gvidon (WIR-101393), Dobryanka (WIR-101394), Zarechnaya (WIR-101395), Permyachka (WIR-101397), Raduzhnaya (WIR-101398), Rozovyy Bochonok (WIR-101399), Sverdlovchanka (WIR-101400), Sultan (WIR-101402), Talitsa (WIR-101404), Fleyta (WIR-101405), Chusovaya (WIR-103944). Plant material for nomenclatural standards was selected in the collection of the originator organization with the participation of the creators of these varieties. The herbarium sample of the nomenclature standard of each cultivar is represented mainly by two herbarium sheets containing parts of one plant collected during two periods: fruit and annual shoots ‒ in the fall 2019, flowers ‒ in the spring 2020. The herbarium label indicates: the herbarium number of the sample in the VIR Herbarium, the scientific name of the species, the name of the variety, the origin (the name of the organization in which the variety was created), the place of reproduction (where the plant was grown), the harvest dates, the names of collectors. Herbarium sheets are supplemented with photos of fruits and flowers. Nomenclatural standards are made in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the database "VIR Herbarium" and included in the type collection of Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR). According to the same rules, herbarium samples of 3 elite pear forms (Limonadnaya, Sretenskaya, Tais) were made, registered and included into the Main Fund of the VIR Herbarium. After registration of copyright documents for cultivars, these samples can be assigned as nomenclatural standards. In total, 27 samples in the amount of 27 herbarium sheets were transferred to the herbarium collection. A digital image of herbarium specimen is available in the database «VIR Herbarium» (http://db.vir.nw.ru/herbar/gerb).

New approaches to registration and conservation of domestic cultivars of berry crops in the VIR Genebank on the example of red raspberry and black currant

A collection of nomenclatural standards is being created at VIR for domestic cultivars of various crops in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). A new complex strategy was proposed for vegetatively propagated crops for registering domestic cultivars received from their authors in the VIR genebank. In addition to the creation of nomenclature standards, the strategy includes the development of a genetic passport of a cultivar and the use of biotechnological methods to preserve explants (buds, meristems) isolated from plant material transferred by breeders to the VIR Herbarium. This approach can be used for any vegetatively propagated crop applying a protocol developed specifically for an individual crop. For raspberry and black currant varieties, the collecting of plant material, its preparation for the registration of nomenclature standards and the preservation of viable samples under controlled in vitro conditions have specific features. This article provides detailed protocols for performing the mentioned work for raspberry and black currant varieties. In addition, the article summarizes the first results of the implementation of our proposed strategy on the example of domestic raspberry and black currant varieties created in various breeding centers of Russia. Three years of joint work of VIR researchers and breeders from four breeding centers in five regions of the country have resulted in creation of nomenclature standards for 20 raspberry varieties, as well as for five black currant varieties bred at VIR. Thirteen samples of raspberry varieties and four of black currant varieties, genetically identical to nomenclature standards, were introduced into in vitro culture; four raspberry cultivars have been placed in the VIR cryobank for the long-term cryopreservation.

Nomenclatural standards of black currant cultivars bred by Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station. Part II

For the first time in Russia, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) has initiated and is working on the creation of nomenclatural standards of domestic cultivars. The nomenclatural standard confirms the originality of the cultivar and protects the copyright of its creators. The article presents the nomenclatural standards of 8 black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) varieties bred at Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station, that are undergoing State variety testing: Ataman (WIR-54113), Viktorina (WIR-54116), Voevoda (WIR-54117), Dobrokhot (WIR-54120), Kornet (WIR-54124), Mushketer (WIR-54126), Napev Uralskiy (WIR-54135), Staratel (WIR-54130). Herbarium samples the plant material for which has been selected directly by the author of these varieties in the collection of the originator organization are taken as nomenclature standards. In addition to the description and photos of the nomenclature standards, the distinctive taxonomic and economically valuable features of each variety are given. The created nomenclature standards in the amount of 14 herbarium samples are made in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the database "VIR Herbarium" and included to the type collection of the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR).

Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics in PGR Collecting and Conservation

A sound understanding of the principles and practices of plant taxonomy is essential for plant genetic resources (PGR) conservation. Identification of new crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa, designating appropriate taxon status for discontinuous variants representing a geographical area, developing descriptors for new crops, and recruiting wild economic plants and semi-domesticates into cultivation, all require a good taxonomic base. The taxonomy of cultivated plants is essentially governed by a different set of guidelines under International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). Biosystematic analysis helps to elucidate the genepool relationship of wild relatives with the crop, thereby promoting its utilization in crop improvement.

Nomenclature standards and DNA barcoding of apple varieties originated by VIR Crimean Experimental Breeding Station

Current pace of breeding technologies relies on a tighter control of quality and identity of breeding achievements. Thereby, standardised variety nomenclature becomes of particular relevance to store original genetic information and warrant authenticity of the breeding product. A nomenclature standard regulates the variety’s name and habitus. A herbarium specimen is most appropriate for standardisation, since it defines a set of strongly inherited morphological characters for a variety. Nomenclature standards must be permanently stored in a scientific herbarium collection. The N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) in alliance with national plant breeders initiated a first nomenclature standard collection of national-breeding cultivars. Aside to classical herbarising, the collection utilises molecular genetic techniques, particularly genotyping, to enable extended variety verification. The VIR team has developed the nomenclature standards of six apple varieties originated by the Crimean Experimental Breeding Station, a VIR Branch (Beloe Solntse, Zolotoy Potok, Kubanochka, Leto Krasnoe, Luchistoe and Shchedrost). The standards are supplemented with DNA barcodes obtained jointly with the N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics. Fifteen microsatellite markers were used for barcoding. The herbarium nomenclature specimens adhered to the VIR-developed protocol in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The specimens are registered in the VIR Herbarium database and deposited in the World Crop Wild and Weed Relatives (WIR) Herbarium type collection.

Nomenclatural standards of apple cultivars developed at Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station. Part I

Researchers of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station developed nomenclatural standards for 18 apple cultivars released at the said station: ‘Aksyona’ (WIR-53949), ‘Blagaya Vest’ (WIR-53950), ‘Danila’ (WIR-53952), ‘Isetskoye Pozdneye’ (WIR-53953), ‘Iset Belaya’ (WIR-53954), ‘Krasa Sverdlovska’ (WIR-53955), ‘Papiroyantarnoye’ (WIR-53956), ‘Pervouralskaya’ (WIR-53957), ‘Rodnikovaya’ (WIR-53958), ‘Rumyanka Sverdlovskaya’ (WIR-53959), ‘Sverdlovchanin’ (WIR-53960), ‘Serebryanoye Kopyttse’ (WIR-53961), ‘Sokovoye 3’ (WIR-53962), ‘Tavatuy’ (WIR-53963), ‘Uralets’ (WIR-53964), ‘Fakel’ (WIR-53965), ‘Fermer’ (WIR-53966), and ‘Ekrannoye’ (WIR-53967). Nomenclatural standards serve to confirm the authenticity of a cultivar and its name. They should be kept perpetually in the scientific herbarium collection. Herbarium specimens of nomenclatural standards are formatted in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the VIR Herbarium Database and included in the Herbarium of Cultivated Plants of the World, Their Wild Relatives, and Weeds (WIR).

Nomenclatural standards of black currant cultivars bred by Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station. Part I

In the herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR) a collection of nomenclatural standards for cultivars of domestic breeding is being created. Nomenclatural standards are carriers of the authenticity of the genetic information of the breeding achievements and should be kept indefinitely in the scientific herbarium collection. A herbarium sample collected with the direct participation of an expert, which can be the author of the cultivar or official representative of the author's breeding organization, is designated as the nomenclature standard. The nomenclatural standard confirms the originality of the cultivar, protects the copyright of its creators. The article publishes the nomenclature standards of 10 black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars, bred at Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station from 1983 to 1997 and included into the State Register of Breeding Achievements: Akkord (WIR-54112), Vasilisa (WIR-54115), Vympel (WIR-54118), Globus (WIR-54119), Dobry Dzhinn (WIR-54121), Pilot (WIR-54127), Slavyanka (WIR-54129), Udalets (WIR-54132), Fortuna (WIR-54133), Shaman (WIR-54134). In addition to the description of the nomenclature standards, the distinctive taxonomic and economically valuable traits of each cultivar are given. Herbarium samples of nomenclature standards are made in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the database "VIR Herbarium" and included in the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR).

Nomenclatural standards of modern Russian potato cultivars preserved at the VIR herbarium (WIR): A new approach to cultivar genepool registration in a genebank

VIR is creating a collection of nomenclature standards for cultivars of different crops in line with the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The nomenclatural standards are designed in the form of a herbarium sample in cooperation with the authors of cultivars, who select plant material for each cultivar in the experimental field of their organization and forward it to the scientific herbarium together with the accompanying documents. Registering of herbarium specimen in the scientific herbarium is followed by the publication of nomenclatural standards. The article presents a new VIR genebank strategy for registering plant material of domestic cultivars received from breeders, which includes the design of nomenclatural standards; the development of a genetic passport of a cultivar using DNA samples from the plant delivered to the scientific herbarium; and application of biotechnological methods for keeping explants (isolated from the acquired plant material as buds or meristems) alive. The proposed integrated approach makes it possible to document cultivars not only with the help of nomenclatural standards, but also with the use of molecular-genetic methods, as well as to save genotyped specimens, transferred to herbarium, in in vitro and in cryo collections. This approach is applicable to any vegetatively propagated crop. The article summarizes the first results of our proposed strategy using modern domestic potato cultivars as an example. Collection, transfer and preparation of plant material for nomenclatural standards of potato varieties are specific; this article explains our protocol for this work. The implementation of this strategy in 2018-2020 led to the designation of nomenclatural standards for 66 Russian potato varieties and elaboration of their genetic passports, which are presented in a series of articles included into issues Nos.3 and 4, Volume 3, of the journal “Plant Biotechnology and Breeding”, containing an overview of methodological approaches to registration of modern domestic cultivars in the VIR collection. DNA samples obtained from the plant material provided by the cultivar authors for nomenclatural standard designation will continue to be used as a source of information on the genetic potential of a cultivar through the expansion of the list of DNA markers and the application of new genetic technologies.

Sorting and identification of Rehmannia glutinosa germplasm resources based on EST-SSR, scanning electron microscopy micromorphology, and quantitative taxonomy

Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. is a valuable medicinal and industrial crop, in the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine has been a thousand years of history, grown widely in the central plain of China. Different cultivars have wide differences in crop yield and quality. Furthermore, long-term mixed cultivation has led to a serious confusion between Rehmannia glutinosa germplasms, which has significantly restricted the breeding of fine cultivars. In this study, 25 core Rehmannia glutinosa germplasms were collected and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to obtain micromorphology. Quantitative taxonomy was then used to identify the genetic relationship between the Rehmannia glutinosa germplasms. Forty agronomic traits, including 24 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micromorphology traits, were chosen to construct the quantitative taxonomy dendrogram. In addition, expressed sequence tags (EST) derived microsatellite markers were also identified and validated in the 25 different Rehmannia glutinosa germplasms to confirm the genetic relationships. Based on a combination of these approaches, four new cultivars were discovered, and were given the standard names “Huaidihuang 01 2017, Huaidihuang 02 2017, Huaidihuang 03 2017 and Huaidihuang 04 2017” according to the international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants (ICNCP) (1995 edition). The study has provided important pollen and seed micromorphology data, as well as genetic diversity data, that can be used as basis for the scientific classification and identification of Rehmannia glutinosa cultivars. It also indicates the hierarchical status of the newly identified cultivars, which will help in protecting the germplasm resources, as well as in Rehmannia glutinosa introduction, cultivation, and breeding.

A Review of the Scientific Names of Chinese Cabbage according to the International Codes of Nomenclature

We organized the scientific names of Chinese cabbage according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). We found that the subspecies name ‘Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.’ was suitable as the scientific name for Chinese cabbage, and we classified B. rapa var. glabra Regel. as its synonym. In addition, B. petsai Bailey is an ‘unrecorded name’ not found in the original description, and therefore is not suitable for use. We conclude that all names based on this name are ‘invalid names’, and should not be used.

The Name of Cannabis: A Short Guide for Nonbotanists.

The genus Cannabis (Family Cannabaceae) is probably indigenous to wet habitats of Asiatic continent. The long coexistence between mankind and Cannabis led to an early domestication of the plant, which soon showed an amazing spectrum of possible utilizations, as a source of textile fibers, as well as narcotic and psychoactive compounds. Nowadays, the specie(s) belonging to the genus Cannabis are represented by myriads of cultivated varieties, often with unstable taxonomic foundations. The nomenclature of Cannabis has been the object of numerous nomenclatural treatments. Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753) described a single species of hemp, Cannabis sativa, whereas Lamarck (1785) proposed two species of Cannabis: C. sativa, the species largely cultivated in Western Continent, and Cannabis indica, a wild species growing in India and neighboring countries. The dilemma about the existence of the species C. indica considered distinct from C. sativa continues up to present days. Due to their prevalent economic interest, the nomenclatural treatment is particularly important as far as it concerns the cultivated varieties of Cannabis. In this context, we propose to avoid the distinction between sativa and indica, suggesting a bimodal approach: when a cultivar has been correctly established. It could be advisable to apply a nomenclature system based on the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP): it is not necessary to use the species epithets, sativa or indica, and a combination of the genus name and a cultivar epithet in any language and bounded by single quotation marks define an exclusive name for each Cannabis cultivar. In contrast, Cannabis varieties named with vernacular names by medical patients and recreational users, and lacking an adequate description as required by ICNCP, should be named as Cannabis strain, followed by their popularized name and without single quotation marks, having in mind that their names have no taxonomical validity.

THE CROP CONCEPT IN CULTONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

In the 1995 International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) the cultivar and cultivar-group are used as the main categories to classify cultivated plants. In order to link the cultonomic classification to the taxonomic (botanical) classification it might be desirable to indicate to what botanical category the cultivated plants are to be assigned. This link between cultonomy and taxonomy is best established at a level above the cultivar-group. The sum total of cultivar-groups constitutes the crop, and it is suggested to recognize the crop as a culton and use it to define the relationship between groups of cultivated plants and the categories of the botanical classification governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). The crop category is also the logical choice to function as denomination class. By applying the crop concept the dependence of classification and nomenclature of cultivated plants on botanical classification and nomenclature with its implicit threat of instability is reduced.

085 Horticultural (Cultivated Plant) Taxonomic Research within ASHS

Horticultural Science in the past quarter of a century has been shifting to increased emphasis on ornamental plants due to the growth of the modern green industry. Numerous species are being introduced into the exterior and interior landscapes. For popular species, the cultivar, as defined by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), has become the basic taxon of cultivated plants. Named ornamental plant cultivars are rising at a rapid rate creating identification and segregation problems in the landscape industry, nurseries, botanic gardens, arboreta, and breeding programs. Government regulations and legal issues are beginning to infringe as solutions to the problems. There is a critical need existing for taxonomic research on ornamental cultivars utilizing classical morphological analysis supplemented with modern biotechnological techniques (e.g., anatomical, chemical, cytological, DNA, Sem analysis). Taxonomic research on existing and newer cultivars can provide quantitative botanical descriptions, keys of segregation, correct identification, determination of correct names and synonymy, improved cultivar documentation, and grouping of similar cultivars in large complexes. The taxonomic research is basic science that has immediate applied application within the horticultural society, and results should be published in the journals of ASHS.

CULTIVAR GROUPING IN RELATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE FOR CULTIVATED PLANTS

SummaryTwo important problems hamper progress towards an unambiguous classification of cultivated plants.The first problem arises from the incompatibility between the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The ICBN is restricted to nomenclature, the ICNCP treats nomenclature, classification and registration. Each code has different rules for the naming of hybrids causing ambiguity in the naming of cultivated hybrid plants. The second problem is the insufficient way in which the ICNCP defines the cultivar group, its relation to botanical classification and its nomenclature.This article presents these problems in a general way with the intention to stimulate further discussion, thereby helping to bring into line both Codes with respect to the classification of cultivated plants.