International Business Models Research Articles

Life Cycle Assessment and Model Optimization for Sustainable Energy Cross-Border E-Commerce

INTRODUCTION: In an in-depth study of the application of sustainable energy in cross-border e-commerce, a comprehensive assessment and model optimization of its life cycle are conducted to promote the practical application of sustainable development in e-commerce. With the increasing global concern for renewable energy and environmental protection, e-commerce, as an international business model, has attracted much attention in terms of the environmental and social impacts of its sustainability.OBJECTIVES: The aim is to provide scientific assessment methods and effective model optimization strategies to promote the feasibility and sustainability of cross-border e-commerce for sustainable energy.METHODS: A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) model was constructed using the system life cycle assessment (SLCA) methodology by collecting data from various aspects of sustainable energy cross-border e-commerce. The model considers the entire life cycle process from energy production, logistics, transportation, and product manufacturing to final consumption and integrates various factors such as resource utilization, environmental emissions, and social responsibility. Based on the assessment, a series of model optimization strategies are proposed, including suggestions for improving supply chain efficiency, promoting green energy applications, and strengthening social responsibility.RESULTS: This study achieved significant life cycle assessment and model optimization results. In terms of energy use, promoting the application of renewable energy significantly reduces carbon emissions; in terms of supply chain management, optimization leads to an overall efficiency improvement and a reduction in resource wastage; and in terms of social responsibility, the enterprise strengthens employee training and community involvement, which enhances its social image. These results show that sustainable energy cross-border e-commerce can better achieve sustainable development goals through systematic assessment and optimization.CONCLUSION: Life cycle assessment and model optimization provide scientific assessment methods and practical suggestions for sustainable energy cross-border e-commerce. In global sustainable development, the e-commerce industry should actively adopt sustainable energy and minimize its negative impacts on the environment and society by optimizing production and supply chain management. Future research can continue to expand the assessment model and deeply explore the potential of sustainable energy in e-commerce to provide more precise guidance for the industry's sustainable development.

Business model innovation of German VET service providers in international contexts – a longitudinal survey

ABSTRACT To support German VET providers in their internationalisation, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has created two funding programs ‘Vocational Training Export’ (BEX; 2010–2017) and ‘Internationalisation of Vocational Education’ (IBB; 2017–2022) for the development of international business models in VET. In this paper, innovations of the business models of the projects are analysed in order to find out the extent to which the innovations have occurred. The sample includes all funded projects (18), in which a minimum of one organisation was funded subsequently in both funding programs. The data includes project documents and qualitative interviews with project actors. In order to identify the business model innovativeness of the projects, a model by Taran, Boer, and Lindgren is used and extended by a further dimension (system) according to Bronfenbrenner and Kell. The data shows that nearly all projects innovate in several areas of the business model. While these are mainly incremental in nature in BEX, radical innovations dominate among the IBB projects. Among other things, it is also evident that the BEX projects with their innovations relate primarily to the meso level (institutions), while the IBB projects address more strongly the exo level (societal subsystems) with their novelties.

International Digital Competencies Maximizing Lean Internationalization In Healthcare Startups

The purpose of this paper is to verify whether international digital competencies help startups achieve lean internationalization. We use a qualitative exploratory approach, and one critical case study was developed with Brazilian startup: Varstation. Our results show how the digital international competencies maximize lean internationalization in emerging market startups in the following way: cross-cultural programming skill is a competence that helps startups achieves the low need to access local foreign specific assets; global virtual networking is a competence that helps startups achieves high access and mobilization power of international resources and leverage power of online reputations; cross-border digital monetization adaptability, international business model reconfiguration and global virtual networking are competencies that help startups leverage their power of online reputations; and global virtual networking is a competence that helps startups achieve adoption of local identities in foreign markets, high access and mobilization power of international resources and low need to access local foreign specific assets. Our findings identified five theoretical contributions and two managerial contributions that confirm the conceptual model proposed.

Sustainable international business model innovations for a globalizing circular economy: a review and synthesis, integrative framework, and opportunities for future research

AbstractThe global imperative has increased in recent years for international firms to respond to major threats such as unintended environmental, social, and economic problems arising from ecological destruction, population growth, and economic activity. To respond to this confluence that has created an emerging existential crisis, we identify that a globalizing circular economy (CE) is required and subsequently define a new construct: sustainable international business model innovations. In doing so, we introduce circular inputs, sharing platforms, product as a service, product use extension, and resource recovery as business models that contain the potential to reply to these grand challenges. Based on CE principles, the innovations and designs introduced are contrasted with the traditional linear economic model and are presented as actionable standardization/adaptation alternatives for companies responding to differing informal and formal international institutions. Based on the theoretical underpinnings of the resource-based, dynamic capabilities, and international business model innovation perspectives, we introduce an integrative framework that is accompanied by a series of detailed research questions to provide future research opportunities for the domain. This conceptual approach holds that international resource design influences marketing capabilities adaptation which, in turn, impacts international performance and offers a foundation from which to build the literature.

The effect of foreign knowledge acquisition on international performance: The mediating roles of international orientation and business model innovation

AbstractResearch on how business model innovation (BMI) in international markets affects international performance continues to proliferate. However, existing research is sparse on primary predictors of this relationship. Drawing upon knowledge creation theory, this article investigates a serial mediation model that supports the role of the indirect effects of foreign knowledge acquisition (FKA) via international orientation (IO) and BMI on international performance. Utilizing time‐lagged survey data from multiple respondents in Ghana (N = 352), the results revealed that high levels of FKA enhance BMI via increased IO, and BMI ultimately improves international performance. Implications relating to theory and practice are discussed.

The creation and diffusion of international business research

Abstract“W(h)ither U.S. Hegemony in International Business Research?” by Grigorios Livanis and Michael Geringer, is an excellent effort to encompass the growth of international business (IB) scholarly research worldwide. This commentary examines the implicit assumptions and models of their analysis, showing that IB models are useful in explaining the scholarly growth of IB.

ТРАНСКОРДОННІ ЗЛИТТЯ І ПОГЛИНАННЯ В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ

This paper is devoted to the study of cross-border mergers and acquisitions in an unstable and turbulent environment, as well as the impact of key global challenges on them. The relevance of the chosen topic is confirmed by the fact that the global economy has experienced a series of shocks in recent years, which have significantly affected the prospects for its development and caused many obstacles for international investment. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions are particularly vulnerable to such challenges and disruptions, as they involve complex negotiations and transactions that are subject to a wide range of economic and political factors. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of modern challenges on cross-border mergers and acquisitions in order to develop effective strategies for managing risk and maximizing value. This paper aims to provide insights into the complex and dynamic nature of cross-border mergers and acquisitions in the context of modern challenges. The article analyses the main trends of the cross-border mergers and acquisitions market, the dynamics of the number and value of mergers and acquisitions deals over the past three decades, and identifies changes in the market structure. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in economic uncertainties and disruptions to market conditions and international business models. The paper identifies significant changes in the due diligence process and in how deals are structured during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has dealt another significant blow to cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The article characterizes the impact of Russian aggression against Ukraine on the global and Ukrainian crossborder mergers and acquisitions market. The war has increased inflationary pressures globally. The paper examines the effects of high inflation on cross-border mergers and acquisitions deals and the valuations of target companies. Central banks react to high inflation by raising interest rates, and the negative and positive impacts of high interest rates on cross-border mergers and acquisitions are analysed.

Perception of export intenders on relevant resources and competences for the internationalization of vocational education and training (VET) providers

AbstractThe local market conditions for VET in Germany naturally affect the exportability of these educational products. In the rarest of cases, education and training products are transferable to foreign markets without any adaptation. The existing literature on international VET cooperation focuses on several transfer aspects as well as case studies of active exporters, investigating drivers and challenges of foreign engagement or analysing international business models. The perspective of resources and competences of VET providers going international has not been considered so far, failing to understand the relevancy of specific factors. This study analyses the required resources and capabilities of internationally active VET organizations (exporters) as well as those without any international experience, but intending to internationalize (intenders). Based on a literature review, this study applied four constructs of company resources and six constructs of competences necessary for conducting international business, each containing two to five indicators. Applying a quantitative research approach, data from 43 exporters and 37 intenders were collected to explore the most relevant resources and competences of both groups. Based on a ranking of all factors, a significant difference in terms of relevance perception was detected comparing both groups. Exporters rate relational resources, intercultural competence, physical resources, and product adaption abroad as much more relevant than export intenders do. Intenders, on the other hand, seem to rely heavily on their strengths in the national market and give high priority to organizational resources like quality management and strategy development for opening up international markets. These findings indicate that support programmes fostering the internationalization of VET providers should put more emphasis on the relevant resource and competence development that export intenders need.

Strategic Alternatives of Marketplaces in Internationalization

Currently entering the international domain is a necessary step for many companies in business development. Companies enter international markets in order to target new customers, to gain access to the development of a unique international business model, or to survive — leaving the local highly competitive market. The process of developing an internationalization strategy has been well studied; moreover, the existence of a large theoretical base (basic strategic alternatives models, analysis of the external and internal environment model for an organization) can simplify significantly this process. One of the business models for which internationalization is especially relevant — an electronic marketplace. Acting as an intermediary between buyers and sellers, a marketplace provides an internet-platform for efficient product exchange. A global market of marketplaces has been growing for the last several years due to different factors, including the pandemic, which leads to strengthening rivalry. This makes the development of international strategies for such a complex business model particularly difficult. This form of business has become notably popular due to the growth of online shopping, which occurred as a result of the recent-year events. For such a complex business model the development of international strategies is particularly interesting. In this article, the authors revealed that the international activity of any marketplace is based on two basic internationalization strategies, each of which, one way or another, manifests itself in these companies. The basic strategies are opposed to each other, which complicates the process of internationalization. To simplify this process, the authors suggested an algorithm for developing an international marketplace strategy. It is based on the AAA-framework model of strategic alternatives and the Double Diamond model of factor analysis of the international environment, which makes it possible to analyze systematically the internal and external environment of an organization and take into consideration strategic contradictions in the marketplace activities. In the future, this algorithm can be used not only to develop marketplace strategy, but also to evaluate competitors' strategies and conduct a case study, for further research in this direction.

INTEGRATION OF BUSINESS UNITS OF WEG: HOW TO GENERATE POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES IN THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION BETWEEN BUSINESS UNITS OF A GLOBAL COMPANY?

Objective: This teaching case describes the trajectory of the internationalization of WEG, a Brazilian company producer of electric engines. This study proposes to fulfill the following objectives: (a) comprehend the company’s process of internationalization from the perspective of international business theories; (b) analyse why the way taken in the process of internationalization by the business unit WEG Automação occurred in a sequential way to that of WEG Motores; and, (c) reveal if the network of WEG Motores generated positive externalities to the internationalization of WEG Automação. Method: Teaching case, based on real case. The primary and secondary data were used for the development of this teaching case. The primary data was obtained through a semistructured interview with the director of WEG Automação and mangers of the unit, made during late 2016. The interviews were transcripted and used together with the secondary data for the development of this teaching case. The secondary data was obtained using institutional information available at WEG’s website and documents of the company. Besides, the interviewers performed direct observation during visits of a long duration to the company. Relevance/originality: The company’s move of internationalization shows its value inside the context of emerging multinational companies, considering that different units feed themselves with internal and external skills during the process, corroborating aspects of the behavioral approach of the Uppsala Models. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: The case contributes to apply theorical lens of International Business, as Network and Uppsala Model to explain the movement of internationalization process of a Global firm, specifically to compare the process between two of its units business – WMO and WAU. Social / management contributions: This teaching case application is recommended for graduation or undergraduate courses in Administration, Foreign Trade and International Management, to discuss in subjects such as: Internationalization of Companies, International Business, Internationalization Theories, and Emerging Markets. The use of the case help to improve analytical skills of students, about real situation of an emerging market firm that become a global player. Keywords: Internationalization. Emerging Multinational. Network. Business units of WEG. Teaching Case.

How global mindset drives innovation and exporting performance: the roles of relational and bricolage capabilities

Purpose Emerging markets play an important role in the global economy. However, a common feature of most emerging markets is that firms must operate in a resource-constrained environment. In emerging markets, global mindset is a necessary resource for firms’ global competitiveness. Although global mindset has been proven to improve export performance, the theoretical mechanism behind this relationship is less clear. Based on the resource-based on the resource-based view and capability-building perspective, this study developed a model linking global mindset, relational capability, bricolage capability, innovation, and export performance. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted to collect data from exporting firms in Taiwan. Subsequently, the data (n = 172) were analyzed using a partial least squares program. Findings The analytical results reveal that a global mindset positively influences relational and bricolage capabilities; relational capability positively affects bricolage capability; relational capability and bricolage capability have significant and direct effects on innovation; and innovation positively affects export performance. Originality/value The findings confirm that a global mindset plays a crucial role in the capability-building process, which suggests that it contributes to the development of relational and bricolage capabilities. Also, relational capability is critical for exporting firms to develop bricolage capability. Finally, innovation is an important mediating mechanism between capabilities and export performance. Therefore, exporting firms can develop their international business models on the basis of their capabilities, including relational capability and bricolage capability. These capabilities improve innovation, which, in turn, enhances export performance in a resource-constrained environment.

A reassessment of UNCTAD’s transnationality indices in the digital economy

This research note reassesses UNCTAD’s transnationality indices in light of recent economic trends that are quickly changing the international investment landscape: the digital economy, the new industrial revolution and the resulting asset-light international business models. The recent international “Agreement on a Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy” through the Base Erosion Profit Shifting project emphasizes the importance of fully understanding and correctly interpreting the implications of digitalization for investment and development policy. The analysis shows that UNCTAD’s internationalization indices are still able to capture relevant structural changes but could benefit from several fine-tuning options to allow a clearer interpretation and consequently a better elaboration of policy advice. Relevant policy areas include international taxation, as suggested by the analysis of the FDI lightness index, but also employment and more generally development strategies of host economies.

A new green revolution or agribusiness as usual? Uncovering alignment issues and potential transition complications in agri-food system transitions

Agri-food system transitions are a considerable challenge requiring stakeholder alignment on what changes need to be made and how. When stakeholders do not agree on the goals or methods of a transition, this can be a serious obstacle to success. This paper analyzes 42 vision documents for the future of Dutch agriculture from a broad range of stakeholders to determine stakeholder alignment using an inductive coding approach. We identified 23 issues as the main challenges for the transition in these documents. We are the first to categorize them according to a recently proposed problem-solution space for wicked problems. Stakeholders were fully aligned in recognizing the problem for the majority of issues, but showed agreement on solutions for less than a quarter. For the issues of international orientation, sector size, and farm business models, we found a lack of consensus on the problem, indicating fundamental disagreement about the type of agricultural sector desired by stakeholders. The apparent consensus on environmental and social issues provides clear societal expectations for agronomic development and innovation, while the divergence on economic issues highlights the rift between growth-oriented paradigms and more holistic paradigms like agroecology. The crucial empirical novelty of this paper is that progress on environmental and social matters is restricted by divergent views on the economic characteristics of a future agri-food system, adding further complexity to mission-oriented transition and innovation policies.

Charity Pharmaceutical Care Services: a New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia

PTB Reports,2021,7,2,61-65.DOI:10.5530/PTB.2021.7.11Published:September 2021Type:Review ArticlesAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, BSc. Pharm, MSc. Clin Pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, CDE Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor, and Data Analyst, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abeer Hussin Almasoudi, BSc. Pharm, Director, Administration of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: To affirm the Charity pharmaceutical care services as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national Charity heath care services societies and regulations. The projects expressed from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and entails of several parts, including the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Charity pharmaceutical care services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had numerous benefits, counting clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuation of the project is guaranteed by the risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. Finally, the transition to operation project through closing project stage is discovered in the analysis. Conclusion: The Charity pharmaceutical care services are a new initiative part of the charity medical and healthcare services. The Charity pharmaceutical care services were part of pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi vision 2030, meet the demand of healthcare services, and diminish the economic burden on the healthcare system; it is highly proposed to implement in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Charity, Initiative, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, ServicesView:PDF (178.01 KB) PDF PDF Images Charity Pharmaceutical Care Services: a New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia

Transnational Entrepreneurship: A New Perspective on a Cooperative Approach towards Cross-border Entrepreneurship

Cross-border cooperation in the early stages of a start-up might be one way of developing a sustainable and scalable business model for young enterprises. Thus, this paper is anchored at the intersection of the research areas of international Entrepreneurship and business model innovation. Its intention is to open up diverse perspectives for researchers in the field of cross-border Entrepreneurship. For this complex approach of cross-national cooperation, a theoretical framework with helpful knowledge has been developed. This work is considered relevant in view of the possible future developments in the fields of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Global developments, such as the rapid growth of digitization, have a strong impact on the global economic situation as well as the field of Entrepreneurship (Kollmann et al. 2017). While on the one hand many people in Europe fear falling behind China and the USA when it comes to innovation, the associated potential for new, globally applicable business models is often neglected even though start-ups might have the courage to address them. However, they usually lack the resources and market access they need to implement their objectives. Therefore, this paper offers a new perspective on Transnational Entrepreneurship (TE) and demonstrates an approach for a cooperative possibility, how young companies can successfully discover cross-border market opportunities together with other start-ups and implement new business models successfully, providing a new perspective and first practical implications from action research-based pilot projects for Transnational Entrepreneurship. Furthermore, first practical implications were implemented through a university project in the challenging environment of resource constraints and cross-border communication. Keywords: transnational, entrepreneurship, cooperation, business model,

Role of Pharmacist in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Scie,2021,10,1,1-5.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.1Published:March 2021Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, BSc. Pharm, MSc. Clin Pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, CDE, Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor and Data Analyst, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Head, Ambulatory Care Pharmacy, Oncology and Hematology Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: To explore the role of Pharmacist in an epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Methods: It is a new initiative services drove by national and international infection control, epidemic, pandemic, and medicine disaster guidelines. The projects formulated the latest project from pharmacy project guidelines, the international business model, and project management institution guidelines. Project management professionals steps write the initiative project. It consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizes COVID-19 with a defined vision, mission, and aims. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuity of the project is assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizing COVID-19 is essential and beneficial. The Pharmacist might contribute to the infection control at the pharmacy and healthcare system, provide enough supply from medications, and be involved in public health education about epidemic or pandemic management; it is highly suggested to implement other counties in Saudi Arabia the world. Keywords:Disaster, Emergency, Epidemic, Pandemic, Pharmacist, Public health, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (158.53 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Role of Pharmacist in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Research on Xiaomi’s Internationalized Business Model

As a young technology-based company, Xiaomi’s international business continues to develop and grow. This article studies the international business model of Xiaomi. Through the analysis of the motivations of Xiaomi’s internationalization, this paper obtains the reasons for Xiaomi’s entry into the international market. We also study the choice of target market, the mode of entering the target market and the marketing strategy in the process of Xiaomi’s internationalization. Finally, it summarizes Xiaomi’s internationalization experience and puts forward enlightenment.

Creative approaches for generating growth using minimal resources

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings This research paper clarifies that a coopetition-oriented mindset does drive coopetition-oriented behaviors. The results reveal that industry experience has a negative impact on the manifestation of coopetition-oriented behaviors, due a risk-related reticence in choosing suitable coopetition partners. Engaging in internationalization – for example, by partnering with a competitor to enter a foreign export market – with a coopetition-oriented mindset, has the positive effect of yielding further coopetition-oriented behaviors. Organizations involved in international business models are therefore more likely to partake in coopetition strategies. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Indicators: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2020,9,4,114-116.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.22Published:November 2020Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat, Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus, Abdulrahman Safar Alqthami, Fareed Ali Alharpi, Ahmad M. AlKharoby, and Wael H. Motair Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor and Data Analyst, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat, Bsc. Pharm Medication Safety Officer, Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus, Bsc. Pharm Regional General Manager, Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Abdulrahman Safar Alqthami, Lab Specialist, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Fareed Ali Alharpi, Bsc. Nursing Nursing staff, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Ahmad M. AlKharoby, MD Assistant General Manager for assistant medical affiars, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Wael H. Motair, MD General Manager, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj pharmacy indicators as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is inscribed through project management professionals and contained several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had several benefits with monitoring the clinical and economic of mass gathering pharmaceutical care, as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project guaranteed by the risk management model description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy indicators is new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are several sections of pharmacy indicators can be initiated during mass gathering; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Hajj, Indicators, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., ServicesView:PDF (128.7 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Indicators: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia

Pharmacy Transition Care Services during Mass Gathering Hajj in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2020,9,4,117-119.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.23Published:November 2020Type:Review Article Authors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat, Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus, Naif Olaythah Alharbi, Fareed Ali Alharpi, Ahmad M. AlKharoby, and Wael H. Motair Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor and Data Analyst, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat, Bsc. Pharm Medication Safety Officer, Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus, Bsc. Pharm Regional General Manager, Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Naif Olaythah Alharbi, Diploma. Pharm Staff Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Fareed Ali Alharpi, Bsc. Nursing Nursing staff, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Ahmad M. AlKharoby, MD Assistant General Manager for assistant medical affiars, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Wael H. Motair, MD General Manager, Makkah Medical Affairs Region, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objective: To declare the pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy transition care services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as demonstrated in the review. The extension of the project assured by risk management elements description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The conversion of operation project, though closing project stage, demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering is a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. Various pharmacy transition care services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services, Transition CareView:PDF (135.17 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Pharmacy Transition Care Services during Mass Gathering Hajj in Saudi Arabia