International Aircraft Research Articles

Unlawful Seizure: The Legal Implications Of Russia’s Re-Registration Of Leased Aircraft

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia passed a law allowing its domestic airlines to reregister foreign-owned aircraft on the Russian aircraft registry. This law raises important questions about dual registration—forbidden under international law—since the prior foreign aviation authorities had not consented to the deregistration of the subject aircraft. Even as lessors revoked airworthiness certificates, Russia re-registered more than 350 leased aircraft. The most significant problem in civil aviation today is Russia’s re-registration law, which undermines predictability, order, and safety. This essay argues that Russia passed its registration law because its war left it with few other options. This does not make Russia’s actions legally defensible, but the context helps frame potential solutions, which will be explored after examining the international aircraft registration regime and the legal implications of Russia’s actions.

Adaptation of corporate model of ukrainian aircraft product life cycle to the international methodology of systems engineering

Problems. Under the present-day conditions, the preservation of competences of Ukrainian aircraft construction enterprises will be determined by the possibility of enterprises attracting to participation in international cooperation programs and projects. But this is possible only on the condition of prior harmonization of the product development methodology adopted in Ukrainian aircraft construction to that used in the international aircraft construction projects. Purose. The main goal of this article is to determine the ability and ways of adapting the corporate model of life cycle of aircraft engineering projects by Ukrainian aircraft construction enterprises to modern global aircraft construction practices. Implementation methodology. The research methodology predicted the identification of the main modern trends in the field of system engineering for the creation of a science-intensive product, as well as the analysis of concepts of presenting the life cycle of complex technical systems in international regulatory documents, industry regulations, guidelines and other information sources. Criteria for perspective of using the identified informational and normative sources as close analogues for the development of one's own corporate model of life cycle of an aircraft construction product were identified. On the basis of the criterion analysis of researched concepts of the life cycle of complex technical systems representing, the requirements were formed, which formed the basis of the concept of one's own corporate model of life cycle of the aircraft construction product. The results. The result of conducted research was the proposed concept of a corporate model of the life cycle of an aircraft construction product manufactured in Ukraine, which takes into account the international experience and best practices of leading aircraft construction companies, including focusing on the experience accumulated by domestic aircraft manufacturers. Conclusions. According to the results of analysis of advanced world practices in the field of creating a science-intensive product, an own corporate model of the life cycle of an aircraft product manufactured in Ukraine was proposed. In the future, on the basis of this model, a system for creating an aircraft product can be built and developed, which will be harmonized with existing world practices and will allow the domestic aircraft construction enterprises to fight for participation in international programs and projects.

Fuel-saving and emission accounting: An airliner case study for green engine selection

In this research, differences in the quantities of hazardous emissions induced by equipping the first composite constructed narrow body aircraft, which is commonly used in commercial aviation today, with the most common engine combinations are examined. Each engine combination that is the subject of this research is actively deployed by a number of airlines and serves the majority of passenger transportation demands. The objective is to clearly depict the variation in the quantities of emissions generated by the various engine types employed in this commonly used passenger aircraft. The instability in the amounts of emissions in various flight phases of the same aircraft, performed with various engine specifications on the same trajectory and route, is determined using EUROCONTROL's Integrated Aircraft Noise and Emissions Modelling Platform (IMPACT), which is founded on the Base of Aircraft Data, Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA), and International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Helicopter and Aircraft Engine Emission Database. The research seeks to answer the following question: Considering that airlines serve many destinations throughout the year, how much fuel saving and, indirectly, emissions mitigation are achieved per sortie as a result of replacing the engines used by airlines in their existing fleets with the most environmentally friendly equivalents?

AIRCRAFT FINANCING INDUSTRY: JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF GUARANTEE AGREEMENT IN THE AIRCRAFT FINANCING INDUSTRY

All humans require various supports to progress in life, particularly in Indonesia. People's mobility is required at a rapid pace due to the shape of Indonesia as an archipelago. The aviation industry is one of the supporting factors. Indonesians require the use of both domestic and international aircraft. As a result, massive procurement of aircraft fleets takes place. The airline requires financing to support the aviation sector as a capital-intensive and high-technology industry in its procurement. Every business activity must require collateral to prevent the parties from defaulting. As a result, the contents of this journal will explain the entire discussion of financing and collateral in accordance with applicable laws.

Settlement on asphalt concrete pavement in permafrost regions under the dynamic load of aircraft.

The settlement in permafrost regions has a significant effect on the safety of the aircraft. Therefore, a numerical model of asphalt concrete pavement and subgrade in permafrost regions is proposed and verified by comparing with previous studies. Numerical models under the dynamic load of aircraft are used to analyze the settlement nephogram, time-dependent curve, and settlement curve. Results show that the influences of different parameters on settlements decrease slowly at the depth of 0-1.45m, then decrease quickly at the depth of 1.45-2m, finally tend to be stable. The peaks of settlements increase with the growth of international roughness index, taxiing speed, and aircraft's weight. The settlement increases little when the international roughness index is more than 3. The settlement varies significantly when the taxiing speed is from 30m/s to 70m/s. The study provides a theoretical basis for the construction and maintenance of asphalt concrete pavement and subgrade in permafrost.

우리나라 항공운송산업의 포괄적 공익성 제고를 위한 슬롯 조정 및 배분 원칙 연구 : 우리나라 혼잡공항인 제3종 공항 중심으로

Until COVID-19 began in earnest, many airports around the world were forced to achieve a serious imbalance between airport slot availability and demand for requested slots due to increasing air traffic every year. This caused a number of problems at three airports in Korea (Incheon, Gimpo, and Jeju airports) as well as many congested airports around the world, including abnormal operation of regular flights, limitations on development of additional air demand, increase in airfare due to imbalance in supply and demand, and restrictions on development of new routes. These problems add to the demand for retaliatory travel, which has never been able to travel at the end of COVID-19, and congestion airports around the world are expected to experience more severe airport congestion than before COVID-19. Therefore, although fundamental measures were needed to solve these problems as soon as possible, in reality, satisfactory adjustment and allocation measures could not be clearly found for the requested slot desired by the air passenger transportation business operator. After all, the structural solution to this is to build a new airport, which is not a problem that can be solved in a short time due to the time it takes to build an airport (an average of seven to eight years to build one), related construction costs, conflicts of interest between stakeholders, and other environmental issues. Therefore, in this study, the priority-based slot allocation model (PSAM), which is the most useful and presentable model among existing scholars' models, was reorganized into a model applicable to Korea's three airports. Subsequently, to verify the significance of the optimization model of the available slot derived from the first research objective and the model that maximizes the benefits of airport operators and air carriers, the best slot adjustment and distribution combination optimized for profitability is derived when international, domestic, and various aircraft are introduced to Incheon, Gimpo, and Jeju airports.

Training aircraft selection for department of flight training in fuzzy environment

Modern aviation has gained an important place in the transportation sector since the Montgolfier brothers designed the air balloon. Aircraft are fast becoming a key instrument in passenger and cargo transportation. The last two decades have seen a growing trend towards the use of aircraft as transportation tools. International aircraft companies report that new aircraft orders are increasing every year. However, there is a lack of routes because of the insufficient number of pilots. Therefore, the increase in usage of aircraft has been limited. To respond to this increase in Turkey, it indicates a rise in the number of flight academies. Flight academies have emerged as powerful and expensive platforms for flight training. In the new global economy, the aircraft selection problem has become a central issue for Flight Training Departments, which is planned to open in government universities. In this study, an approach based on the fuzzy BWM method is proposed to select more suitable training aircraft in government universities. Criterion weights and alternative aircraft rankings were determined using the fuzzy BWM method. Afterward, a mathematical model was developed to calculate how many aircraft we need to buy under certain constraints. Necmettin Erbakan University, which wants to train new and qualified pilots, needs training aircraft, which is the most critical factor, and trainers that can provide pilot training. A case study of training aircraft selection was conducted for the Necmettin Erbakan University Department of Flight Training.

Commentary on Technical Trends for Aircraft Industry by International Aircraft Development Fund

Commentary on Technical Trends for Aircraft Industry by International Aircraft Development Fund

Biological Pathway Introduction of Quarantine Animal Disease through International Waste at Soekarno Hatta International Airport, Indonesia

International flights coming to Indonesia, in addition to bringing in passengers, also brings in passenger’s food waste and garbage from the activities in the airplane. Soekarno Hatta International Airport (SHIA), as one of the busiest airports in Indonesia has great potential as a waste producer. International waste has a higher risk in terms of spreading disease to the environment around the airport, which will ultimately impact human and animal health in general. Waste risk assessment carried by international aircraft as a risk carrier of quarantine animal disease entering Indonesia has never been done. The aim of this study was to identify the biological pathway from the entry of pathogens through international waste and how to prevent it. The results, there were three pathway of international waste management at SHIA. The first pathway, the waste was not unloaded from international aircraft and returned to the country of origin. The second pathway, international waste was unloaded from international aircraft, then destroyed in incinerators inside the airport area. The third pathway, the waste was managed by the inflight catering company and taken out of the SHIA. The third pathway has a highest risk as an entry pathway of quarantine animal disease. There was possibility that food waste was reused as animal feed. Regulations regarding airport waste management is exist, but the implementation is not optimal. The authority and agencies related to international waste at SHIA need to enforce the existing rules about international waste management, to prevent the spread of diseases due to waste.

Separable and semiparametric network-based counting processes applied to the international combat aircraft trades

AbstractWe propose a novel tie-oriented model for longitudinal event network data. The generating mechanism is assumed to be a multivariate Poisson process that governs theonsetandrepetitionof yearly observed events with two separate intensity functions. We apply the model to a network obtained from the yearly dyadic number of international deliveries of combat aircraft trades between 1950 and 2017. Based on the trade gravity approach, we identify economic and political factors impeding or promoting the number of transfers. Extensive dynamics as well as country heterogeneities require the specification of semiparametric time-varying effects as well as random effects. Our findings reveal strong heterogeneous as well as time-varying effects of endogenous and exogenous covariates on theonsetandrepetitionof aircraft trade events.

Results of mosquito inspection on international aircraft, and incidence of invasion of exotic mosquitoes at quarantine ports and airports in Japan (2008–2018)

Results of mosquito inspection on international aircraft, and incidence of invasion of exotic mosquitoes at quarantine ports and airports in Japan (2008–2018)

Moral Dilemmas of Nurses and Paramedics During In-Flight Medical Emergencies on Commercial Airlines

During commercial flights, in-flight medical emergencies may lead the cabin crew to request assistance from qualified health care professionals among the passengers. Although a physician’s function and role are well known and virtually universal globally, the role, education, and scope of practice of nurses and paramedics varies significantly. This article analyzes the possible dilemmas that medical professionals other than physicians who assist during in-flight medical emergencies may face and presents recommendations for aviation authorities. There is an identified need for universal cross-border regulations and an awareness of legal and ethical boundaries for medical responders other than physicians on board commercial international aircraft.

Research on Scrap Recycling of Retired Civil Aircraft

With the acceleration of the decommissioning of civil aircraft and the huge economic and environmental benefits, how to dispose and recycle the waste materials of decommissioned aircraft has become an important issue to be solved urgently. This article first introduces the current status of the international aircraft dismantling and recycling industry, and then elaborates the scrap recycling technology of the retired aircraft from the second-hand aviation material market, metals and composite materials, respectively. Finally, the positioning and advantages of the main aircraft manufacturer are clarified, and the future prospects for the field of dismantling and recycling are put forward.

Implementation of the International Convention Rules Concerning International Civil Aviation on Aircraft Hijacking (Ethiopian Airlines Boeing Case Study 767-300)

The hijacking of aircraft is a test in international criminal law. Besides of the fact that international conventions also control state authority, this issue is already present in international conventions, but also allows the State full power to enforce its national laws so that it can impose severe penalties on aircraft hijackers. The questions that form the basis of this legal inquiry are: how is the International Aircraft Hijacking Regulation and how to solve cases of Boeing 767-300 aircraft hijacking by Ethiopian Airlines. The empirical approach used in the drafting of this law is the standard legal approach. The analysis parameters used for this study are descriptive-analytical. The details for this analysis are International Convention Materials and Resources for the Library. The findings of the analysis concluded that the 1963 Tokyo Convention, the Hague Convention, the Montreal Convention, and the 1970 Hague Convention were concerned with the hijacking of aircraft. In the end, the suspects were prosecuted based on Ethiopian state authority as an aircraft registrar.

COVID-19 and International Aircraft Financing Law

As a result of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic, and the consequent drastic limitations on, and reduction in demand for, air travel, many airlines are finding it difficult to pay rent to lessors on aircraft they lease or to repay financiers in respect of moneys to buy aircraft which they own. Airlines may be able to agree deferral or reduction in payment obligations, or even to any early return of the aircraft, but what legal recourse is there under international air law if agreement cannot be reached, and does it make sense to pursue it in the context of the pandemic? Lease, Finance, Frustration, Force majeure, Cape Town Convention

Heading towards Cape Town? Some remarks on the preparation of a future Protocol to the Cape Town Convention with respect to ships and maritime equipment

The Cape Town Convention, prepared under the auspices of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, is a remarkable success in the field of the unification of private law. Particularly, the Aircraft Protocol thereto has significantly facilitated international aircraft financing. Unsurprisingly, given the parallels between ship and aircraft financing, there are initiatives to prepare a further Protocol to the Cape Town Convention with respect to ships and maritime equipment. This idea, however, is not uncontroversial. Some doubt that a future Maritime Protocol would fit the existing legal framework of ship financing and that it would meet the needs of market participants. This article discusses some specific aspects regarding the preparation of such a Maritime Protocol. After providing some background to the ongoing debate, it examines the possible relationship between a Maritime Protocol to the Cape Town Convention and a possible future Convention on the recognition of judicial sales of ships currently prepared by the Comité Maritime International. It finds that the Maritime Protocol and a Convention on Foreign Judicial sales of ships could serve as complementary instruments that would jointly facilitate shipowners access to credit. In a second step, this article discusses some concerns with respect to a future Maritime Protocol. A closer look is taken at the controversial issue of maritime liens that is perceived to have hindered previous attempts at unification. A possible Maritime Protocol to the Cape Town Convention would provide a flexible regime of maritime liens that strikes a balance between policy interests of Member States and creditors’ interests in securing their investment. Finally, a Maritime Protocol would offer a flexible regime of remedies on insolvency. Therefore, this article concludes that the preparation of a Maritime Protocol would manifestly simplify the legal framework of ship financing.

THE KINETICS OF CONTAMINANTS ACCUMULATION IN THE JET FUEL DURING THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF ITS PREPARATION FOR AIRCRAFT REFUELING

Much attention is payed to the tasks for ensuring domestic and international aircraft safety and regularity, which are multifaceted and complex. One of them is the system of ensuring the quality of aviation fuel for refueling aircraft at airports. A significant influence of the quality, chemical composition and fuel range on the reliability and lifetime of components and parts of the aircraft fuel system was studied in the process of development and experience accumulation of aircraft operating, processes of aviation fuel production, as well as during storage, quality control, transportation, refueling preparation and aircraft refueling. Currently, work is being done to study the influence of fuel quality on the units of the technological scheme of fuel-filling complexes, which provide the required cleanliness of the fuel according to the regulations. The article describes the trend level of aviation fuel cleanliness at the stages from receipt to issuance to the refueling station. The evaluation of compliance with existing regulations on the level of jet fuel cleanliness and the efficiency of fuel cleaning facilities is carried out. It is stated that one of the problems of insufficient level of aviation fuel cleaning quality is a violation of the acceptable contamination level of the fuel before the filter. It was found that the disadvantage of the used filter paper is the fiber wash out process. According to this research it was found that while cleaning fuel from mechanical admixtures it is necessary to take into account the technical condition of the filtering element, and proposal was developed for fuel-filling systems to ensure aviation fuel cleanliness in compliance with regulations.

Aerodrome certification for small and emerging airports: Is it an issue?

Safety in aviation activities has always been one of the overriding considerations of ICAO. Article 44 of the Chicago Convention charges ICAO with ensuring the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world. From a regulatory perspective, ICAO’s role is to provide procedures and guidance for the safe conduct of international aircraft operations and to foster the planning and development of air transport. This is largely achieved by developing standards and recommended practices (SARPs), which are contained in Annexes to the Chicago Convention and reflect the best operational experience of member states. As stated in ICAO Doc 9774 (Manual on Certification of Aerodromes) Chapter 3 Section B, the specifications in ICAO Annex 14, Vol. 1 Aerodrome Design and Operations, unless otherwise indicated in a particular context, apply to all aerodromes open to public use in accordance with the provisions of Article 15 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The responsibility to ensure safety and order at all aerodromes open to public use under their jurisdiction rests with states. Importantly, member states have the prerogative of determining the structure of civil aviation within their borders, including regulation. While the requirement for aerodrome certification may not be applied by a state to all aerodromes under its jurisdiction, aerodromes used for international operations should not be exempted from the requirement. To this end, states need to establish appropriate criteria and then ensure that the criteria are actually implemented. Some states, however, do not refer only to international operations and it is for this reason that all the specific regulatory criteria need to be well understood, particularly where a ‘trigger point’ for certification may be reached. This paper aims to highlight the significance of aerodrome certification, not just in terms of overall compliance, but also being mindful to take practicable approaches to managing risk effectively, particularly at small and emerging airports across the globe. In context, this paper defines ‘small’ and ‘emerging’ airports as those airports with around 1 million passengers per year or those with greater numbers but going through a period of significant exponential growth given their current economic positioning.

An Overview of High-Performance Aircraft Structural Al Alloy-AA7085

AA7085 Al alloy is a new-generation, high-strength, quench-insensitive alloy that features in airframe applications such as massive bulkhead and wing spars structures in Airbus A380 and Joint Strike Fighter aircrafts. This alloy has a great potential in replacing currently used high-strength AA7xxx alloys in many international and national military aircraft programs [Hawk, Su-30, MiG series, light combat aircraft (Tejas), Hindustan turbo/jet trainer, light combat helicopter, advanced light helicopter, and fifth-generation fighter aircrafts]. An effort has been made to highlight the processing, heat treatment, properties and applications of the AA7085 Al alloy from the existing literature on the AA7085 alloy. The potential applications of this alloy are presented and compared with the currently used AA7075 Al alloy. A typical process cycle involved in the manufacturing of wrought AA7085 alloy products is described in detail. Particularly, the precipitation mechanisms involved in the different temper conditions are critically reviewed with the supporting microstructures. The mechanical properties with a particular emphasis on tensile, fatigue, and fracture toughness properties are discussed in detail based on the analysis of experimental data. The effects of temper conditions on the stress corrosion cracking and exfoliation corrosion have also been reviewed critically.

The characteristics and control strategies of aircraft noise in China

Aircraft noise pollution is a common challenge faced by the world. In China, this problem has drawn more and more attention from the local government and general public, as the average growth of aviation capacity exceeds 10% every year. Therefore this review paper aims to investigate the characteristics of China’s aircraft noise, the underlying reasons for noise complaints, and the negative impacts of aircraft noise on human health. It is found that there is an increase, on average, of 3% hearing loss per exposure year in China. Aircraft noise can also bring potential damages to other physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular system. Along with the fast development of the aviation industry, complaints arising due to the disturbance of aircraft noise have occurred more frequently in China. For the residents living in the vicinity of the airport, aircraft noise can induce their annoyance at different levels, and it has been revealed that the areas and populations influenced by aircraft noise are predicted to grow steadily with the flight increase and airport expansion. Comparatively, Chinese residents might be more easily annoyed by aircraft noise. The differences among typical international aircraft noise standards and regulations, and the existing problems are also summarised. Finally this paper further explores the appropriate strategies for the reduction of aircraft noise, as well as the preventative legislation for the future.