712 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE benau traces the development of the industry up to the Second World War. Overall, he does a fine job in this short monograph (only 134 pages of text), although his discussion of the industrial technology used to expand drug manufacturing leaves much to be desired. Liebenau succeeds best in his discussion of the institutional history of the American pharmaceutical industry and its relation to broader social and scientific trends. Medical Science and Medical Industry meshes especially well with the historiography of American business, and the author does an admi rablejob of placing his study in the context of Alfred Chandler’s work in this area. Liebenau agrees with Chandler’s thesis that American business was powered by the nation’s economic policy and argues that Chandler’s ideas “hold as true for the drug makers as for other sectors” (p. 31). Liebenau demonstrates early in his work that the pharmaceutical industry was, first and foremost, a business. Through out the book, he stresses the ways that drug companies adapted to the shifting economic environment by utilizing mass production, employ ing armies of drug salesmen, and shrouding themselves in the mystique of “scientific medicine.” The work may disappoint scholars in the history of technology. It will be of far more interest and use to historians of medicine, pharmacy, and business. For example, Liebenau restricts his discus sion of the technology drug producers used, focusing instead on the institutional setting in which manufacturing took place. The emphasis on the context of pharmaceutical production limits the book’s useful ness to historians of technology. Medical Science and Medical Industry does, however, provide an excellent examination of the growth of the American pharmaceutical industry. Liebenau skillfully traces the interrelation of business interests, medical science, and the drug industry. Historians interested in these aspects will find Liebenau’s work extremely useful. David P. Adams Dr. Adams, a member of the Department of Humanities at Columbus State Commu nity College, is completing a study of the allocation of penicillin during the Second World War. He has a recent article in the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences on the role of bureaucracy in the wartime distribution of penicillin. Mechanization and Maize: Agriculture and the Politics of Technology Trans fer in East Africa. By Constance G. Anthony. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. Pp. xiv-l-178; tables, notes, index. $25.00. Attempts to transfer technology to the Third World for develop ment purposes date back to the 1940s, and there are now myriad technology and culture Book Reviews 713 works on the subject, many of them based on case studies. This book is a contribution to that literature. Constance Anthony takes two countries, Kenya and Tanzania, with similar natural environments and contrasting political systems, and two examples of technology transfer: the introduction of tractors and the Green Revolution in maize. She identifies six sets of actors involved in these attempts: the Kenyan government, capitalist and ethnically elitist; the government of Tanzania, socialist and egalitar ian; the major international organizations involved in agricultural development (Food and Agriculture Organization, International La bor Organization, World Bank); the agencies associated with the Green Revolution (e.g., Rockefeller Foundation, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research); and the farmers of Kenya and Tanzania. Each group is, of course, divided into many subgroups. Each of the four cases reveals an important aspect of the interac tions between technology and politics. Tractors, although economi cally and technically inappropriate on all but the largest farms in Kenya, were nonetheless endorsed by the big international organiza tions as the best way to increase food production, and by the two governments as the ideal means of extending the power of the state over the peasantry. The result was a very limited success in Kenya and a disaster in Tanzania. Green Revolution maize, the product of a technically oriented research project, was far less amenable to political control. Even though it benefited small-scale as well as large-scale Kenyan farmers, it could not rescue Tanzania from its government’s well-meaning but misguided policies. From these cases the author draws familiar conclusions: that social justice is beyond the...