Internal Tension Research Articles

Eichmann’s Mistake: The Problem of Thoughtlessness in International Criminal Law

Atrocities are often unprecedented and identifying them therefore may require moral and political judgement, not only the application of legal rules. Consequently, potential defendants charged for perpetrating them may be genuinely unable to recognize the law that prohibits their criminal activity. Starting from its classical treatment in Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem, this problem has perplexed scholars who have noted the seemingly normal character of defendants in mass atrocity cases. In disagreement with other scholars in the area, I argue for a recognition of a “mistake of law”? defense in international criminal law. The Article demonstrates the stakes of the claim through three hypothetical international criminal cases with different political underpinnings, all pertaining to burning contemporary concerns: cases against individuals responsible for the enormous risks of climate change; against abusers of migrants in the context of border enforcement; and against individuals responsible for the termination of pregnancies in abortion clinics. I argue for a dual approach: on the one hand, prosecutors and judges must constantly leave open the possibility of a radical departure from extant doctrine and precedent in charging individuals. On the other, they must recognize that defendants may reasonably not be able to recognize the law qua law, especially when such departures occur. The internal tension between these two imperatives sheds light on the predicament of international criminal adjudication. A recognition of the proposed mistake of law defense is but a modest doctrinal solution for a much more fundamental perplexity of the discipline. Yet it is especially crucial today, with an ever-clearer normative divergence among actors in the “international community.”?

Single-Molecule Mechanical Measurements of the Hyaluronan-Aggrecan Bottlebrush

Large bottlebrush complexes formed from the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) and the proteoglycan aggrecan contribute to cartilage compression resistance and are necessary for healthy joint function. A variety of mechanical forces act on these complexes in the cartilage extracellular matrix, motivating the need for a quantitative description of their structure and mechanical response. Studies using electron microscopy have imaged the HA-aggrecan brush but require adsorption to a surface, dramatically altering the complex from its native conformation. We use magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy to measure changes in extension and mechanical response of an HA chain as aggrecan monomers bind and form a bottlebrush. This technique directly measures changes undergone by a single complex with time and under varying solution conditions. Upon addition of aggrecan, we find a large swelling effect manifests when the HA chain is under little to no tension (stretching forces less than ~1 pN). Theory of polymer brushes and models of side-chain-induced internal tension show our data are consistent with a polydisperse aggrecan population, attributable to varying degrees of glycosylation. Our results provide a mechanistic picture of how flexibility and size of HA and aggrecan lead to the brush architecture and mechanical properties of this important component of cartilage.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СЕСТРИНСЬКОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦЯМ Й МИРНОМУ НАСЕЛЕННЮ, ЯКІ ПЕРЕБУВАЛИ В ЗОНІ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ

Мета роботи. Проаналізувати основні напрямки сестринської допомоги військовослужбовцям та цивільному населенню, які перебували в зоні ведення бойових дій.
 Матеріали і методи. На базі військово-медичної служби ВМС УСБУ в Закарпатській області було проаналізовано анкетні дані 30 учасників АТО, 30 осіб із переселених військових територій та 20 осіб, які є близькими родичами учасників бойових дій, проживають і доглядають за ними щодо наявності посттравматичного стресу (тривоги та депресії). Використовували шкалу госпітальної тривоги та депресії (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS).
 Результати й обговорення. Аналіз даних, які ми отримали, свідчить про поширеність субклінічно вираженої депресії серед 56,7 % учасників АТО, клінічно вираженої депресії у 23,3 % ветеранів. При цьому субклінічно виражену депресію реєструють у 55,0 % осіб, які перебувають поруч із військовослужбовцями. Поширеність клінічно вираженої депресії серед осіб, переселених із зони АТО, становить 16,6 % субклінічно вираженої депресії – 46,7 % населення. Встановлено, що військовослужбовці та ветерани значною мірою відчувають напруження, страх перед невідомістю, вважають, що можуть легко розслабитись, часто бувають раптові відчуття паніки та дуже часто – відчувають внутрішнє напруження. Мирне населення, що перебувало в зоні АТО, теж характеризується помірним рівнем тривоги, який підтверджується частим відчуттям страху, що може щось трапитись, нечастими хвилюючими думками, частим відчуттям внутрішнього напруження. Порівнюючи отримані відповіді на твердження у блоці питань, що стосуються рівня депресії, можна говорити про середній рівень депресії у військовослужбовців та помірний – у цивільного населення, переселеного із зони АТО.
 Висновки. Особи, які несли військову службу або перебували в зоні АТО, їх близькі родичі потребують психологічного супроводу при зверненні до медичного закладу будь-якого профілю. Медичні сестри повинні знати методи надання екстреної психологічної допомоги, тому рекомендується включити в освітню програму для медсестер освітнього рівня «Магістр» курс за вибором «Екстрена психологічна допомога».

Characteristics of Crack Growth in Rock-Like Materials under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Conditions

Experiments with gypsum as a model rock material were conducted to investigate the characteristics of crack growth under monotonic and cyclic loading. The specimens had two pre-existing flaws that were placed at different inclination angle, spacing and continuity. Tensile or wing cracks and secondary or shear cracks were observed in both the monotonic and cyclic tests. Wing cracks or tensile cracks initiated at (or near) the tips of flaws and grew parallel to the loading direction. Secondary or shear cracks occurred after initiation of the wing crack and culminated in a final failure. Secondary cracks started at the tips of flaws and propagated in the colinear direction of flaws or perpendicular to loading. Six types of coalescence were observed. Both the monotonic and cyclic tests showed almost identical coalescence types. Coalescence occurred due to the internal shear cracks in specimens containing colinear flaws, while it occurred through combinations of internal shear cracks, internal wing cracks and tension cracks in specimens with non-colinear flaws. Fatigue cracks occurred in tests under cyclic loads. Finally, the subcritical crack growth parameters under monotonic and cyclic loading were determined. Although there were variations in the parameters, the parameter “n” showed similar values.

"It's Okay to Say 'I Don't Know'": Medical Students Use Transformative Thinking to Cope with Ambiguity and Uncertainty.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Uncertainty refers to the internal tension of not fully knowing or understanding a situation and is a concept that physicians must learn to deal with in order to become an effective provider. Ambiguity refers to the situation that is not fully known. Mezirow proposed that transformative learning occurs in response to a "disorienting dilemma" during which the students' frames of reference are challenged. We used his model to explain how clerkship students learn to cope with ambiguity and uncertainty. We analyzed third year medical students reflective practice essays for encounters with clinical uncertainty and ambiguity and examined how they reacted to these dilemmas. Our study is unique in its robust data set which included 273 essays.

Numerical prediction of the strength of a thin-walled pipe loaded with internal pressure and axial tension taking into account its actual dimensions

If a thin-walled pipe loaded with internal pressure and tension allows the appearance of plastic strains takes place, then the uniform plastic stability loss with the emergence of a local plastic deformation zone is considered the limit state, the corresponding stresses are considered as the limit ones. Correct prediction of the stress-strain state at the moment of strain localization requires taking into account the actual size of the loaded pipe and the calculation of true stresses. The article proposes the implementation of the method of predicting the limit values of true stresses that appear in the pipe at different ratios of internal pressure and axial tension. The physical and mechanical properties of the material, the type of stress state and the change in the actual dimensions of the loaded pipe are taken into account. For two grades of steels (carbon steel 45 and alloy steel 10MnН2MoV), an increase in the calculated strength threshold is shown with an insignificant additional load of a pipe loaded with pressure and axial tension. Analysis of the results showed that it is possible to establish a balance between the actual geometry of the element and the load, which will solve the problem of finding the optimal ratio of «weight-strength», important for practical applications in aircraft, rocket and mechanical engineering. The proposed method for finding the limiting values of actual stresses makes it possible to calculate a realistic safety factor and make improved engineering solutions at the design and operation stages of structural elements; to increase the efficiency and safety of using pipeline and shell-type saving systems.

The Pull of Politics: Steinbeck, Wright, Hemingway, and the Left in the Late 1930s by Milton A. Cohen

Reviewed by: The Pull of Politics: Steinbeck, Wright, Hemingway, and the Left in the Late 1930s by Milton A. Cohen Kevin R. West The Pull of Politics: Steinbeck, Wright, Hemingway, and the Left in the Late 1930s. By Milton A. Cohen. U of Missouri P, 2018, 382 pp. Hardcover $44.00. In this well-researched study, Milton Cohen documents the shifting political attitudes of John Steinbeck, Richard Wright, and Ernest Hemingway throughout the 1930s and early 1940s with an eye toward mapping the factors that led each author to move toward and then away from an identifiably leftist praxis. Cohen combines biographical and epistolary evidence with a reading of each author’s major novel of the period—The Grapes of Wrath, Native Son, and For Whom the Bell Tolls, respectively—to investigate how the authors found invigorating paradigms in collectivist commitments for literary production and social critique as well as irreconcilable contradictions. According to Cohen, each author’s attraction to leftist ideology was a product primarily of self-interest and concern for topical issues as opposed to a more general commitment to socialist or communist values—although Wright was a member of the Communist Party for several years and all three authors contributed to left-leaning publications (Hemingway’s 1935 article “Who Murdered the Vets?” in The New Masses likely being the key publication for Hemingway Review [End Page 111] readers, with the keynote address at the 1937 League of American Writers Congress as an important follow-up performance). Despite clear sympathies with the disenfranchised members of various societies, all three novelists qua novelists necessarily found their strong individualism in conflict with collectivist demands, an internal tension that Cohen sees mirrored in the protagonists of each of the three novels. In the case of Wright, the failure of the Communist Party of America to explicitly oppose racism—or its insistence that race was a subset of class and not the proper focus of revolutionary energies—led to his dramatic and explicit ouster from the Party. Native Son’s protagonist Bigger Thomas may be decidedly unsympathetic, Cohen avers, but the racism he experiences at least partially causes his criminality, and Wright as an African-American writer eventually came to see that the struggle for racial equality could no longer remain subordinate to some supposedly larger struggle for economic revolution. Or, rather, as Cohen determines from his close reading of the novel’s final pages, the communist vision (as expressed by Bigger’s lawyer Max) is not in fact sufficiently large for Wright: in his crucial essay “How ‘Bigger’ Was Born,” Wright reports how he came to see that the human right to self-determination exceeded politics and race. Cohen, along with Keneth Kinnamon, sees the tension between Max and Bigger at the novel’s end as reflective of Wright’s vacillation between the misaligned (though not mutually exclusive) goals of communism and civil rights. Likewise, Cohen finds the “central contradiction” of The Grapes of Wrath to be the lack of coherence between the “rugged individualism of the pioneering farmers” and the collective action required to challenge the powers arrayed against them (181). Cohen incisively notes the Joads’ blindness to their ancestors’ appropriation of Native American lands even as they experience the appropriation of their own lands and labor; surely they ought to see that group solidarity must supersede clan solidarity, but the novel’s early, strident, “collective ‘we’ . . . seems to shrivel to the familial ‘we’ of the Joads in the final chapters” (207). The novel’s mixed messages as to what constitutes ownership and what drove the Joads from “their” land—the weather, the capitalists, or the tractors—serve to index Steinbeck’s inability to synthesize his interest in “people not classes” and his conviction that “the principle of private ownership as a means of production is not long with us” (205). Even if Steinbeck did not consider himself a communist, Cohen rightly observes that his anti-capitalism certainly sounds communist, even as he lacked clear ideas about what would [End Page 112] replace private ownership. “Just as the novel’s contradictions reflect an author blinded by his passionate partisanship,” Cohen concludes, “its failure to show the ‘we’ coalescing politically hints...

ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВОГО СТАТУСА КОРОЛЯ ГРЕЦИИ: АНАЛИЗ ХАРАКТЕРНЫХ ПРИЗНАКОВ «ЧИСТОЙ» ФОРМЫ МОНАРХИЧЕСКОГО ПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The results of studying the issue of the evolution of the constitutional and legal status of the Greek king are presented. The monarchical form of government imposed on Greece by the patron powers of the Old World being accepted as the standard of the European form of state structure reflected the processes of reduction, and sometimes even disappearance, of its characteristic features. The history of Greek law and the state in 1830 – 1974 showed periodic changes in the status of the king, which was preceded by internal political tension (in the form of clashes with the will of the people, inconsistencies with the interests of the army, the immaturity of the party system, economic instability, etc.) and constant pressure from outside. When studying the process of changing the constitutional and legal status of the king of Greece, the cause-and-effect relationships of these transformations were identified and the discrepancy between the features of governing the Greek kingdom and the characteristic features of absolute monarchical government were clarified. The limited nature of the status of the king, the dynastic change, the specific transfer of power, which did not personify either the unity of the nation or the historical continuity of the tradition of the head of state, characterize the development of the Greek monarchy as atypical for this form of government. Therefore, according to the author, the form of government in the Greek kingdom can be considered as “non-conventional monarchy”.

РОМАН БЕНИТО ПЕРЕСА ГАЛЬДОСА «СУМАЛАКАРРЕГИ» И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ МИФОВ В ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ

The article studies the reflection of Carlist and ‘Liberal’ mythological concepts, formed in 1830s– 1890s in Spain, in the novel Zumalacárregui by Benito Pérez Galdós. There is given a brief overview of some previous research works concerning Galdós´s National Episodes and the novel Zumalacárregui. The paper focuses on the ways of representation of general Tomás de Zumalacárregui (1788–1835) in the novel and shows the processes of creating the myths related to the general. In the 19–20th centuries, Zumalacárregui became a hero for the representatives of three different ideologies: Carlism, Francoism, and Basque Nationalism. It is shown that mythologization of the general began just after his death in 1835. Based on the text of the novel, there are made conclusions concerning the sources that Galdós used when creating it. The writer studied the most relevant memoirs about the First Carlist War. The paper shows how Galdós’s text was influenced by the memoirs of A. Sabatier, Ch. F. Henningsen, F. von Lichnowsky, J. A. Zarátiegui, F. Fernández de Córdoba, and H. Du-Casse. It is also noted that Galdós could have been inspired by some pictures created in the traditions of ‘Carlist visual art’. It is concluded that the writer used both Carlist and ‘Liberal’ myths concerning Tomás de Zumalacárregui. The text of the novel is divided into two parts, ‘historical’ and ‘narrative’. The ‘historical part’, i. e. a general description of the First Carlist War military operations carried out in 1834–1835, is mainly based on Carlist sources. In this part, the general Zumalacárregui is described as a war hero. The ‘narrative part’ mainly refers to ‘Liberal’ sources. The author introduced in this part a fictional character, priest José Fago, being the general’s ‘double’. Through Fago’s moral doubts and hesitations Galdós showed the internal tension of Zumalacárregui.

Big Data, Big Waste? A Reflection on the Environmental Sustainability of Big Data Initiatives

This paper addresses a problem that has so far been neglected by scholars investigating the ethics of Big Data and policy makers: that is the ethical implications of Big Data initiatives’ environmental impact. Building on literature in environmental studies, cultural studies and Science and Technology Studies, the article draws attention to the physical presence of data, the material configuration of digital service, and the space occupied by data. It then explains how this material and situated character of data raises questions concerning the ethics of the increasingly fashionable Big Data discourses. It argues that attention should be paid to (1) the vocabulary currently used when discussing the governance of data initiatives; (2) the internal tension between current data initiatives and environmental policies; (3) issues of fair distribution. The article explains how taking into account these aspects would allow for a more responsible behaviour in the context of data storage and production.

The Paul of Acts

AbstractThe question of the relationship between “Judaism” and “Christianity” in the Acts of the Apostles has been marked by two contradictory interpretive traditions. One tradition emphasizes conflict and rupture, whereas the other sees continuity and a positive treatment of Judaism. These interpretive traditions both find significant textual support from Acts. There is an internal tension within Luke’s characterization of Paul that does not fit neatly into easy dichotomies and is representative of Luke’s broader two-volume work. The present author argues that the significance of God’s history within Israel centers upon Paul’s central conviction that Israel’s Davidic Messiah, resurrected and enthroned at God’s right hand, is the singular dispenser of salvation for Israel and the pagan nations. This messianic conviction results in a re-evaluation (not rejection) of Israel’s primary identity markers that will only be embraced if one grants Paul’s claim that the hope of Israel is identified with Jesus the resurrected Messiah.

Numerical study on the buckling of pressurized pipe under eccentric axial compression

Abstract Pipeline transport is one of the main solutions for oil and gas transmission and distribution. The pipeline in service may be subjected to complicated loads (internal pressure, tension or compression, bending and their combination) when crossing complex geohazard regions. In this study, the compressive strain capacity of pressurized pipelines under eccentric axial compression is investigated numerically. Meanwhile, the effects of the internal pressure, pipe diameter-to-wall-thickness ratio ( D / t ) and the material strain hardening capacity on the compressive strain capacity are studied. It has been found out that under eccentric axial compression, the buckling behavior of pipes depends on the internal pressure, D / t and material strain hardening capacity. The compressive strain capacity increases with the increase of the internal pressure and the strain hardening capacity; while the diameter-to-wall-thickness ratio displays a negative effect.

БУХОРО БОСҚИНИ АРАФАСИДАГИ СИЁСИЙ ЖАРАЁНЛАРНИНГ ЗАМОНАВИЙ ТАРИХ ТАДҚИҚОТЛАРИДАГИ ТАҲЛИЛИ

At the beginning initially 20-yh years ÕÕ age for Bukhara emirates began internal and external political tension. If on the one hand democratic motion in emirate required undertaking political and social reforms, on the other hand bolshevik government prepared on military seizure and liquidation Bukhara emirate. In given article is analysed political event in Bukhara emirate at the beginning initially 20-yh years XX age

Zarathustra on Post-Truth: Wisdom and the Brass Bell

ABSTRACT Notwithstanding recent controversies involving echo chambers and social media, “post-truth” has always been central to philosophical investigations of what is knowable and good. The internal tension of the term offers a choice: to gasp in feigned astonishment at the hell-in-a-handbasket state of public discourse, or to reflect critically on what is beyond, after, or other than the truth. In this essay, we approach post-truth via elements of narrative, biography, and myth, portraying Friedrich Nietzsche's polytropic figure, Zarathustra, as he might have spoken to the contemporary moment. We demonstrate how Zarathustra affords access to the idea that truth (in all its deceptiveness) and life (or possibly, aliveness) are inextricable in the human condition. To temper this tension, we depict a character whose disposition toward post-truth spans from certainty and doubt to exuberance and despair. Our hope is to indicate how, for the humans of Motley Cow, post-truth is ubiquitous, institutional, and infrastructural.

Osteosíntesis de olécranon. Sistema absorbe-tracción utilizando suturas de alta resistencia. [Osteosynthesis of olecranon. Tension band system using high resistance sutures

Introducción: La reducción abierta y fijación interna mediante el sistema absorbe-tracción es un método que ha demostrado su eficacia y logra resultados predecibles en el tratamiento de las fracturas de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA de la Clasificación de la Clínica Mayo. Considerada por muchos cirujanos como una técnica sencilla y reproducible a la hora de restaurar la anatomía y la continuidad del aparato extensor del codo, su empleo puede asociarse con una tasa de complicaciones relativamente alta, y no es infrecuente la necesidad de retirar el cerclaje de alambre previamente colocado.El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si reemplazar el clásico alambre de 1,6 mm por suturas de alta resistencia aporta la estabilidad suficiente para el tratamiento de las fracturas de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA, y analizar los resultados obtenidos en una serie de casos.Materiales y Métodos: Se estudió, en forma retrospectiva, a 25 pacientes consecutivos con fracturas de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA, tratados mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna con sistema absorbe-tracción compuesto por alambres de Kirschner de 1,6 mm y suturas de alta resistencia (polietileno trenzado de alto peso molecular), con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Se evaluaron el tiempo de consolidación radiográfica, el rango de movilidad, el puntaje MEPS, y se registraron las complicaciones.Resultados: Todas las fracturas consolidaron, en un promedio de 6.83 semanas (rango 6-10). El puntaje MEPS promedio fue de 96,6 (rango 85-100). El arco total de movilidad promedio para la flexo-extensión activa del codo fue de 139° (rango 110-150°). La extensión promedio fue de -4,8° (rango 0-20°) y la flexión, de 143,8° (rango 130-150°). Se registraron cuatro casos de migración proximal de los alambres de Kirschner y un caso de pérdida de reducción de 3 mm en la tercera semana del posoperatorio. Dos pacientes requirieron una segunda intervención para retirar los alambres de Kirschner. Ninguno refirió dolor o molestias inherentes al uso de la sutura.Conclusiones: El sistema absorbe-tracción utilizando suturas de alta resistencia es una opción a la hora de realizar la osteosíntesis de una fractura de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA. Los resultados clínicos y radiográficos han sido satisfactorios, con una baja tasa de complicaciones. El uso de suturas ultrarresistentes simplifica el procedimiento y disminuye la necesidad de una segunda intervención para retirar el alambre.AbstractBackground: open reduction and internal fixation through the tension band system is a method which has proved to be efficient and offers predictable results in type Mayo 2A and 3A olecranon fractures. It is considered by many surgeons as a simple and reproducible technique when restoring the anatomy and continuity of the elbow’s extension mechanism is necessary. The use of this technique may be associated to a relatively high percentage of complications and the need to remove the previously collocated wire cerclage is not infrequent. The purpose of our study was to determine if replacing the classically used 1.6 metal wire by high resistance sutures could reliably hold the reduction of the olécranon fragment in the treatment of Mayo 2A and 3A olecranon fractures, and analyse the results.Materials and Methods: Twenty five consecutive patients were studied retrospectively. All of them presented Mayo 2A and 3A olecranon fractures. These patients were treated with open reduction and internal tension band system built with two 1.6 mm Kirschner wires and two high resistance sutures (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene). A minimum 12-month follow up was carried with all patients. Consolidation time, mobility range, and functional score were evaluated and complications noted.Results: All fractures healed in an average time of 6.83 weeks (6 to 10 range). The average Mayo score was of 96.6 (85 to 100 range). The average mobility range for the elbow’s active flexo extension was 139 degrees (130 to 150 range) The average extension was -4.8 degrees (0 to -20 range) and the flexion of 143.8 (130 to 150 range). Four cases of proximal migration of the Kirschner wires and one case of 3 mm reduction loss in the third post op week were registered. Two patients required a second intervention for hardware removal of the Kirschner wires. No patient referred pain or discomfort as a consequence to the use of sutures.Conclusions: The tension band system using high endurance suture is an option to consider for chirurgical treatment of type Mayo 2A and 3A olecranon fracture. The clinical and x-ray results in this series have been satisfactory and have presented a low rate of complications. The use of high resistance suture would simplify the procedure and reduce the need of a second intervention for remove hardware.

Effect of adhesive joint stiffness on optimal size of large-format cladding comparison of artificial and real environment

The efficiency and lifespan of bonded façade joints can be increased and extended by designing the optimal size of the façade cladding. In the case of large-format cladding, the maximal possible size is always desired. The authors of this paper have scrutinised a relationship between the size of the façade cladding and the stiffness of the support, i.e. the bonded joint. In general, the higher the stiffness of the joint, the smaller the size of the cladding can be used in the design. After the experimental analysis of the material properties, very simple numerical approach with consideration of a linear stress-strain behaviour was chosen to determine the optimal size of the façade cladding. This paper investigates the material properties of selected adhesive systems, two of which are polyurethane-based and two are based on silyl modified polymers. The effect of the stiffness of the adhesive joint was assessed in combination with four different façade claddings (Cetris Basic, multilayer solid wood panel, solid timber plank and wood plastic composite) with a relatively high thermal and moisture expansion. It was, therefore, necessary for the bonded joint to be flexible and to adapt to these dimensional changes without creating greater internal tension. Moreover, the experimental part included artificial as well as real weathering conditions which allowed to compare the reliability of commonly used laboratory methods. While in combination with Cetris Basic the recorded data did not show any significant differences and the weathering method was less important than the chemical composition of the adhesive system, the results obtained in combination with solid wood panel demonstrated exactly the opposite. The joint stiffness with PU-I recorded after weathering in the real environment had dramatically increased, which led to the strength and adhesive elongation reduction by more than 50%, this also caused a premature failure of the bonded joint, and it greatly affected the cladding size that had to be reduced by 46%. Similar phenomenon was observed in combination with both MS-based adhesive systems after artificial weathering. Moreover, the size of the cladding had to be reduced by up to 56% in combination with MS-I after real weathering. On the other hand, the rigidity of PU-II and MS-II tested in the real environment had considerably decreased which allowed an enlargement of the cladding size by more than 30%.

Matrix logarithmic wave equation and multi-channel systems in fluid mechanics

We formulate the mapping between a large class of nonlinear wave equations and flow equations for barotropic fluid with internal surface tension and capillary effects. Motivated by statistical mechanics and multi-channel physics arguments, we focus on wave equations with logarithmic nonlinearity, and further generalize them to matrix equations. We map the resulting equation to flow equations of multi-channel or multi-component Korteweg-type materials. For some special cases, we analytically derive Gaussian-type matrix solutions and study them in the context of fluid mechanics.

On the response and prediction of multi-layered flexible riser under combined load conditions

Purpose The internal force is more complicated in a combined load case than in a single load case, and the influence of the combined load on the stress cannot be neglected. The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanical behavior of the flexible riser under combined load conditions of tension and internal pressure or external pressure. Design/methodology/approach The mechanical behavior of the flexible riser under combined load conditions is studied by numerical simulation with a nine-layer detailed finite element model. The layers of flexible riser are modeled separately, and the interactions between layers have been taken into consideration in numerical simulation. Findings Under tension and internal pressure or external pressure, the pressure armor will bear extra external pressure because of the squeezing actions between layers caused by tension, and the extra external pressure will increase proportionately with the increase of the tension. Under internal pressure and tension, the internal stress for tension armor was nearly unchanged compared to that under unique tension load, whereas under external pressure and tension, the change of internal stress for tension armor was significant. Prediction methods of internal force for pressure armor and tension armor under pressure and tension are given, and the result from the formula agrees well with the simulation results. Originality/value The prediction methods on the internal force of flexible riser proposed in this study are proven accurate, with numerical simulation results, and the prediction methods are convenient for engineering applications.

Social Anxiety in Affective Personality Disorders

The research features social anxiety in people with such affective disorders as internal tension triggered by social and interpersonal communication. The test group involved 28 individuals with various affective disorders. The control group consisted of 28 respondents without affective personality disorder or depressive symptoms. Psychological diagnostics presupposed specific methods for each selected criterion of social anxiety: 1) negative beliefs about social interaction; 2) increased physiological excitability; 3) desire to avoid social situations; fear in distress; 4) deficit of social skills. The study made it possible to describe the features of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral background of persons with affective disorders: hyperbolization of life difficulties; avoiding stressful situations; deficiency of adaptive defense mechanisms and energy resources to overcome frustration. The study also revealed a defect in the natural self-regulation of the psychoemotional state of social situations in persons with affective disorders. The results obtained are valuable for understanding the possibilities of psychological correction, aimed at reducing the intensity of negative experiences associated with social anxiety.

On effect of surface tension in the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor problem of stratified viscoelastic fluids

In this article, we investigate the effect of surface tension in the Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) problem of stratified incompressible viscoelastic fluids. We prove that there exists an unstable solution to the linearized stratified RT problem with a largest growth rate Λ under the instability condition (i.e., the surface tension coefficient ϑ is less than a threshold vartheta _{c}). Moreover, for this instability condition, the largest growth rate varLambda _{vartheta } decreases from a positive constant to 0, when ϑ increases from 0 to vartheta _{c}, which mathematically verifies that the internal surface tension can constrain the growth of the RT instability during the linear stage.