International Security System Research Articles

Historical Role of the International Communist Movement during the World Anti-fascist War

The relationship between the international Communist movement and the world anti- fascist war constitutes a major historical theme of our times. As a positive force for democracy and peace, the international Communist movement became a solid political cornerstone of the anti-fascist war. Its enormous sacrifices and contributions made it one of the final forces terminating the fascist political order, and its humanity provided mankind with a just direction in the struggle against war terrorism and for peace idealism. It thus became a major force in effectively advancing the development of democracy and peace. Based on the logic of condemnation, the critical reflections upon fascism made by the Communist movement have provided a value dimension for the building of today’s international security system. Based on the logic of construction, the international peace ethics followed by the international Communist movement offer an ideological foundation for the building of the new international order. And based on the logic of development, the new paradigm of world civilization pursued by the international Communist movement has become a political exemplar for the current pursuit of international peace. The political force of the Communist Party of China (CPC), as China’s political backbone and advance guard, cannot be overlooked: it influenced the anti-fascist war, the postwar international Communist movement and the democratization of world order. Of course, both the Soviet Union and the Comintern also offered many historical lessons during the anti-fascist war, lessons that merit profound reflection and consideration.

ENERGY REVOLUTION UNDER THE BRICS NATIONS

The BRICS countries are of critical importance to both supply and demand fundamentals of energy markets globally. Today BRICS plays a very important role in the system of international energy security. BRICS energy diversification is driven by concerns for energy security. The potential for a BRIC energy partnership is thus enormous. The development of the BRIC countries in the next coming decades will include demographic changes with a growing middle class population which will demand more energy and resources that our world has the potential to supply. A Green Energy Revolution is the panacea to solve major social, economic and envi­ronmental effects of their growing populations. This paper is an attempt to highlight the cooperation among the BRICS Nations for the development of Energy Sector and at the same time the concerning issue of climate change etc. It further discusses about the contribution of BRICS countries in the global economy. This paper also discusses about the role of the BRICS Nations in collaboration with the International Energy Agency.

Specifics of the Prosecutor Office Supervision over Implementation of Laws on Advertising in National Parks: Case Study of National Park Losiny Ostrov

Концепция Всеобъемлющей системы международной безопасности, не ограничиваясь вопросамибезопасности в военной сфере, выделяет еще экономическое и экологическое направления разви-тия международного правопорядка. По мнению ряда ученых, причины экологических проблем ле-жат в экономике. В этих условиях особую актуальность имеет вопрос о хозяйственной (рекламной)деятельности в границах особо охраняемых природных территорий. Специфика настоящей статьизаключается в исследовании нетипичного соотношения таких различных по своему существу поня-тий, как реклама и особо охраняемые природные территории, в контексте прокурорского надзораза исполнением законов в указанных сферах. Реклама - это информация, распространяемая лю-бым способом, в любой форме и с использованием любых средств, адресованная неопределенно-му кругу лиц и направленная на привлечение внимания к объекту рекламирования, формированиеили поддержание интереса к нему и его продвижение на рынке. Национальный парк - это терри-тория, где в целях охраны окружающей среды ограничена деятельность человека. В отличие от за-поведников, где деятельность человека практически полностью запрещена (запрещены охота, ту-ризм и т.п.), на территорию национальных парков допускаются туристы, в ограниченных масштабахздесь допускается хозяйственная деятельность. Результаты надзорной практики межрайоннойприродоохранной прокуратуры Московской области показали обеспокоенность граждан и органи-заций вопросом о законности установления рекламных конструкций на территории Национальногопарка «Лосиный остров», граничащей с Московской кольцевой автомобильной дорогой. Предметомпроверок прокуратуры было наличие у дирекции Национального парка права заключать договорына установку и эксплуатацию рекламных конструкций. Подробный анализ действующего законода-тельства о рекламе и особо охраняемых природных территориях дает возможность сделать выво-ды относительно возможности размещения рекламных конструкций на территории национальныхпарков при соблюдении определенных условий. Размещение рекламных конструкций также спо-собствует пропаганде бережного отношения к окружающей среде, так как на подавляющем боль-шинстве рекламных конструкций размещены сведения о Национальном парке «Лосиный остров» сразъяснениями положений природоохранного законодательства. Выводы статьи подтверждаютсясудебной практикой арбитражных судов различных уровней.

WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY

WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY

Attempts to theoretically define the concept of energy security as a factor in the determination of the international political and security system

At the beginning of the 21st century, a matter of achieving the energy security, as an essentially important element of the global security system, has become one of the priorities of global politics. This has caused it to become more topical and increased its importance in international relations. The possession of energy reserves provides nations with a number of comparative advantages in contemporary international politics, and with a place among the leading centers of power on a planetary level. This fact gives a special meaning to energy security, because energy resources are an important lever by which nations project their power and influence. The correlation between energy resources and the strengthening of positions and roles of nations in international politics is undeniable and easily verifiable. The paper analyzes and partly explains various attempts to theoretically define the concept of energy security in the context of its growing importance in international relations and the impact on the strengthening of the projected positions of nations as subjects of international order. Nominal definition of the concept of “energy security” has been made more difficult by the fact that there is no universally acceptable definition of the concept of “security”, as well as that there coexist various theoretical approaches to its definition. In the scientific and technical literature, the prevalent concept is that the content and scope of the concept of security today have been substantially expanded due to the continued widening of the limits of its problem framework. The basic characteristics of most of these definitions are non-equivalence – disproportionality and inadequacy. Namely, they are either too narrow and do not include all the contents and essential factors of the security, or they are too wide, and the concept is lost in the range of phenomena. Therefore, in the conceptual sense this term is so debatable that it is not even closely possible to reach an agreement on its meaning. The attempt to define the syntagm of “energy security” reveals the same tendencies as in determining the meaning of the term “security”. Namely, there is a proliferation of different theoretical approaches, as well as differences in the definition of this syntagm, which are substantially determined by, among other things, the status that individual nations have in the global energy system.

ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATIONPSYCHOLOGICAL CONFRONTATION OFTERRORIST ACTIVITIES

The relevance of the problem raised derives not only from the scientific and theoretical and applied significance of the issues of information and psychological warfare terrorist manifestations, but also the increasing severity of the problems associated with the influence of modern terrorism, not only in the internal and external political activities of individual states, but also in the system of international security generally. Down in the modern world the situation is complicated by the fact that in a globalized international terrorist challenges pose threats not only to individual sovereign states, but also calls into question the effectiveness of various security systems, including international ones. After all, the degree of security in the modern world to a certain extent does not depend on the number of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear capabilities available in service with the armed forces of the state, and on the willingness of timely and adequately respond to the newly created threats. Technologies of information and psychological manipulation in the modern world can be used for the benefit of certain criminal individuals, criminal groups and states use terrorist threats in foreign policy to solve their problems at the expense of the interests of other actors of the international community. This trend can be seen clearly in the evolution of the various forms of terrorism, which are much more manifest information and psychological component. Due to the fact that having a true understanding of the behavioral aspects of terrorist activities, it is possible to effectively combat them by exposing their sensitive areas, information-psychological aspect of modern terrorism and combating it is of particular importance.

Enhancement of Internal Control by expanding Security Information Event Management System

Recently, internal information leaks is increasing rapidly by internal employees and authorized outsourcing personnel. In this paper, we propose a method to integrate internal control systems like system access control system and Digital Rights Managements and so on through expansion model of SIEM(Security Information Event Management system). this model performs a analysis step of security event link type and validation process. It develops unit scenarios to react illegal acts for personal information processing system and acts to bypass the internal security system through 5W1H view. It has a feature that derives systematic integration scenarios by integrating unit scenarios. we integrated internal control systems like access control system and Digital Rights Managements and so on through expansion model of Security Information Event Management system to defend leakage of internal information and customer information. We compared existing defense system with the case of the expansion model construction. It shows that expanding SIEM was more effectively.

THE ISSUE OF FORCE USE IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM

The concept of security has gained significant changes over the years, as well as states' attitude towards the multitude of ways of transposing its life in relation to the dramatic changes taking place internationally in recent years. Until the 80s the concept of security had only a minor role, mainly used in the military, but gradually came different approaches that have dominated international security issues. Richard Ullman, who developed the concept of security on its military aspect, gives a broad definition of security threat. It said that “a threat to security is an action or sequence of events that threatens to cause serious degradation of the quality of life of the citizens in a relatively short period of time or constitute a serious threat to the freedom of choice of the policy of a government or a private entity, or non-governmental organization within a state [1] . After 90s were some schools of thought on the concept of security, the most important being the realism, liberalism and constructivism, each addressing different concept. Each security model created has as a reference point the threat as a criterion for definition, and an inflection point that identifies the security subject, respective the states, ethno cultural groups or human groups, as was the case recently in France from Charlie Hebdo. The international aspects of security have gained increasingly more importance. The end of the Cold War resulted in widespread acceptance of extended security model, and the state is not the only actor of security. We can say that, now ethics and integrity have become important allies in the practice and theory of political, administrative, legal and economic. Member of the international community and the EU Member States and many international organizations have become particularly active in this area in recent years [2] . Including NATO recognizes the importance of political, economic, social and environmental benefits that provide a basis for the Alliance to fulfil the tasks related [1] Richard Ullman, Redefining Security, in International Security 8:1 (1983), p. 153. [2] To see also Main Challenges in the Field of Ethics and Integrity, in Main Challenges in the Field of Ethics and Integrity in the EU Member States, Danielle Bossaert and Christoph Demmke, EIPA, 2005. (translated by R. Viorescu, Principalele provocari domeniul Eticii si Integritatii i n Statele Membre UE (traducere in limba romana a publicatiei) Florea, D., Gales, N. (2015). THE ISSUE OF FORCE USE IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM. European Journal of Law and Public Administration, Year 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 5-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/2015.0201.01

Resilience is its own resistance: the place of children in post-conflict settlement

In portrayals of contemporary conflict and post-conflict situations, we most often think of children as victims. This article will consider whether such a widespread portrayal is actually counterproductive, both in terms of the conceptualization of childhood and on the conceptualization of the roles that children might play in the international security system. It argues that an emphasis on rationality constrains the way in which we consider who might have agency in the international system and that there is a place for children as distinct actors in post-conflict settings. It is thus a call too for the greater examination of the emotional processes and resilience present in post-conflict settings, and what such resilience may inspire: love, compassion, community, and a recognized place for children as actors in their own right.

The prohibition of the threat and the use of force in international law

This paper aims to examine the prohibition of the use of force in international law. In the context of the international security system established in the C...

English

The essay addresses what is argued to be a pressing need for the introduction of binding law, applicable at all levels of human society, in the form of a ban on the use of force as a method of conflict resolution. It is envisaged that the proposed legal ban would operate at both the national and international levels and would be given the force of a peremptory norm or ius cogens, applicable to and binding on all governments, bodies, groups and individuals, with a legal force that overrode any international, regional, national or sub national law. It would be expressed to be subject to the narrowest of exceptions, being only those cases that are genuinely necessary in the public interest, for example, under an accepted system of international collective security or in aid of the internal police power to ensure peace and good order, and then only if the degree of force is appropriate and reasonable in all the circumstances and is not in breach of fundamental human rights (other than the right to self-determination or any other right that asserts there is an associated right to use force in aid). The essay notes that there is already a patchwork of both international and national laws that seek to ban or restrict the use of force at various levels, or which condemn the use of force, but it argues that now is the time to express that ban in a comprehensive, consistent, coherent and universal manner applicable at all levels of human society and in all circumstances. In the 21st century, any continuing acceptance of the legitimacy of the use of force in any situation is said to be incompatible with the notion of a civilized global human society and can only be described as being barbaric. In a world still torn by violent conflict notwithstanding the rush to globalization, this is arguably the most pressing need of the age. This paper takes the view that it is time to put such a general legal prohibition into the law of the world. The essay accepts that merely introducing such a general legal ban will not in itself prevent the continuing use of force where the actors are intent on breaching that new law. The essay makes it clear that such a ban cannot, by itself, be a panacea for resolving all conflict. But it is argued that such a ban would have a profound effect on global thinking about the need for a peaceful world and may gradually lead to a change in emphasis and approach on the part of the main actors. It would place a heavy onus on any entities seeking to use force to justify their actions, which in time may facilitate refinement of methods and institutions for prevention of the use of force and improvement of methods of peaceful resolution of conflict; nor is it argued in the essay that it would be easy to reach agreement on the terms of any such general ban. The impediments to implementation are discussed in the essay and are seen as being huge and deep seated. But then all contrary arguments will ultimately be seen for what they really would be – against the best interests of the planet as a whole and all humanity in seeking a future world of peace, prosperity and security; one in which the expectation is that conflicts will be resolved by peaceful, lawful and fair means. The interests of universal justice must ultimately demand this result, because the arbitrary contest of opposition might can never equate with justice. And the very exercise of consultation in an effort to seek such agreement can be expected to have beneficial side effects. Ultimately it is argued that humanity will be driven to accept that the use of violence and brute strength as a means of human conflict resolution is incompatible with this modern global age and the establishment of a united and peaceful world civilization. The introduction of the proposed general legal ban would arguably be a huge step in that direction. Key words: Universal, international, national, legal, ban, use of force, conflict resolution, peremptory norm, collective security, global, human society, peace, non-violence, world civilization, world law. “It is my conviction that nothing enduring can be built on violence.” - Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi “In this, the cycle of Almighty God, violence and force, constraint and oppression, are one and all condemned.” - Baha'u'llah.

Доказивање тероризма

Crime as a negative social phenomenon accompanied human society through all the periods of its development and adapt to this development. In theory and practice, there are various divisions of crime. One of the crime division is the division of the political, general, economic and environmental crime.Particularly dangerous form of expression of political terrorism and crime is because it is closely linked to organized crime. Such characteristics of terrorism and the fact that it threatens the state and its organization, requires a finding of adequate response by the authorities in preventing and detecting terrorist activities. The state's response has to be through the use of special methods in order to discover, clarify and prove the crimes. Surveillance and technical recording of telecommunications as a method to achieve this goal occupies a particularly important place.We can notice that terrorism has certainly become one of the biggest problems of our time. Especially because of its various manifestations, and because of the growing and increasing number of victims who bring new terrorist attacks. Due to the increased number of victims understand the desire and determination of the international community to deal with all forms of terrorism.In the 21 Ages terrorist activities have become one of the major problems of international security system. That is why any progress in finding a method of identifying content and terror, very important in the fight against this form of violence. Increasing violence and bullying in many countries it has become one of the major problems in society.Terrorist attacks are very complex and not sufficiently clarified especially when it comes to their holders and the reasons for their existence. In addition, the object of attack and the methods used are constantly changing. Therefore, for successfully countering terrorist activities essential work continuously.

Rola Egiptu w systemie bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego w okresie sprawowania władzy przez Bractwo Muzułmańskie

Egypt’s role in the international security system during the Muslim Brotherhood in power Article presents the analysis of the Egyptian internal and international affairs after the presidential elections of 2012. Special focus was put on the internal changes effects on the international situation in the area of security and stabilization in the region. Social revolt which lead to the revolution in the January of 2011. Started by the young people, using internet for gathering for the demonstrations in order to try to keep control over the new rulers, was the first (beside the Tunesia) such movement in the Middle East, changing the politics of the regional powers as well as the key global powers in this region also. Very important for the new situation of Egypt in international affairs is the role of its Armed Forces and Secret Services. Both have great influences in every sphere of Egyptian life and possibility to change this country’s future. Changing of the internal situation in Egypt reflects on the many international factors such as in first row Arab‑ Israeli conflict (and within it also Palestinian-Israeli conflict) and through this it impacts the peace in the region of Middle East and North Africa. Egypt during the rule of Muslim Brotherhood seemed to build an alliance with Turkey and Qatar which would make their stance much stronger in case of cooperation with USA or UE. If those countries will not fall into the extremism it is a occasion to build new kind of international relations in the region and much stronger system of international security.

O papel da União Europeia na gestão de conflitos internacionais

The aim of this paper is to show the constitutive and practice evolution of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) in the European Union and its involvement in international conflict as a way to achieve a leadership position on the world. In the first part of this work, will present the three most emblematic missions (Mission in Aceh, Rafah Mission and Mission in Darfur) under the CFSP, along with their limits of performance and effectiveness. In the second part, will be the theoretical exposition of authors such as Bull, Hill, Manners, Saraiva, Xavier and Zielonka, that will allow a reflection about the possibilities of the Union be constituted as a political-strategic international actor. Thus, this paper will analyze the EU’s participation in conflicts management in territories outside the EU, as well as, its relevance in contemporary international security system.

An Option to Build an International Security System in the Asia-Pacific: Experience from a Pacific Pact Initiative in the Early Cold War Period

An Option to Build an International Security System in the Asia-Pacific: Experience from a Pacific Pact Initiative in the Early Cold War Period

Scaling the Nuclear Abolition Mountain: Is the United Nations up to the Task?

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Five-point proposal for nuclear disarmament, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, delivered to the East–West Institute conference on The United Nations and Security in a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World, United Nations, 24 October 2008. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sgsm11881.doc.htm. 2. Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Vol 1 Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions, adopted on 28 May 2010. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=NPT/CONF.2010/50%20%28VOL.I%29. 3. UN Resolution 1 (1), Establishment of a commission to deal with the problem raised by the discovery of atomic energy, adopted without a vote on 24 January 1946. 4. Most recently UNGA Resolution 65/76, which calls for the commencement of negotiations leading to the conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention and which was adopted on 8 December 2010 with a vote of 133 in favour, 28 against and 23 abstaining. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/political/1com/1com10/gares/A%20RES%2065%2076.pdf. 5. See Joint Statement by President Obama and President Medvedev, 1 April 2009. “We committed our two countries to achieving a nuclear free world …” http://www.fpif.org/articles/obama_and_medvedev_on_nukes; and the Joint Statement by President Obama and Prime Minister Singh of India; 8 November 2010. “The two leaders affirmed that their countries’ common ideals, complementary strengths and a shared commitment to a world without nuclear weapons give them a responsibility to forge a strong partnership to lead global efforts for non-proliferation and universal and non-discriminatory global nuclear disarmament in the 21st century.” http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/joint-statement-president-obama-and-prime-minister-singh-india. 6. NATO Strategic Concept, adopted 19 November 2010, “We are resolved to seek a safer world for all and to create the conditions for a world without nuclear weapons”. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_68580.htm. 7. See, for example, the US Nuclear Posture Review, April 2010, p 47: “The long-term goal of U.S. policy is the complete elimination of nuclear weapons”, “The United States should … Set a course for the verified elimination of all nuclear weapons”, http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/2010%20Nuclear%20Posture%20Review%20Report.pdf. 8. See UK–Norway Initiative: Research into the Verification of nuclear warhead dismantlement, http://www.norway-un.org/NorwayandUN/Selected_Topics/Disarmament/UK-Norway-Iniatitive-Research-into-the-Verification-of-nuclear-warhead-dismantlement. 9. See Eliminating Nuclear Threats – A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers, Final Report of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, Section 6.3, Rethinking other justifications for retaining nuclear weapons, available at: http://www.icnnd.org/Reference/reports/ent/default.htm and http://www.icnnd.org/Reference/reports/ent/part-iii-6.html#justification. 10. See Will a Nuclear Weapons Convention mean a different international security system? in Securing our Survival: The Case for a Nuclear Weapons Convention, IPPNW, 2007. http://icanw.org/files/sos.pdf. 11. ‘Advancing nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament’, resolution adopted by consensus at the 120th IPU Assembly, 10 April 2009. http://www.ipu.org/conf-e/120/120-1.htm. 12. Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (see footnote 2). 13. See A Global Law to Ban Nuclear Weapons, Middle Powers Initiative, June 2011. http://www.middlepowers.org/pubs/Global_Law.pdf. 14. See, Security Without Nuclear Deterrence, Commander Robert Green, Royal Navy (Ret'd), Ashton Media and the Disarmament and Security Centre 2010; Elements of a Nuclear Disarmament Treaty, BARRY M. BLECHMAN and ALEXANDER K. BOLLFRASS (EDITORS), The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2010; Securing our Survival, see footnote 10; and the Model Nuclear Weapons Convention, UN Document A/62/650, http://inesap.org/sites/default/files/inesap_old/mNWC_2007_Unversion_English_N0821377.pdf 15. See footnote 1. 16. Speech by Manmohan Singh to International Conference ‘Towards a World Free of Nuclear Weapons’ held in Delhi on 9–10 June 2008. See http://www.ipcs.org/article/nuclear/manmohan-singh-on-nuclear-disarmament-2600.html. 17. See note 5. 18. See note 16.

India Internal Security and Challenges of Terrorism

Internal security system of India is paramount to defend our country from enemies that come in form of physical persons, armament weapons, commercial interests, ideologies and plain misguided regimes like Pakistan and few other foreign powers. Enemies of India are not only territorial but also economic, ideological and other negative interests.

Twenty Years of Poland's Euro-Atlantic Foreign Policy

During the years 1989-1991, after a deep transformation of the internal system and the international order in Europe, Poland pursued a sovereign foreign policy. The new policy had the following general goals: 1) to develop a new international security system which would guarantee Poland’s national security; 2) to gain diplomatic support for the reforms conducted in Poland, including primarily the transformation of the economy and its adaption to free market mechanisms, which were designed to result in economic growth; and 3) to maintain and increase the international prestige of Poland and the Poles, who had been the first to commence the struggle to create a democratic civil society in the Eastern bloc. Implementing this new concept of foreign policy, Poland entered the Council of Europe in November 1991. The following year, Warsaw started to strive for membership of NATO, which was achieved in March 1999. A few years later, Polish leaders pursued policies in which Poland played the role of a “Trojan horse” for the USA. This was manifested most clearly during the Iraqi crisis of 2003, and in the following years, particularly in 2005-2007. From spring 1990 Poland aspired to integration with the European Community; in December of the following year it signed an association agreement, which fully entered into force in February 1994. In the period 1998-2002 Poland negotiated successfully with the European Union and finally entered this Union in May 2004. In subsequent years Poland adopted an Eurosceptic and sometimes anti-EU position. The new Polish government, established after the parliamentary election of autumn 2007, moved away from an Eurosceptic policy and pursued a policy of engagement with European integration.

Critical Voices and Human Security: To Endure, To Engage or To Critique?

Narratives of human security have been widely adopted and adapted within both academic and policy communities. Despite debates over its meanings and uses, the concept has proven to be remarkably resilient. In particular, there has a been a surprising willingness by critical scholars not only to analyse and critique human security, but also to embrace it as a means of furthering political goals. This article maps the ways in which various strands of critical scholarship in international relations have striven to use human security. It concludes by arguing that human security has lost any true critical potential and has become a new orthodoxy. Thus, while the concept may have value in highlighting particular issues and may enable short-term gains, it is unable to provide the basis for a substantive change of the system of international security.

Challenges in Certification and Accreditation

As the threat of malicious activity through the Internet increased, the US government began reviewing protection requirements for national and international security systems. Legislation resulting from this review included the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, and the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (also known as the Clinger-Cohen Act). This legislation sought to foster trust between the government and the public through significant security improvements in these systems. To this end, it the government established a peer-review process we've come to know as certification and accreditation, or C&A.