Internal Motivational Factors Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF GAMIFICATION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL MOTIVATION IN MOOCS FOR STUDENTS IN EMERGING REGIONS FROM AN UNDERPRIVILEGED GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF THE LEVEL UP COURSE BY GAMELAB KBTU AND UNICEF IN KAZAKHSTAN

This paper examines the impact of gamification and external motivation on the engagement and completion rates of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), with a focus on underprivileged groups in emerging regions. The research centres around the “LEVEL UP” course, a gamified MOOC designed to enhance STEM skills among young women in Kazakhstan, developed by GameLab KBTU in collaboration with UNICEF. Utilizing a combination of quantitative data analysis and literature review, the study investigates the efficacy of gamification strategies in increasing course completion rates, which are traditionally low in MOOCs. The findings indicate that the inclusion of gamification and external motivational elements, such as competitive elements and rewards, can improve completion rates. The LEVEL UP course, for example, achieved a completion rate of 10%, which is higher than the average completion rate of MOOC courses, which 5-8%. However, the study also highlights the complexity of balancing external and internal motivational factors to sustain long-term engagement and deep learning. Limitations encountered, including technical issues and platform constraints, underline the challenges of implementing such strategies effectively. Recommendations for further research include exploring the long-term impact of gamification, the optimal balance of motivational elements, and the customization of gamification to individual learner needs. This paper contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of gamification in education, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches that enhance both engagement and learning outcomes, particularly in the context of democratizing education for learners worldwide.

Determining factors in the career choice of music high school students

In Hungary, little attention has been devoted to the secondary level of music education, even though it is not only a transition between primary and tertiary education but also has predictive power regarding the future of music education. In our research, we surveyed students in their final year at a vocational secondary school with music specialisation using open-ended questions to investigate the factors influencing their career choice, their vision of the future, and the external and internal professional motivational factors. The questions focused on music-related career choice, practising, the attraction of a career in music, motivations for persevering, and the factors and people strengthening self-confidence. According to the respondents, healthy self-confidence and adequate motivation constitute an inevitable basis and source of professional success. Motivation is best derived from the positive feedback of the environment and the experience of success. Due to the individualised instruction in music education, the main subject teacher plays a decisive role, often influencing not only students’ professional career but also their personal path. In our research, we also examined students’ perception of the ideal main subject teacher. Students’ recognition of a main subject teacher is enhanced by personalised attention, setting realistic expectations to the student, exemplary professional knowledge, and interpersonal skills. Based on their professional experience and perceptions, students also commented on the qualities required from a musician and the personal meaning of music. According to the responses, the best characteristics of a musician are perseverance, humility, and diligence, whereas music is a means of self-expression, which provides relaxation, serenity, and refuge.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ТРАДИЦИОННЫХ И СОВРЕМЕННЫХ МЕТОДОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The purpose of this study is to examine the key differences between traditional and modern management methods. The parameters chosen for comparative analysis are planning perspectives, the ability to assess the risks and performance of the enterprise, and the influence and importance of internal and external motivation factors from the perspective of modern and traditional management.

Motivational management of enterprise innovation development in the context of limited resources and environmental influences

The article reveals the main characteristics of motivational management of the enterprise, directly related to the innovation development, especially in conditions of limited resources. The authors define the main goal of the motivation process and analyze the role of motivational management in the activities of modern enterprises and organizations. It is established that the development of an effective system motivation of employees stimulates their actions, and therefore activates and directs their actions to the development of innovative activities and contributes to increasing the level of interest in making a significant labor contribution to the achievement of the goals set by the enterprise. As a result of the research the internal and external motivational factors influencing motivational management and innovations implementation. It was found that creative activity in the innovative activity of enterprises is achieved through an optimal combination of various incentives, however, the current incentive system at enterprises is not able to effectively stimulate employees to engage in innovative activities. The authors propose the system of formation of motivational management of innovative development of the enterprise in conditions of limited resources and environmental influences. The coefficients of motivational management at the industrial enterprises in the conditions of limited resources have been calculated by means of mathematical modeling.

Factors affecting residents’ internal motivation, grit, and well-being

BackgroundResidents completing competency-based medical education for postgraduate training face many challenging situations that may compromise their well-being or result in exhaustion or burnout. Factors described in self-determination theory and grit are important for residents’ achievement of learning outcomes and well-being. This study explored the relationships among internal motivation, grit, well-being, and related factors among non-Western Asian residents.MethodsWe conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods survey-based study to explore correlations among satisfaction with basic psychological needs, grit, and well-being from September to November 2021 among residents at Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand. Data were collected with the Basic Psychological Needs Scale, Short Grit Scale, and World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index. Next, participants with the highest and lowest scores for each scale were purposively invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Interview data underwent thematic analysis and data collection continued until saturation was reached.ResultsIn total, 245 residents (51% major ward, 65% female) completed the survey. There were strong associations between internal motivation, grit, and well-being (r = 0.46–0.90). Female residents had higher autonomy and relatedness scores than males (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively), and residents with less family responsibility had higher relatedness scores than other residents (p = 0.01). Residents who got more sleep had higher autonomy, relatedness, and well-being scores than those that slept less (p < 0.05). Residents who exercised > 5 times/week had higher well-being scores than other residents (p < 0.01). Thirty residents completed interviews. The thematic analysis revealed internal motivation, grit, and well-being were promoted by a supportive learning environment, a well-designed curriculum, actions and personalities of faculty members, and good personal factors.ConclusionInternal motivation is significantly correlated with residents’ grit, well-being, gender, family burdens, exercise, and sleep hours. Priority should be given to promoting internal motivation, grit, and well-being among residents by enhancing a positive learning environment, creating well-designed curricula, fostering good characteristics and actions among faculty members, and supporting residents’ personal lives.

Professional self-development of a person as the evolution of his subject potential

In the article, professional self-development is considered as a human activity during which subject potential changes. This allows you to see the logic of the formation of the personality of the profession in a new way. Data from sociological research served as the basis for revealing the specifics of work motivation of young people at the stage of professional self-determination, professional self-actualization, and professional self-realization. The contradiction between external and internal motivational and value factors of professional self-development is revealed. The dynamism of the socio-economic situation of modern Ukrainian society requires professional flexibility from a person. Professional self-actualization today does not look like a linear process of achievements within the once chosen profession. Motivation for constant growth and self-improvement ensures professional mobility: professional development, development of related specialties, and, if necessary, a change of profession. A person realizes his vocation to be himself in various fields of activity - industrial, scientific, artistic, managerial, pedagogical and others, the basis of which is work. For the professional self-actualization of an individual, labor activity is fundamental. The understanding of work as a sphere of human self-actualization leads to the need to create such a quality of working life that would contribute to a person's disclosure of his subjects. A person is not simply "integrated" into the system of labor relations as an object, a kind of "screw", but reveals himself as a subject of a specific professional activity, with certain requirements for work, aimed at satisfying a wide range of needs and actualizing abilities. A person's labor activity, which is especially characterized by joint work with other people, allows meeting various social needs of a person in cognition, communication, developing cognitive, communicative and other abilities. The proposed approach is of great importance not only for the theory of professional self-development of the individual, but also for solving practical tasks of increasing the effectiveness of professional education.

Internal Motivation and Attitude in Implementation of Inclusive Education Program between General Education and PPKI Teachers

Collaboration between teachers of the Special Integration Education Program (PPKI) and general education teachers is a key factor in the successful implementation of the inclusive education. Internal motivation factors and the attitude of teachers involved in inclusive education are vital to ensure the smooth implementation of inclusive education. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the internal motivation and attitude toward collaboration between PPKI teachers and general education teachers in the implementation of inclusive education. This study is a survey study using quantitative methods. The theory used in this study is Glasser's Choice Theory. The instrument of this study is a questionnaire adapted from a thesis entitled A Case Study of Collaboration Between General Education Teachers and Special Education Teachers in a Southern Rural High School by Oassie Jean Daniels in 2017. This study involves PPKI teachers and general education teachers in a primary school with a Special Education Integration Program of Learning Disabilities in the district of Pasir Gudang, Johor. The data was analysed using SPSS version 26 software. The findings of the study show that the highest mean score for internal motivation is a sense of belonging while the attitude towards collaboration is teacher cooperation and openness. There is a significant relationship between internal motivation and attitude toward collaboration between PPKI teachers and general education teachers in the implementation of inclusive education. In the future, this study can be conducted on a larger population and use different research theories.

여가 동기와 제약요인이 노인 여가 만족에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

This study sought to derive major leisure motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure satisfaction factors of the elderly, and to find out how leisure motivation and leisure constraints affect leisure satisfaction. The subjects of the study were the elderly using Wonju Senior Welfare Facility, which was conducted as an on-site survey between April 1 and May 30, 2022. A total of 320 copies were distributed, of which 299 were used for data analysis as effective samples. The analysis results are summarized as follows. First, three factors (external motivation factors, no motivation factors, and internal motivation factors) were extracted as leisure motivation, and three factors (structure, intra-personal, inter-personal were extracted for leisure constraints and three factors (family relation satisfaction, environmental satisfaction, and life satisfaction) were drew for leisure motivation factors. Second, the respondents expressed their opinion that they are not satisfied with where they lives and are not satisfied with the space they live in when they have no family or colleagues to share leisure activities or when they want to participate but have no one to help them. In addition, when participating in leisure activities for no particular reason, there was nothing to do, so when participating to eliminate other miscellaneous thoughts, they felt close to their families and relationships with their relatives improved, and they were satisfied with the space and place they lived. In conclusion, practical implications based on the results of this study were proposed

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Motivation of Hungarian Junior Handball Players

Study purpose. In sports, just like in everyday life, motivation plays an important role in achieving individual goals. Motivation is an individual’s decision to engage in certain activities and make various efforts to do so. Sports require a continuous, constant effort from individuals, so it is even more important here that the athlete has the necessary motivation. Without motivation, it is not possible to do sports at a high level in the long term. The aim of the study was to examine the sports motivation factors of handball players in the Hungarian junior classes. Handball is one of the most popular sports in Hungary. As a result, it can be said that, from the point of view of the long-term success of the sport, it is essential to know the factors that motivate youth athletes. Materials and methods. We collected the data required for the research using a questionnaire. The research took place in the fall of 2022, with 190 youth athletes interviewed. During our research, we established that internal and external motivational factors are equally important for Hungarian youth handball players. Results. With statistical calculations, we show a significant relationship between the athletes’ motivation and the joy caused by sports, the avoidance of disappointment caused to the environment due to the cessation of sports, and the sports results achieved. Conclusions. The results of the study will be a useful resource for those interested in the sport of handball, to better consider the motivational factors that help to understand the motivation of young athletes and which are important in order to consistently provide a high level of performance.

The rising environmentalists: Fostering environmental goal attainment through volunteer tourism

This study attends to Generation Zers’ volunteer tourism. It draws on self-determination and goal-setting theories to synthesize a model delineating how the interplay of internal and external environmental motivational factors reshapes green volunteering involvement amid the pandemic, leading to environmental goal attainment and persistent endeavors. The inquiry adopted an online survey-based design with data collected from 340 rising environmentalists. Results first suggest that environmental self-efficacy and social climate are positively related to green volunteering involvement, with environmental self-efficacy exhibiting a more profound effect. These relationships are also moderated by eudaimonic environmental pursuits in that the relationships remain stronger when volunteers pursue eudaimonia to a high degree. Furthermore, involvement is evident in fostering environmental goal attainment, leading to pro-environmental behaviors and advocacy. With the above findings taken together, this investigation sheds light on environmental goal attainment through volunteer tourism amid the COVID-19 turbulence. It brings to light a motivation–goal attainment–behavior model that deserves investigating.

Analysis of Students’ Learning Motivation: Psychometric Parameters Study of Learning English Courses in the Business Travel Department

This study's goal is to determine the variables that affect students' motivation to learn English at Darussalam Polytechnic Palembang's Travel Business study program. The basis of this research is seen in the weak mastery of English possessed by students of the travel business study program. This study also aims to find specific motivations that best influence learning English. This study used a qualitative method by giving participants a questionnaire consisting of 20 statements and a Likert scale. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed using statistical procedures and described descriptively. The findings of this investigation indicate that external motivational factors have a better contribution than internal motivational factors, and in external motivation, there is the quality of the instructor and teaching materials, which are the most dominant sub-factors for maintaining learning motivation.

The Influence Of Internal And External Factors On Members' Decisions In Taking Murabaha Financing

Murabaha financing is the most common type at BMT Ash-Shaff Pringgarata because it is prioritized over other financings. Two factors can influence members' decisions in taking Murabaha financing: internal factors, including perception, motivation, and personality, and external factors, including culture and social class. This study aims to show the influence of internal and external factors on members' decisions in taking Murabaha financing at BMT Ash-Shaff Pringgarata. This type of research is associative quantitative. The data source used is primary data using a questionnaire collecting data. The population of this study is members who receive Murabaha financing for the 2017-2021 period, totalling 2351 people. The sample measurement uses the Slovin formula, with a sample of 100 people using the incidental sampling technique. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression tests using the IBM SPSS program version 25. The results showed that internal and external factors partially or simultaneously influenced members' decisions to take Murabaha financing at BMT Ash-Shaff Pringgarata. This research can complement existing theory and be a reference for BMTs to evaluate the strategies used to attract members to take up financing.

Beyond the Conference: Health Sciences Librarians’ Motivations for Publishing

Introduction: Previous studies have found that only 21.8% to 28% of abstracts presented at the annual Medical Library Association (MLA) conferences are later published as journal articles. What motivates health sciences librarians to take the next step in publishing and disseminating their work? This study will answer the following questions: 1) Are librarians presenting at MLA conferences more motivated to publish due to internal motivational factors (e.g., “to build a professional reputation for myself”), external motivational factors (e.g., “I am expected to participate in research for my job”), or a mix of both? 2) Do motivations for publication differ between academic and hospital librarians? 3) Do motivations for publication differ between those who published in peer-reviewed journals and those who published in other venues? Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the team surveyed first authors of abstracts presented at the MLA conferences in 2012 and 2014 to determine if they later published their work in any full-text format. If they did publish, the team asked authors where their work was published and the primary and secondary reasons for pursuing publication. The reasons for publication included internal and external motivational factors identified from the library science literature. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences in motivation. Results: One hundred and sixty one authors responded to the survey, and of these, 49 authors reported that they had published their abstract(s). Fifty-one percent (n=25) of respondents selected only internal motivational factors, 18.4% (n=9) selected only external motivational factors, and 30.6% (n=15) reported a mix of both. The author found no statistically significant differences between hospital and academic librarians, or those who published in peer-reviewed journals versus other venues. Discussion: Findings indicate that librarians who chose to publish their work after presenting at annual MLA conferences are primarily motivated to publish due to internal factors. Interventions designed to encourage MLA presenters to publish their work should consider ways to cultivate presenters’ internal motivation.

Serotonin and Dopamine Show Different Response Profiles to Acute Stress in the Nucleus Accumbens and Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Rats with Neuropathic Pain

The ability to adaptively guide behaviour requires the integration of external information with internal motivational factors. Decision-making capabilities can be impaired by acute stress and is often exacerbated by chronic pain. Chronic neuropathic pain patients often present with cognitive dysfunction, including impaired decision-making. The mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood but may include altered monoaminergic transmission in the brain. In this study we investigated the relationships between dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites in key brain regions that regulate motivated behaviour and decision-making. The neurochemical profiles of the medial prefrontal cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens were analysed using HPLC in rats that received a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the right sciatic nerve and an acute stress (15-min restraint), prior to an outcome devaluation task. CCI alone significantly decreased dopamine but not serotonin concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex. By contrast, restraint stress acutely increased dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex, and the nucleus accumbens; and increased serotonin in the medial prefrontal cortex 2 h later. The sustained dopaminergic and serotonergic responses to acute stress highlight the importance of an animal’s ability to mount an effective coping response. In addition, these data suggest that the impact of nerve injury and acute stress on outcome-devaluation occurs independently of dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of rats.

Öğretmenlerin Motivasyonunu Arttıran ve Azaltan Faktörler: Gazze Örneği

The goal of this study is to find out the situations that motivate and demotivate teachers in their job. In this study, phenomenology, one of the qualitative research method designs, was used to reveal the factors affecting teachers' motivation. Content analysis, one of the qualitative data analysis techniques, was used to examine the acquired data. The study group consisted of (25) teachers working in primary schools in Gaza Governorate-Occupied Palestine in the academic year 2019-2020. They were selected according to the convenience sampling method. (15) extrinsic motivators, (26) intrinsic motivators, (32) extrinsic demotivators, and (3) intrinsic demotivators emerged from the analysis and interviews. The findings of the study are in line with the attribution theory of motivation, especially the dimension of locus of causality, as teachers’ motivators and demotivational factors are classified according to internal and external motivation factors. In addition, some factors can be attributed to the stability dimension, specifically the demotivational factors including the school physical environment, administrative bureaucracy, the routine of governmental organizations, weak incentives, and unstable political conditions. These factors are stable causes that influence teachers’ behaviours consistently over time. Internal motivating factors are effective in increasing motivation more than exterior motivating factors; however, the external factors are effective in decreasing the motivation of teachers more than the internal factors.

Comportamentos adaptativos dos estudantes aos impactos da Covid-19: uma análise multidimensional

Abstract This investigation had three objectives: (i) to evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the emotional state and behavior of Higher Education students; (ii) to clarify the condition of students at the beginning of the pandemic; and (iii) to understand how they assess the impact and engage in adaptive behaviors. The sample involved 804 students in Brazil and Portugal. The results corroborate the hypotheses: the impact of the pandemic forced the emergence of energy dissipative structures; and student behavior stems not only from the negative emotional impact of Covid-19, but also from internal and external positive motivational factors. Online classes indicate three groups of students: enthusiasts, positive thinkers, and skeptics, with statistical differences between countries, gender, and professional status. The implementation of hybrid teaching should be considered to enhance student learning.

위드 코로나 시대의 관광동기가 지각된 건강위험과 여행의도에 미치는 영향

In this study, the Push and Pull motivation theory was applied in accordance with the need for a study on the relationship between tourism motivation, which is a driving factor that drives tourism behavior, and the perceived health risks of tourists. An empirical analysis was conducted using 159 copies of valid data, and the results are as follows. First, relaxation/ recreation and family harmony among the push motivations were adopted, while both cultural heritage and natural heritage among the pull motivations were both rejected. Second, the perceived health risk of tourists was found to have a significant negative effect on travel intention. Third, it was found that relaxation/recreation and family harmony among the push motivation factors had a positive effect on travel intention. Among the pull motivations, only natural heritage was accepted. It suggests that the internal motivation factors of tourists should be treated as important to create tourism demand in the era of With Corona. In addition, it is necessary to differentiate tourism marketing strategies and health risk management for each tourism motivation.

Learning English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia: Senior High School Students’ Motivation and Challenges

Investigation on English foreign language learners’ learning experiences has been discussed by a plethora of studies. The current study presents a survey on the learning motivation and challenges of Indonesian senior high school students. A cohort of approximately 64 students from a private senior high school in Indonesia was invited to participate in two questionnaires. Analysis of the students’ responses showed that their English language learning motivations were affected by both internal and external motivational factors, which were put into four categories; motivation for knowledge, internal fulfilment regulation, motivation to challenge, and external utility regulation. In terms of the challenges, boredom and anxiety were experienced by the students; although the degrees of the challenges were not significant, the students showed some factors that could trigger their anxiety and boredom. These findings suggest English language teachers keep stimulating the students to enhance and sustain their motivations in learning English both externally and internally and directing them to enjoy their learning process through innovative learning resources and activities.

Teacher support and learning engagement of EFL learners: The mediating role of self-efficacy and achievement goal orientation

Given the extremely preeminent role of students’ learning engagement (LE) in their academic success, investigating the predictors of LE for EFL learners seems critical. Prior research has demonstrated that the external environmental factors (e.g., teacher support) and the internal motivational factors (e.g., self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation) were related to LE, yet the internal mechanism is still under-explored. Therefore, this study attempted to explore the associations between teacher support and LE and the possible underlying mechanism through which teacher support influences LE with individual motivational variables of self-efficacy and achievement goal orientation the mediators for EFL learners in China. A sample of 466 Chinese college EFL learners participated in the study. Results indicated that (1) both academic support and emotional support significantly predicted LE; (2) academic support predicted LE through the separate mediation of self-efficacy, mastery goals and performance-approach goals; whereas emotional support only predicted LE through mastery goals; (3) academic support, but not emotional support, predicted LE through the chain mediation of self-efficacy and mastery goals, self-efficacy and performance-approach goals. These results elucidated the mechanism of different teacher support on LE and provided some implications for promoting EFL learners’ engagement.

Influence of Chemistry Learning Motivation on Freshmen’ Laboratory Safety Perception

Laboratory safety education is an important part of basic chemistry laboratory teaching. The lack of chemistry learning motivation among freshmen affects the implementation of laboratory safety literacy. This work investigates the influence of chemistry learning motivation on the safety perception as reflected in the safety motivation, safety participation, and safety awareness and attitude among the freshmen at Tianjin University of Technology. The results show that there are significant differences among freshmen in gender, major, and area of origin. The results indicate the existence of a positive correlation between internal motivation and other factors of safety motivation, safety participation, and safety awareness and attitude. Finally, we concluded that the improvement of chemistry learning motivation contributes to the increase in safety perception in laboratories. Based on the data mentioned above, some improvement strategies are recommended for the subsequent safety education and management.