Internal Migration In India Research Articles

Migration Along Bengaluru’s Rural–Urban Continuum: Implications for Household Well-being and Climate Change Adaptation

The academic literature on internal migration in India has been limited to studies which either capture the well-being of migrants at home or destination. With rural–urban (R–U) boundaries blurring and peri-urban areas gaining economic importance, it is imperative to move away from such binaries towards a continuum approach. Using mixed methods, this paper examines the differentiated nature of migration—its drivers and outcomes—across a R–U continuum in Karnataka. Combining household surveys with focus group discussions and life history interviews, across Bengaluru, its periphery and two predominantly rural districts, which are a source of in-migration, we document the variegated nature of migration. We show that while migrants into Bengaluru enter mostly unskilled livelihoods, peri-urban migrants tend to work in the formal sector. We also show how migration decisions are shaped by climate variability, environmental change, and social and class identity; and these factors mediate differentiated outcomes of moving on household well-being. Our findings have implications for interventions aimed at strengthening household capacities to deal with climatic and non-climatic risks and regional climate-resilient development. We also highlight that enabling inclusive, climate-resilient migration requires comprehensive interventions targeting material and subjective well-being of migrating households and individuals.

Unpacking the Dynamics of Internal Migration in India: A Focus on Government Initiatives and Girl Child Migrants

Migration is a process and an event. This paper tries to discuss the rights that often get disturbed while on the move. It also discusses the challenges involved thereof while relocating. Establishing a linkage between migration and education, the paper tries to cover the challenges faced by migrant children in the face of this whole process of migration and how it effects not only the education system of our country, but the very manpower that are its real strength.

Review: Moveable Gardens: Itineraries and Sanctuaries of Memory, edited by Virginia D. Nazarea and Terese Gagnon

Review: <i>Moveable Gardens: Itineraries and Sanctuaries of Memory</i>, edited by Virginia D. Nazarea and Terese Gagnon

Internal migration in India: Trends, relationship with MGNREGA and policies

People do migrate from one place to another for various socio economic or non-economic reasons. Census 2011 found 450 million people in India are migrants, a sharp increase of 45% from the previous census. The government of India launched MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) in 2005 to arrest out migration of unskilled landless labor force from the rural areas to urban areas by ensuring them 100 days of wage employment within their own areas. This paper actually reviews the trends and characters of internal migration in India and found that the migration is intrastate in nature and marriage is still the key reason behind it. MGNREGA couldn’t become an alternative of traditional migration from rural to urban areas in India till now. While comparing among Indian states regarding their policies towards migrants by using Interstate Migrant Policy Index (IMPEX) score of 2019, this paper found Kerala in the top of the list followed by Goa and Rajasthan.

The Journey from ‘Darkness’ to ‘Light’: Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger and the Phenomenon of Rural to Urban Internal Migration in India

The Journey from ‘Darkness’ to ‘Light’: Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger and the Phenomenon of Rural to Urban Internal Migration in India

Internal Migration in India: A trend of Million-Plus Cities in 2011

In the present times of the urbanising world, humans' migration plays a decisive role in urban centres' evolution, other than natural population growth. The highly urbanised centres across the globe, commonly labelled as the million-plus cities, act as a decisive pull factor for the migration among individuals, as these centres are the hubs of economic activities and immense opportunities. The present study made an effort to evaluate the internal migration trend of million-plus cities and their respective urban agglomerations in India. The migration data released by the Census of India was being used for 2001 and 2011 in the analysis. The growth rate and proportional percentage increase both total and gender-wise, of migrants were assessed. The findings depicted the influx of proportional in-migrants was more in southern India than in the north. Furthermore, in-migrants growth was more in the newly formed million-plus cities than the old established ones regardless of the large migrant base in their total population.

Issues of Internal Migration in India: An Overview

Migration arises due to socio-economic, political reasons. It is the movement of individuals for better opportunities and growth in terms of economic strength, access to medical facilities, education, or political stability. Migrant workers are widespread across the country and often engage themselves in the informal sector due to their weak education background and economic backwardness. These informal sector workers are engaged in works of low-paying or perilous jobs in crucial sectors in urban areas like the manufacturing industries, construction, hotel industry, textiles, transportation, domestic workers, etc. According to the Economic Survey of India,2017, India's inter-state migration during 2011-16 was about 9 million annually and as per the Census2011 report, the internal migrants(including intra and interstate migrants) was around 139 million. This paper is an attempt to present an overview about migration, issues of Internal migration, IMPEX as a tool to understand the inter-state migrant policies and the way ahead for migrant workers to augment in reaching the Sustainable Development Goals designed by the United Nations.

Internal Migration in India and Its Implications: A Gender Perspective

Internal Migration in India and Its Implications: A Gender Perspective

India's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Frontal Assault on the "Historically Dispossessed".

During the nationwide lockdown as part of the state response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the predicament of interstate migrant laborers in India, caught in crowded cities without means of livelihood and basic resources needed to sustain life, gained national and international attention. This article explores the context of the current migrant crisis through the historical trajectories and political roots of internal migration in India and its relationship with the urban informal labor market and the structural determinants of precarious employment. We argue that the both the response to the pandemic and the disproportionate impact on migrant laborers are reflections and consequences of an established pattern of neglect and poor accountability of the state toward the employment and living conditions of migrant workers who toil precariously in the informal labor market.

Migrants and Informal Casual Labour Markets

Internal migration in India is estimated to be at around 100 million people and short-term seasonal migration for work is estimated to vary between 80 and 140 million. Employers may benefit from the increase in the supply of labour, and middle-class households may benefit from the lower price of household services provided by the migrants and their families. Local residents with comparable skills to those of migrants may find that they have to compete for jobs in the labour market. Many regions implicitly differentially prioritize the interests of local residents and of migrants whilst filling vacant jobs, resulting in a tradeoff between welfare rights and openness to migration. Migrants take into account the tradeoffs of poor working conditions and unwritten and unenforceable contracts, with the higher income in the destination region, and all considered migrate. We provide a framework for understanding this socio-economic outcome. In many urban contexts, migrants and other low-skilled workers gather at some focal point such as a busy market place or crossroad in the morning and meet with potential employers who negotiate the type of work to be performed, the wage, and the number of hours that the worker has to work. Surprisingly, there has been a paucity of research on the employer–employee match in the daily urban casual labour market. Working days are usually long—between 12 and 14 h in many instances—and the wage and working conditions are usually negotiated. The market wherein the bargain takes place is a flexible labour market where workers can be replaced by the employer at a minimal cost to the employer. In most of such contracts workers report that they have been cheated and face harassment. The requirements for complete contracting are severe in this market. It is difficult ex ante to specify what constitutes a satisfactory performance of the contract (as it is difficult to record and measure performance), and accordingly, it is difficult to enforce the contract via a third party. This leads to opportunism as the employer holds up the worker by requiring further responsibilities such as longer hours of work to be undertaken that were not negotiated in the first place. We postulate a bargaining approach to unearth the role of regulation and the determination of wages and work conditions in the informal casual labour market.

Internal Migration in India

Internal Migration in India

Economic reform, uneven regional development and internal migration in India

ABSTRACTAs per the existing literature on the theory of migration, inequality, regional wage differentials and regional development create a natural spur for people to migrate. Focusing on India, this study aims to investigate the effects of uneven regional development on internal in-migration before and after economic reform using panel data regression analysis. The paper attempts to contribute to the literature by linking migration to the development aspect of the economy. The nature of streams of migration appears to change after economic reforms with internal movement occurring within rural sectors with much prominence. The variation in in-migration rates too dropped across states, showing a more homogenous spread of migrants. The models based on nine different in-migration behaviours show more significant relations between the economic variables than with social variables. With the highest share of migrants flocking in urban areas, migration between urban-to-urban and rural-to-urban areas dominates in terms of destination and source in contemporary times. Interestingly, development of the manufacturing sector appears to be the most significant pull factor in the urban sectors for male in-migrants and specifically in urban-to-urban stream of migration while development of construction sector has encouraged females more to move into rural-to-rural and rural-to-urban patterns of movement. The service sector development has significantly influenced the movement towards the urban sector. The role of expenditure on the social sector and literacy level of the states havs remained trivial in attracting migrants though the development of employment schemes has hindered the movement of migrants in nearly all realms of in-migration behaviours. Interestingly migration has also occurred in poverty-stricken states, specifically in urban-to-rural and urban-to-urban direction. Nevertheless, the urbanization rate of the state has played a decisive role in determining the in-migration trend except for rural in-migration behaviour, specifically in rural-to-rural in-migration behaviour. The study confirms that both the development and underdevelopment aspects of regions through structural adjustments initiated after the economic reform in India in the decade of 1990s are strongly associated with internal in-migration in contemporary India.

Factors in Internal Migration in India : A Case Study of Ludhiana City

Factors in Internal Migration in India : A Case Study of Ludhiana City

Fiscal Federalism at Work? Central Responses to Internal Migration in India

Summary Internal migration is thought to have substantial benefits for migrants and for the development of migrant-sending and migrant-receiving areas. In order to facilitate such migration, central governments may need to use fiscal transfers to ensure services to migrants, address infrastructure shortfalls, and ameliorate labor market displacement of natives. In fact, an extensive, mostly normative “fiscal federalism” literature has argued that central governments ought to use transfers to reduce interjurisdictional externalities such as those due to population displacements. We extend this literature empirically by examining the degree to which exogenous, longterm migration prompts the redirection of central fiscal resources in India. Following the literature on distributive politics, we argue that transfers in decentralized systems addressing the costs of population movements are influenced by partisan politics. Using monsoon shocks to migration, we show that increases in migration are met with greater central transfers but that these flows are at least 50% greater if the state-level executive is in the Prime Minister’s political party. Consistent with the theory, the influence of politics is greatest on parts of the budget subject to greater executive control. This politicization may explain why Indian states maintain barriers to internal migration despite the development costs of doing so.

Effect of women’s migration on urban children’s health in India

Purpose– In India, the number of migrants to urban areas is increasing over time. Unlike in earlier years where male migration was prominent, recent trend shows an increasing trend of female and family migration. As migration and health status are highly correlated, the nature of relationship deserves greater attention from researchers. Although literature on internal migration in India is abundant, little attention is given to the research on the effect of migration on the health status of children. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– The present paper, based on National Family Health Survey 3 data, examines the health status of migrant and non-migrant children in the urban areas of India.Findings– Distribution according to social and demographic characteristics is disadvantageous for urban children who are born to migrant women. As seen from various child health indicators, urban children’s health in general and the health situation of migrant women’s children in particular leaves much to be desired. Pattern of migration tends to have an impact on child health in urban areas; children of women who migrate from rural areas are in an adverse position. Duration of migration has a negative influence on health status of urban children. Overall, it was found that migration status of mothers has an independent effect on child health outcomes; children of migrant mothers have a lower health status.Originality/value– This paper fulfills the need to study the health status of migrant and non-migrant children in the urban areas of India.

Retraction: “Climate Change and Internal Migration in India: Response of the State, Market, and the Civil Society,” by Anil Kumar Jha

Poverty & Public PolicyVolume 8, Issue 1 p. 97-97 RetractionFree Access Retraction: “Climate Change and Internal Migration in India: Response of the State, Market, and the Civil Society,” by Anil Kumar Jha This article retracts the following: Retracted: Climate Change and Internal Migration in India: Response of the State, Market, and the Civil Society Anil Kumar Jha, Volume 5Issue 2Poverty & Public Policy pages: 133-145 First Published online: June 14, 2013 First published: 04 February 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.133AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract The above article from Poverty & Public Policy, published online: 14 JUN 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) and in Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 133–145, has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Max J. Skidmore, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed to because of plagiarism; there is considerable unattributed overlap with “Migration and Climate Change: An Overview,” by Etienne Piquet, Antoine Pécoud, and Paul de Guchteneire in Refugee Survey Quarterly (June 8, 2011), Oxford Journals. EDITOR'S NOTICE Speaking for all those associated with Poverty and Public Policy, I wish to reiterate our commitment to academic quality, and to our concern for academic and scholarly integrity. Initially, we relied on spot checks of manuscripts and peer review to ensure against plagiarism. Years ago, however, we discovered that those procedures were inadequate. We published an article in 2013 that we were obligated to retract because it consisted largely of another scholar's published material without attribution. The retracted article was the second that we had published that year, which had been submitted by the same person. Since that time, our procedure involves not only in-house checks and peer review, but also the use of anti-plagiarism software for every manuscript before we send it out for review. Unfortunately, we now have discovered that the earlier article, also, used large amounts of material from another scholar's previously-published work, also without attribution. Thus, we must offer our sincere apologies and must retract that previous article, as well: Retraction: Climate Change and Internal Migration in India: Response of the State, Market, and the Civil Society, by Anil Kumar Jha The above article from Poverty & Public Policy, published online: 14 JUN 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) and in Volume 5, No. 2, pp. 133–145, has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Max J. Skidmore, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed to because of plagiarism; there is considerable unattributed overlap with “Migration and Climate Change: An Overview,” by Etienne Piquet, Antoine Pécoud, and Paul de Guchteneire in Refugee Survey Quarterly (June 8, 2011), Oxford Journals. Max J. Skidmore Editor-in-Chief University of Missouri-Kansas City Reference Jha, A. K. ( 2013) Climate change and internal migration in India: response of the state, market, and the civil society. Poverty & Public Policy, 5: 133– 145. Doi: 10.1002/pop4.30 Volume8, Issue1March 2016Pages 97-97 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Urbanization and Spatial Patterns of Internal Migration in India

With an urbanization level of 31.16 % in 2011, India is the least urbanized country among the top 10 economies of the world. In addition, unlike other countries, the transition of workforce out of agriculture is incomplete. This coupled with jobless growth in recent years has contributed to an increase in certain migration streams. While rural–rural migration continues to be the largest in terms of magnitude, we also document an increase in two-way commuting across rural and urban areas. Further, there are a large number of short term migrants and an increase in return migration rate is also observed.

Weather, agriculture and rural migration: evidence from state and district level migration in India

AbstractThis study explores three-way linkage between weather, agricultural performance and internal migration in India at the state and district level using census data. The estimations are based on a two-stage least squares model using panel data. The elasticity of the inter-state out-migration rate with respect to per capita net state domestic agricultural product is − 0.775, indicating that a decline in the value of agricultural output related to weather variations results in an increase in out-migration rate. The crop-wise analysis shows that a 1 per cent decline in rice (wheat) yield leads to a nearly 2 per cent (1 per cent) increase in the rate of out-migration from a state. The district-level analysis shows larger magnitudes of estimated change in in-migration rates to relative changes in crop yields. However, the district-level analysis using two-period panel data constructed from a single census provides relatively less robust results compared to the state-level analysis owing to the associated data limitations.

Retracted: Climate Change and Internal Migration in India: Response of the State, Market, and the Civil Society

AbstractClimate change has become a major concern for the international community. Among its consequences, its impact on migration is the object of increasing attention from both policymakers and researchers. Yet knowledge in this field remains limited and fragmented. This article, therefore, provides an overview of the climate change–migration nexus in India. It investigates the key issues at stake, including the social and political context in which the topic emerged. It further investigates the responses of the state, market and the civil society. Two major interconnected arguments arise. The first regards the weight of environmental and climatic factors in migration and their relationship to other push or pull factors, whether of social, political, or economic nature. The second is about the political framework in which such migration flows should take place and the manner in which to treat the people who move in connection with environmental factors. The two issues are deeply intertwined, as the extent to which the environment determines migration is intimately connected to the status to be associated with the people concerned. The ISMW Act is an obsolete piece of legislation by the Government of India in this regard. Some of the work that civil society is doing—for instance, the move to issue migrants an ID, provide them with skills training, offer legal protection, and financial services—is highly scaleable. They are not unique to a specific geography; they are fairly universal solutions that can be taken to any geography and any group of migrants across the country. Of course, civil society is limited by its resources, its networks, and its ability to deliver. Therefore, it can partner well with governments to deliver these services.

Internal migration in India: Are the underprivileged migrating more?

India embarked on its new economic policy, popularly known as the liberalization of the Indian economy, in 1991. The basic features of the new economic policy were a reduction in government expenditures in order to reduce fiscal deficit, an opening up of the economy for export-oriented growth, the removal of government control and licensing, and a push for private participation to enhance competition and efficiency. Both supporters and critics of the new economic policy believed that economic reforms would increase internal migration. Proponents believed that the new impetus would boost the economy and job opportunities, leading to increased pull factors conducive to accelerated rural-to-urban migration. By contrast, the opponents of this policy were of the view that economic reforms would adversely affect the village and cottage industries and impoverish rural populations, leading to increased rural-tourban migration (Kundu, 1997). Although there was considerable success in achieving economic growth, from 2 to 3 per cent of growth in gross domestic product in the pre-reform era to over 6 per cent during the period 1991-2001, the impact of this enhanced growth on internal migration in general and rural-to-urban migration, in particular, has not been assessed. The latest census of 2001 reveals several interesting results in relation to internal migration, its regional pattern and the contribution of rural-to-urban migration to urban growth, as discussed by Bhagat and Mohanty (2009). They argue that the push factor has not significantly influenced internal migration. As a result, it appears inaccurate to state that the poor and disadvantaged are migrating more than those that are more well off.