Internal Market Policy Research Articles

The European Union’s Engagement With Questions of Strategic Autonomy and Security: Do EU Courts Have a Role to Play?

The EU started as a peace project to avoid armed conflicts between its Member States. It rapidly became a success story attracting new members. Its internal market and common policies, especially its trade and common agricultural policies, yielded a power of its own protecting the EU and its Member States in a turbulent world. This unique project relies on the rule of law and innovating legal concepts that both the EU and national courts protect. In the meantime the EU and the international context have changed. Gradually but surely, the EU is becoming more assertive to protect its interests by engaging in new policy areas, including security and defence. This article concerns the question as to whether this development affects the nature of judicial protection that EU courts are supposed to grant to states, legal and natural persons. Strategic autonomy – European security – EU defence policy – EU external competences – Court of Justice of the European Union

In Search of Digital Sovereignty and Strategic Autonomy: Normative Power Europe to the Test of Its Geopolitical Ambitions

This article analyses the recent use of European Union (EU) terminology of digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy, aiming to identify tensions between policy considerations of fundamental rights, free market principles and geopolitical concerns. These tensions are rooted in the disparity between the EU's considerable economic and regulatory power in digital matters and its limited mandate and capabilities in foreign policy. The article also explores the translation of the notions of digital sovereignty and strategic autonomy into EU policy. It identifies three important trends in the geopoliticisation of the EU agenda on digital technologies: (1) the instrumental use of ‘classic’ internal market policies to exert geopolitical influence; (2) the imposition of foreign policy imperatives on national markets; and (3) new ‘hybrid’ digital policies that combine internal market concerns, fundamental rights and geopolitical concerns. Ultimately, digital sovereignty has inherent tensions with the EU's normative power in digital issues and may also result in a strategic cacophony.

A European Credit Council for Consistent and Informed Policymaking

Abstract In Banque Providence Eric Monnet draws on the history of central banking to investigate the problem of insufficient democratic anchoring of monetary policy. It is a very timely contribution, especially as the choices that the central bankers will face in the near future are bound to get ever more political. This article discusses Monnet’s proposals to increase central bank legitimacy through common deliberation of monetary policy authorities and economic policymakers, in particular in relation to EU’s credit policy. I draw on the rich literature on interinstitutional accountability to identify conditions for such an EU Credit Council to be fit for purpose. I further identify two specific EU contexts where further deliberation would be particularly called for: the differentiated monetary and internal market (credit) policies and the Green Deal. With regard to the first, I show how an EU Credit Council could help deepen our understanding of the mutual impact of advancing EU banking integration and continued existence of multiple currency regimes. With regard to the second, I discuss clarifications and adjustments needed in the EU legal framework to ensure that further policy coordination on financing the transition within such a Credit Council would facilitate the achievement of EU’s sustainability goals.

The Role of Financial Availability and Entrepreneurship Education in Starting Start-Up Business

Start-up businesses experienced significant growth in Surakarta and the surrounding areas. This development is likely supported by Surakarta’s economy, which is strongly driven by the business and industrial sectors. A company’s external and internal factors also affect start-up business success in Surakarta. From the company perspective, the factors affecting this success are the marketing, human resources, finance, and operational aspects. This study focuses on start-up businesses in Surakarta and the surrounding areas. Data were collected from 104 respondents and were analyzed using a quantitative method. This study examines the impact of a decision to start a business, the openness of the internal market, sales, dynamic market, and government policies, which were found to affect capital investors’ decision and their trust in start-up entrepreneurs. This study was interpretative and empiric, with hypotheses tested using PLS-SEM. The findings showed that risk tolerance positively impacts starting a new business (start-up) with a p-value of 0.000<0.005, supporting the first hypothesis. The hypothesis on financial availability’s positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship education was supported with a p-value of 0.001<0.005. The hypothesis on the effect of financial availability on starting a new business (start-up) is also supported with a p-value of 0.002<0.005, which supports the third hypothesis. Lastly, risk tolerance mediating role in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and starting a new business (start-up) is supported with a p-value of 0.000<0.005, supporting hypothesis 4.

Catalyzing resource recombination in higher education through potential building and value realizing capabilities

PurposeThis paper aims to examine internal market orientation (IMO), potential building capabilities and value realizing capabilities, i.e. dynamic capabilities (DC) as an antecedent of resource recombination in higher education institutions of the United Arab Emirates.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from 349 faculty members and analyzed using the covariance-based structural equation modeling technique.FindingsResults did not support a direct relationship between IMO and resource recombination. However, results did provide support for IMO’s significant impact on potential building and value realizing capabilities. The impact of potential building capabilities on resource recombination was partially supported, whereas the impact of value realizing capabilities on resource recombination was fully supported.Practical implicationsThis study provides guidelines for the higher education managers, especially for the strategic management of its resources. The study also provides a basis for improving internal market policies to remain abreast of DC to succeed in the market. Most significantly, the findings of the study offer guidance toward effective resource planning and innovative management practices.Originality/valueThis study identifies the essential resources and capabilities framework that guides firms to modify their capabilities in the face of changing environment.

Brexit, food law and the UK's search for a post‐EU identity

Food law has played a central, contested role in defining the UK's post‐Brexit identity as a regulating and trading nation. Mapping reforms to key areas of food law across retained EU law, the UK internal market and UK trade law and policy reveals profound reforms, and an emerging, distinct UK approach to law‐making. We identify three themes: increased conferral of regulatory powers and functions to UK Ministers, coupled with an expansion of so‐called non‐legislative approaches to regulation and policy‐making and increased scope for divergence between UK nations. These reforms have achieved core aims of the UK government: autonomy from the EU, a fully frictionless internal market within Great Britain, and streamlined regulatory reform. However, the achievement of these aims has come at a price. Food law reveals that post‐Brexit legislative processes have been shaped by, but also entrench, unilateral executive decision‐making, lessened transparency and disunity between UK nations.

Audiovisual policy transfer between Mercosur and the European Union has gone offtrack

This article analyses the Audiovisual Mercosur Program as a case of policy transfer between Mercosur and the European Union. A qualitative document analysis, expert interviews and the use of policy transfer theory and its constraints made possible the critical evaluation of the program and its impacts. By focusing on the constraints that led to an incomplete and uninformed transfer, we were able to identify an alignment between the underlying ideas of audiovisual policies in Mercosur and the European Union, but also inadequate governance within Mercosur, unbalanced interests between the two trade blocks, and a lack of policy learning. As a result, the transfer of European Union policies reproduced well-documented failures of the European Union's internal market policies relating to the audiovisual sector.

Markets and the creation of competitive advantages in companies according to an internal marketing orientation

The objective of this study was is to examine the relationship between internal marketing orientation and the creation of competitive advantages and determine whether this is useful in light of the continuous growth in competition. For modern companies, competitive advantage has become a necessary and inevitable prerequisite for their continued survival in the market. Internal marketing policies, which are an element of modern marketing, have, therefore, become a pillar for building and sustaining competitive advantages. However, there is insufficient focus on strategic internal marketing and its impact on a firm’s competitiveness. Indeed, nuanced insights suggest that the competitive advantage of a company can actively increase its financial performance by maintaining and increasing its market share and distinguishing it from its competitors, which is especially useful during highly competitive periods. Finally, this research uses an updated approach to build on the current literature and provide managers with insights into the drivers and outcomes of strategic internal marketing. These insights about internal-marketing-driven competitive advantages suggest that internal marketing can help companies achieve diversification and stability.

EU ELECTRICITY POLICY (IM)BALANCE: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLICY PRIORITIES SINCE 1986

The European Union has produced hundreds of laws in the field of electricity policy in the last three decades, on issues ranging from nuclear disposal to renewable energy generation support. Is the EU electricity policy of the last 30 years balanced, according to the classical energy trilemma framework? An all-inclusive, quantitative, multi-decade examination of the EU energy policy is still lacking. Besides the traditional policy perspectives, policy density and intensity, this paper proposes a novel method to measure policy outcomes: policy importance. The results show that EU energy legislation is indeed imbalanced. Environmental concerns rank first among EU electricity policy priorities; however, since 2003, the creation of an internal market has started to challenge environment as the top priority. Furthermore, internal market policies tend to have a higher trend of adoption than environment. Security of supply is at the bottom of EU policymakers' attention. The EU energy policy is becoming more intricate, but not more revolutionary. Meaningful policy changes occur at a stagnating yearly rate, despite the increasing power of the EU institutions.Keywords: electricity policy; quantitative; policy density; policy intensity; European UnionJEL Classifications: F530, Q480DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11461

The Impact of Administrative Transparency on the Relationship between Internal Marketing Policies and the Job Satisfaction of the Internal Customer: An Applied Study at Taif University - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: أثر الشفافية الإدارية في العلاقة بين سياسات التسويق الداخلي وبين الرضا الوظيفي للعميل الداخلي - دراسة تطبيقية بجامعة الطائف، المملكة العربية السعودية -

This study aims to identify the extent of the practice of internal marketing policies and administrative transparency at Taif University, and its impact on the level of internal customer satisfaction (employee). As well as to observe the mediating effect of administrative transparency in the relationship between internal marketing policies and internal customer satisfaction. This study attempts to fill the gap in previous studies related to the impact of internal marketing policies (independent variable) and administrative transparency (intermediate variable) on enhancing internal customer satisfaction (dependent variable) in Saudi universities. A descriptive-analytical approach was used, and 254 questionnaires were distributed randomly stratified to the study sample. The number of valid questionnaires for analysis was (125), which were analysed using the statistical program (SPSS). The findings were that there was a medium degree of approval towards each of the dimensions of internal marketing, the practice of administrative transparency and internal customer satisfaction. There was also a relationship and impact between internal marketing policies and internal customer satisfaction. Similarly, there was a relationship and impact between administrative transparency and internal customer satisfaction. There were a relationship and impact between internal marketing policies and administrative transparency. Moreover, it found that administrative transparency strengthens the positive relationship between internal marketing policies and internal customer. This study recommended increasing employees’ job satisfaction by implementing an effective system of incentives and rewards, training and development and promotions. Furthermore, universities should improve the level of administrative transactions and communications, financial facilitation, and good relations among employees. Moreover, they have to adopt the concept of internal marketing by meeting the needs of employees and working on developing them. Finally, they have to tout administrative transparency policies, as well as clarifying the reasons for administrative decisions with stability and ease of understanding in order to build credibility and trust with employees.

Health, federalism and the European Union: lessons from comparative federalism about the European Union.

Bringing together the results of a large-scale review of European Union (EU) policies affecting health and a large-scale analysis of social policy and federalism, this paper uses comparative federalism to identify the scope and tensions of EU health policy at the end of the Juncker Commission. Viewing health care and public health policy through the lens of comparative federalism highlights some serious structural flaws in EU health policy. The regulatory state form in which the EU has evolved makes it difficult for the EU to formulate a health policy that actually focuses on health. Of the three faces of EU health policy, which are health policy, internal market policy and fiscal governance, health policy is legally, politically and financially the weakest. A comparison of the EU to other federations suggests that this creates basic weaknesses in the EU's design: its key powers are regulatory and its redistribution minimal. No federal welfare state so clearly pools risks at a low level while making markets so forcefully or creating rights whose costs are born by other levels of government. This structure, understandable in light of the EU's history and development, limits its health and social policy initiatives and might not be stable over the long term.

Internal marketing policies and procedures at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University and the extent of workers' satisfaction

Internal marketing policies and procedures at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University and the extent of workers' satisfaction

Differentiated EU Integration: Maps and Modes

This paper reports a descriptive analysis of the historical development and the modes of differentiated integration in the treaties and legislation of the European Union. Whereas the number of differentiations has increased in the course of European integration, it has remained stationary relative to the growth of the EU’s membership, policy portfolio and legal production. Differentiated integration is predominantly multi-speed integration, typically originating in enlargement, focusing on internal market policies and affecting the comparatively poor Southern and Eastern new member states. In addition, durable differentiations originating in the deepening of the integration of core state powers have created a multi-tier structure, but the core is inclusive and open. The crisis period of European integration has reinforced the differentiation of the EU for the time being, but both Brexit and the stagnation of widening and deepening are likely to slow down differentiation.

A small state’s anticipation of institutional change: effects of the looming Brexit in the areas of the CSDP and internal market

ABSTRACTBrexit will profoundly change politics in the European Union, and all countries will have to adjust to the new situation. But the issue is more pressing for small member states that are more dependent on international organisations than big states. This article studies how the institutional setting affects a small state’s preparations for Brexit in the areas of the common security and defence policy and internal market. Contrary to the expectations, it shows that the Czech Republic, the small state under scrutiny, has invested more effort into a preventive adjustment in the internal market policy than to the CSDP. This result is explained by the existence of alternative institutional frameworks that are expected to mitigate the impact of Brexit on EU’s security and defence policy. It also suggests that while small states profit from the existence of strong institutions, they also face the risk of unmitigated impact when these institutions change.

Implementing an EU opt-in mechanism for GM crop cultivation.

EMBO Reports (2019) e48036 The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops in the EU remains a highly polemic issue. The only GM crop event that is currently authorised is the insect‐resistant maize “MON810”. The GM potato variety “Amflora” with improved tuber starch composition was approved for cultivation in 2010, but later withdrawn. One of the main reasons that not more GM crops are authorised for cultivation is a regulatory gridlock with a recurring inability to reach a qualified majority in the designated committee for either approval or rejection [1]. Several EU member states experience domestic pressure against adoption of GM crops [2], [3], [4]. The European Commission (EC) therefore developed legislation—the Directive EU 2015/412, adopted by the European Parliament (EP) in 2015—to give member states the possibility to restrict or prohibit cultivation of authorised GM crops in their territory (opt‐out mechanism). The request to exclude a particular GM event from cultivation may be communicated to the EC after risk assessment, or after authorisation provided that the restriction is in conformity with the EU law, reasoned, proportional, non‐discriminatory and based on compelling grounds (Article 26b(3) of Directive 2015/412). To date, 17 member states and two autonomous regions have used this possibility. In parallel, the EC also proposed an analogous mechanism for the import of GM food and …

The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union: Challenges of Functioning

The Court of Eurasian Economic Union is envisaged by the Treaty on EAEC (Eurasian Economic Community) as one of the bodies of the Union. Its principal aim is to ensure uniform application of the Treaty and compliance of the agreements adopted by the Union member states as well as acts of the Union bodies with the Treaty.All member states, bodies of the Union and, in certain cases, economic entities has the right of appeal to the Court. The Court is empowered to adjudicate cases of disputes arisen within the framework of the Union as well as to issue advisory opinions. Court decisions are binding while advisory opinions are of suggestive nature. When hearing cases, the Court applies the Treaty on EAEC, international treaties of the states concluded within the framework of the Union and norms of international law.Established in 2015, the Court of EAEC appeared to be in demand among the states, economic entities and bodies of EAEC. The analysis of the activities of the Court and its legal framework enabled to identify a number of outstanding issues related to the status and organization of the activities of the Court. Thus, the competence of the Court as stipulated by the Statute does not reflect the power (as stipulated by the Treaty) of the Highest Eurasian Economic Union to appeal to the Court with a request. The limits of competence of the Court are not clearly and sufficiently denoted, the fact that might serve grounds for the unwarranted expansion thereof. The procedure for initiation of issuance of advisory opinions and termination of proceedings in such cases is not sufficiently regulated. There is no clarity as to the legitimacy of the collective dissenting opinions of judges.The analysis of the Court practice shows that in broad terms it fulfills its mandate. The decisions adopted by it enabled to elaborate critical legal positions and clarify many practical issues in such areas as functioning of the Customs Union and internal market of the Union, general principles and rules of competition, protective measures for internal market and transportation policy.

The Refugees We Are: Solidarity in the European Constitutional Imagination

The Refugees We Are: Solidarity in the European Constitutional Imagination

The new politics of energy security and the rise of the catalytic state in southern Europe

AbstractEuropean energy security has recently emerged as an important topic of scholarly attention. Many studies have scrutinised the political and institutional innovations triggered by the establishment of the European Union internal energy market and external energy policy. However, the literature indicates a particularly striking gap between growing research and concept development, and only recently have efforts been made to analyse this current dynamic more accurately. By focussing on the security of gas supply and liquefied natural gas development in France, Italy and Spain, and extending the model of the catalytic state to the energy-security realm, this article contributes to the empirical and conceptual debate. In particular, the article argues that the catalytic state model, which emphasises the active role of governments in a liberalised market structure and their wide participation in a networked pattern of energy diplomacy, is better equipped than the regulatory state model to capture the new European politics of energy security.

The consequences of internal marketing activities on emotional labor in tourism industry

In today`s globalized business environments the road to survival and success is through customer satisfaction. Particularly for the service companies, employees are also required to show emotional labor in the service delivery in addition to their physical performance based on the fact that customer satisfaction is directly related to the emotions displayed by employees. Canalizing employees to perform emotional labor is an important issue. Here, the internal marketing practices emerge as a managerial tool. Accordingly employees perceptions towards internal marketing practices that are considered to have important consequences on companies, and the way internal marketing practices affect employees ‘emotional labor behavior are the matters of concern. The purpose of this study is to examine how internal marketing activities in tourism enterprises affect the behavior of emotional labor of the staff working in tourism enterprises. In this study, the effects of internal marketing activities on to the behavior of emotional labor of employees were examined. The survey was conducted on 136 employees working in hotel businesses operating in the Kocaeli province tourism sector and the hypotheses developed to investigate whether the internal marketing policies applied by hotel operators affect the behavior of emotional labor and the hypotheses developed for this purpose were tested with structural equation model as the SmartPLS 2.0. The literature of the study as conceptually has been extensively reviewed and after the analysis the findings of the research have been interpreted according to the literature. Findings show that internal marketing practices are positively and significantly related to surface acting and deep acting. Moreover, findings do not provide any empirical evidence to support the direct relationship between internal marketing practices and emotional mismatch. In addition to that, in the study some issues such as the importance of emotional labor for tourism enterprises and the relationship between the practices of internal marketing and emotional labor are discussed and suggested

Intergovernmentalism in the European Union. A comparative federalism perspective

ABSTRACTThe article discusses the two forms of intergovernmentalism institutionalized in the European Union (EU), one adopted in internal market policies and the other in the new policies close to traditional state powers. On the basis of a comparative federalism approach, it investigates the different forms of influence that constituent state governments exercise on the decision-making process of two types of federation. Contrary to federal unions, such as the USA and Switzerland, in the EU the constituent states are represented by their governments. Constituent states are instead represented by their governments in federal states such as Germany (and informally in Canada), but in none of them they play the decision-making role as they do in the EU’s new policies regime. The article thus highlights the legitimacy vacuum in which the intergovernmental institutions operate in the latter policy regime, although this is not the case in the internal market policies regime.