Internal Environmental Factors Research Articles

Exploring the Moderating Effect of Generational Status on the Link Between External Environment and Entrepreneurial Motivation of Indian Women Entrepreneurs

This study examines how external environmental factors affect the motivation of first- and second-generation women entrepreneurs in India, and how their generational status moderates this relationship. We used a survey design method to collect data from 459 women business owners in India, who were classified as first- or second-generation based on whether they were the first or second generation in their family to start a business. We employed the partial least-squares structural equation modelling method to test our hypotheses and evaluate our model. We found that external environmental factors, such as education and training, financial support, government policies and non-financial support, had positive effects on entrepreneurial motivation for both groups of women entrepreneurs. However, we also found that generational status had a significant moderating effect on the link between education and training and entrepreneurial motivation, but not on the other three external environmental factors. Specifically, we found that education and training influenced second-generation women entrepreneurs more strongly than first-generation women entrepreneurs. Our findings have important implications for management practice and policymaking, as well as for the literature on women entrepreneurship. We suggest that concerned authorities should develop differential strategies for first- and second-generation women entrepreneurs, taking into account their different responses to external environmental factors. We also suggest that future research should explore other internal and external environmental factors that might interact with generational status or other variables to shape women entrepreneurs’ motivation.

Impact of Carbon Emission Factors on Economic Agents Based on the Decision Modeling in Complex Systems

This article presents a methodology for modeling the impact of both internal and external environmental carbon emission factors on the resulting indicators of an international company. This research uses picture fuzzy rough sets to model the impact of factors on the resulting indicators as a research method. The proposed model is based on a dataset that includes the company’s profit, revenue, valuation, share price, and market share from 2012 through 2022. This empirical period is optimal for such a type of modeling. An approach of picture fuzzy rough sets based on the time series of endogenous and exogenous variables can provide an opportunity to analyze and consider the consequences of feedback changes in the systems of which they are a part. The article proposes a valuable framework for understanding the complex relationship between carbon emissions, economic factors, and the performance of international companies. The researchers of this study recommend a discussion that attempts to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for international companies in the context of climate change and technological innovation.

Structural equation modeling of dispositional mindfulness, internal environmental factors, external environmental factors, and self-care behaviors in people with type 2 diabetes

BackgroundTo achieve suitable diabetes care, understanding the factors that affect self-care behaviors is necessary. ObjectiveTo construct a model of dispositional mindfulness, internal environmental factors, external environmental factors, and self-care behaviors in people with diabetes. Design and methodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed a convenience sample of 311 people with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. Data were collected through questionnaires, including the Diabetes Symptoms Checklist, Emotional Distress Scale, Empowerment Process Scale, Interpersonal Communication Scale and Self-Care Behavior scale. ResultsStructural equation modeling indicated that a model of dispositional mindfulness, internal environmental factors, external environmental factors, and self-care behaviors in the patients with diabetes best fit the data. Dispositional mindfulness (β = 0.39), internal environmental factors (β = 0.52), and external environmental factors (β = 0.71) directly influenced self-care behaviors in the patients with diabetes. Dispositional mindfulness significantly indirectly affected self-care behaviors via internal and external environmental factors. ConclusionsTo improve self-care behaviors, interventions should consider mindfulness training, and also include internal environmental factors and external environmental factors in the mindfulness training.

酒店企业在环境分析因素范围内面临的问题： 阿克恰科卡案例

The aim of the research is to identify the problems faced by hotel businesses within the scope of internal and external environmental factors. In this context, qualitative research method was applied in the research. Data was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with people who are the owners and senior managers of hotel businesses operating in Akçakoca. A total of 10 hotel businesses were interviewed. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis technique. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the enterprises face economic, political, legal and natural environmental problems arising from the remote environmental factors. It was also found out that they do not generally encounter problems arising from immediate environmental factors. Lastly, it was found out that generally they face marketing, human resources, finance and accounting problems in general in the context of internal environmental factors.

MARKETING MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS: CHALLENGES OF DIGITALIZATION

The article analyzes the impact of digitalization processes on the agricultural sector and the challenges faced by enterprises in this industry. The author analyzes the impact of external and internal environmental factors on the development of agricultural businesses and the problems that delay the development of digital technologies in agriculture. It is noted that an important element of marketing management is a systematic approach that allows establishing relationships between these factors, assessing their impact and formulating marketing management strategies. Based on the results of the study, the author substantiates the need to create favorable conditions for the introduction of digital tools in the marketing management of agricultural businesses. The results of the analysis also indicate the potential of using innovative marketing methods, such as analyzing market trends and using digital communication channels, to overcome the challenges of digitalization and increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. The prospects for the development of digitalization processes in the marketing management of agricultural enterprises are considered. It is noted that through systematic market analysis, budget management, and the use of digital technologies and communication channels, enterprises can skillfully navigate market fluctuations while optimizing operational resources. The study provides the conclusions necessary for the further development of marketing management strategies in agriculture, taking into account the current challenges of digitalization and the needs of agricultural businesses in Ukraine. It is stated that the prospects for the development of digitalization processes in agrarian business emphasize the importance of integrating marketing management into the strategic planning of agricultural enterprises and its potential to increase the efficiency of innovation in this sector.

Association between perceived stress, loneliness and sleep disorders among breast cancer patients: the moderating roles of resilience

ABSTRACT Sleep disorders are prevalent and often neglected among breast cancer patients. This study aimed to identify the association among perceived stress, loneliness, resilience and sleep disorders and to further explore whether resilience could be a moderator in the association between them and sleep disorders. A cross-sectional study was conducted by 492 female breast cancer patients. Patients were asked in response to the questionnaires including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Perceived Stress Scale-10, the Three-Item Loneliness Scale and Resilience Scale-14. The association among perceived stress, loneliness, resilience and perceived stress/loneliness × resilience interaction with sleep disorders were examined by hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The interaction was visualized by using simple slope analysis. 36.58% of the female breast cancer patients reported sleep disorders in our study. Perceived stress and loneliness were related to sleep disorders. Resilience could moderate the relationship between them and sleep disorders. When resilience was higher, perceived stress and loneliness had a weaker impact on sleep disorders. Medical staff should systematically evaluate the internal environmental factors related to patients’ sleep quality and help patients relieve their emotional distress caused by the disease through positive psychological guidance.

The Role of Glutathione in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease that usually develops in older people. Pathogenetic changes in this disease include anatomical and functional complexes. Harmful factors damage the retina and macula. These changes may lead to partial or total loss of vision. The disease can occur in two clinical forms: dry (the progression is slow and gentle) and exudative (wet-progression is acute and severe), which usually starts in the dry form; however, the coexistence of both forms is possible. The etiology of AMD is not fully understood, and the precise mechanisms of the development of this illness are still unknown. Extensive genetic studies have shown that AMD is a multi-factorial disease and that genetic determinants, along with external and internal environmental and metabolic-functional factors, are important risk factors. This article reviews the role of glutathione (GSH) enzymes engaged in maintaining the reduced form and polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase theta-1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S-transferase mu-1 (GSTM1) in the development of AMD. We only chose papers that confirmed the influence of the parameters on the development of AMD. Because GSH is the most important antioxidant in the eye, it is important to know the influence of the enzymes and genetic background to ensure an optimal level of glutathione concentration. Numerous studies have been conducted on how the glutathione system works till today. This paper presents the current state of knowledge about the changes in GSH, GST, GR, and GPx in AMD. GST studies clearly show increased activity in ill people, but for GPx, the results relating to activity are not so clear. Depending on the research, the results also suggest higher and lower GPx activity in patients with AMD. The analysis of polymorphisms in GST genes confirmed that mutations lead to weaker antioxidant barriers and may contribute to the development of AMD; unfortunately, a meta-analysis and some research did not confirm that connection. Unspecific results of many of the parameters that make up the glutathione system show many unknowns. It is so important to conduct further research to understand the exact mechanism of defense functions of glutathione against oxidative stress in the human eye.

Le changement diversité comme réalité organisationnelle au Québec : étude exploratoire sur les déclencheurs et les particularités

<p>Diversity management has become increasingly important. It refers to a set of activities designed to respond effectively to a diverse workforce, involving both the fight against discrimination and the valorization of differences as well as the unification of a diverse collective. Reflecting a demographic, sociological, and ideological reality, the consideration of diversity in organizations leads to a rethinking of certain managerial practices and entails fundamental transformations of the organization which leads to it being considered as a change in itself. If each organizational change seems different from the others, the consideration of diversity in organizations is no exception. It is described as a unique case of organizational change, whose process is both complex and dynamic, and is also described as permanent, non-linear, and multi-level. The objective of this exploratory research is to understand the approaches to change related to diversity taken by some organizations in Québec. This qualitative research is based on a sample of nine cases. The data collected from diversity consultants was analyzed with the Nvivo software. This research made it possible to identify a set of triggers for diversity change (i.e. internal and external environmental factors of an ethical, strategic, and legal nature) while emphasizing certain distinctive elements of this particular change (i.e. nature of the change processes and the logic of imposition). A discussion is presented on the relevance of a mixed change that reflects a dynamic and complex aspect instead of a static and linear approach. It shows a co-construction approach that underpins a cultural and global change consisting of an accumulation of micro-changes taking place at a rather slow pace.</p>

Human Understanding is Expected of the Physician: Proposing a Model of Disease Development

In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, human understanding is emphasized as one of three necessary characteristics that a physician must have. Inflammation, which is caused by inflammatory inducers (inf-ids), is a fundamental feature of disease at the cellular and molecular levels. Inflammation protects the body, but excessive or prolonged inflammation can be damaging and can cause disease. Humans are repeatedly exposed to external and internal environmental factors that generate inf-ids throughout their lives. External environmental factors include microbial and non-microbial inf-ids, as well as stressors that inevitably arise during social interactions. Internal environmental factors include the adaptive physiological response that is present from birth. Inf-ids may also be produced by the four-step habit loop, which consists of a cue (e.g., stressor), emotions, routine act (adaptive response), and a reward. Immune cells in the circulatory system and in tissues may have positive and negative effects in inflammatory responses. However, low-grade inflammation may be difficult to detect. We propose a model of disease development that integrates external and internal environmental factors from the perspective of human understanding.

Academic Clinic Development Strategy Through Balanced Scorecard Approach (Study at RSGM-P FKG Usakti Academic Clinic, Indonesia)

The Academic Clinic is a supporting facility for the academic continuity of dental faculty students. The need for the preparation of a strategic plan for the development of academic clinic services as a health organization aims to anticipate various kinds of situations that are always changing and related to external and internal environmental factors. Strategic management tools can help generate some of the best alternative strategies for developing academic clinics with the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach. This study aims to develop a development strategy for the Dental and Oral Educational Hospital Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Trisakti (RSGM-P FKG Usakti) Academic Clinic based on four BSC perspectives: finance, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth. This operational research was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. Secondary data was collected from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Hospital Annual Report, and comparable RSGMs. Primary data collection used questionnaires, interviews, and a Consensus Decision Making Group (CDMG) to obtain variables that became strategic factors. Based on four BSC perspectives, it increases academic clinic income from financial perspectives, provides easy access and increases customer trust for customer perspectives, captures market opportunities, builds a good image of academic clinics from an internal business processes perspective, and increases human resource capabilities for learning and growth perspective.

Finite-Time Adaptive Fuzzy Backstepping Control for Quadrotor UAV With Stochastic Disturbance

This paper proposes an adaptive fuzzy output feedback control approach for quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (QUAV) with stochastic disturbances, besides which we consider the unmeasurable states and unknown nonlinear functions. The QUAV system contains stochastic terms which are not bounded and not differentiable. By combining the It <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\hat{\rm \textbf{o}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> differential equation with finite-time theory, a novel stochastic finite-time stability controller for QUAV is raised for the first time. The fuzzy logic system (FLS) is utilized to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions in the model. Dynamic surface control technology is introduced to reduce the complexity of differential. Furthermore, an observer with FLS is designed through the adaptive backstepping technique to estimate the immeasurable states. It is proved that this control approach can ensure that all states of the closed-loop QUAV system are semi-global and finite-time stable in probability. Meanwhile, the errors of system outputs and observer converge to a small neighborhood of origin. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —In practical applications, many systems are often affected by internal and external disturbances, and not all of them can be described by mathematical models, so they are called stochastic disturbances. Taking the QUAV as an example, when the system is disturbed by internal parameters, external environment, system input, sensor error, and other stochastic factors, the deterministic system can no longer accurately describe the controlled object. In this paper, the QUAV is regarded as a stochastic system for the first time, and a novel controller is designed to solve the above problems. In addition, the QUAV needs fast action in some applications, such as emergency collision avoidance, which has high requirements for the convergence performance of the controller. Therefore, studying the finite-time control for QUAV systems with stochastic disturbances is necessary. At the same time, this paper also considers the problem that the state is not measurable and the system contains unknown nonlinear equations.

Combined Influence of Fluctuations in the Local Atmosphere Conditions and Space Weather on the Chronoperiodic Systems in Patients With Cardiovascular Pathology

This review paper explores the impact of fluctuations in environmental factors on human chrono-periodic systems. A multitude of external and internal environmental factors influence the organism throughout its lifespan, and many have the potential to disrupt human homeostasis. It would be inaccurate to assume that specific responses to each stimulus were developed and solidified during the evolutionary process. With the exception of genetic defects, there could not have been evolutionarily fixed pathological reactions in the body, as this would contradict the laws of selection. Therefore, all typical responses of the body to the stimulus should be considered primarily adaptive, i.e., physiological.

ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON MANAGEMENT

The article provides scientifically based recommendations for forming a development strategy and increasing the economic efficiency of management, based on changes and taking into account the influence of internal and external environmental factors. The purpose of the study is to study the adaptation of Kazakh companies in various market conditions. The work used such methodological approaches as collecting, analyzing and studying information, and using a systematic approach.

Study of factors modeling the development of banking ecosystems

Subject. The article addresses banking ecosystems being a result of integration processes of the credit market and technological development. Such transformations lead to new business models, forms of cooperation and communication. Therefore, business ecosystems and environmental factors impacting them, require a thorough analysis to model the future direction of these phenomena development. Objectives. The study aims to identify external and internal environmental factors of banking business that had the greatest impact on ecosystems development. Methods. We employ general scientific methods of comparison and generalization, methodological, statistical, and graphical analysis of empirical data, marketing methods for studying the business and competitive environment, the SWOT analysis of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats to ecosystems functioning. Results. Following the assessment of the banking business environment, we systematized into two groups (external and internal) the environmental factors of ecosystems that had the maximum impact on processes of transformational change, identified strengths and weaknesses of ecosystems, and correlated the influence of factors on the level of digitalization of the banking sector. Conclusions. The article provides an empirical analysis of business environment for banking ecosystems functioning, identifies the main factors that model the further transformation of the banking business and their impact on digitalization of the sector. Consideration of underlying environmental factors will help ecosystem participants to interact most effectively in the financial and non-financial markets. The findings will enable banking analysts to build forecasts and scenarios for future development of the ecosystem model of banking business, to assess potential opportunities and threats to the industry.

Ideology of Urban Road Transport Chaos and Accident Risk Management for Sustainable Transport Systems

Transport systems are complex systems present in modern cities. The sustainability of all other urban systems depends on the sustainable functioning of urban transport. Various processes occur within transport systems. Road traffic is one of them. At the same time, road traffic is a rather complex process to manage, which is explained by the influence of many different internal and external environmental factors. The unpredictable and chaotic behavior of each vehicle in a traffic flow complicates predicting the transport situation and traffic management. This problem gave rise to several unsolved problems, including traffic congestion and road accident rates. The solution to these problems is connected with sustainably managing transport systems in terms of road traffic. However, numerous regularities between elements within the system should be understood in order to implement the management process. Unfortunately, the results of many previous studies often reflect only partial regularities and have limited functionality. Therefore, a new approach to urban traffic management is needed. As opposed to the existing solutions, the authors of this paper propose to implement management based on the regularities of changes in the chaos of the transport system. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between road traffic chaos and road accident rates. The general methodological basis of this research is the system approach and its methods: analysis and synthesis. The theoretical studies were mostly based on the theories of chaos, dynamic systems, and traffic flows. The experimental studies were based on the theories of experimental design, probability, and mathematical statistics. To achieve this goal, a profound analysis covered studies on the sustainability of transport and dynamic systems, sociodynamics, and traffic. The authors proposed considering the relative entropy of lane occupancy at signal-controlled intersections as a measure for assessing traffic flow chaos and sustainability. Notably, as the main conclusions, the authors established regularities for the influence of entropy on the kinetic energy of traffic flows and injury risk. It also makes sense to emphasize that the initial data for the experiment were collected via real-time processing of video images using neural network technologies. These technologies will further allow for the implementation of traffic management and real-time forecasting of various events. Ultimately, the authors identified changes in injury risk depending on the level of road chaos. According to the authors, the obtained results can be used to improve the sustainability of urban transport systems. The research identified changes in injury risk depending on the level of road chaos, which could have significant implications for urban traffic management strategies.

Analysis of the Development Trend and Countermeasures of Internet Hospitals Based on SWOT

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Objective&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: Through the investigation of the development status and background of Internet hospitals, this paper analyzes the internal and external environment and advantages and disadvantages of Internet hospitals, so as to promote their high-quality and sustainable development under the background of the Healthy China strategy. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Methods&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: SWOT analysis was used to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Internet hospitals, as well as the opportunities and challenges faced by the development, analyze the development trend of Internet hospitals, and put forward countermeasures. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: Internally, Internet hospitals have the advantages of improving patient medical efficiency and promoting the rational allocation of medical resources; and there are disadvantages of unclear service business positioning and the accuracy of telemedicine diagnosis to be improved; the external environment has the opportunity of national policy support and large demand for patient medical treatment; and there is the threat of low capital investment and the restriction of traditional medical concepts. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Conclusions&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: It is suggested that the state should increase capital investment and policy norms to guide the orderly development of the Internet market, guide residents to change their medical habits, and medical institution managers should fully seize the development opportunities, grasp the development trend of the post-epidemic era, formulate growth strategies, torsion transformation strategies, defense strategies, and diversified strategies according to internal and external environmental factors, improve the construction of Internet hospital system, and help build a &amp;quot;healthy China&amp;quot;.

Analysis of development of dental business in Ukraine

Methods. During the study of the state of the dental business and modern trends in its development in Ukraine, the following scientific methods were used: abstraction - when defining the concept of «medical service», statistical analysis – when establishing trends in the development of the field of dental services, factor analysis – when distinguishing external factors and the internal environment of the operation of the dental business, strategic analysis – when creating a strategic map of the development of the dental business. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the modern market of dental services corresponds to the type of market of monopolistic competition to a greater extent by the set of features. The author’s definition of the concept of «medical service» is provided, according to which it is presented as consistently defined actions or a set of actions of medical personnel aimed at prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of diseases that have a complete independent essence and a certain price. Information asymmetry, which creates a conflict between the medical and economic interests of dentists, is singled out as one of the features of the market of dental services. The price and non-price factors of demand for dental services, in particular for dental implants, were determined, and the cost structure of basic dental services was analyzed. The transformation of providers of dental services into vertically integrated holdings is recognized as one of the most promising ways of developing the dental market. Novelty. A quantitative assessment of the influence of external and internal environmental factors on the development opportunities of the dental company was carried out. A strategic map of the development of the dental business was created and a system of balanced indicators was developed to assess the situation. Practical value. The proposed improved method of assessing the factors of the internal and external environment, as well as the created strategic map of the development of the dental business allows seeing the goals of its development.

Environmental Prediction Model of Solar Greenhouse Based on Improved Harris Hawks Optimization-CatBoost

Solar greenhouses provide a favorable climate environment for the production of counter-seasonal crops in northern China. The greenhouse environment is a key factor affecting crop growth, so accurate prediction of greenhouse environment changes helps to precisely regulate the crop growth environment and helps to promote the growth of fruits and vegetables. In this study, an environmental prediction model based on the combination of a gradient boosting tree and the Harris hawk optimization algorithm (IHHO-Catboost) is constructed, and in response to the problems of the HHO algorithm, such as the fact that the adjustment of the search process is not flexible enough, it cannot be targeted to carry out a stage search, and sometimes it will fall into the local optimum to make the algorithm’s search accuracy relatively poor, an algorithm based on the improved Harris hawk optimization (IHHO) algorithm-based parameter identification method is constructed. The model considers the internal and external environmental and regulatory factors affecting crop growth, which include indoor temperature and humidity, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, soil temperature and humidity, outdoor temperature and humidity, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, wind direction, wind speed, and opening and closing of upper and lower air openings of the cotton quilt, and is input into a prediction model with a time series for training and testing. The experimental results show that the MAE (mean absolute error) values of temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and light intensity of the model are reduced to 49.8%, 35.3%, 72.7%, and 32.1%, respectively, compared with LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), which is a significant decrease in error. It shows that the proposed multi-parameter prediction model for solar greenhouse environments presents an effective method for accurate prediction of environmental data in solar greenhouses. The model not only improves prediction accuracy but also reduces dependence on large data volumes, reduces computational costs, and improves the transparency and interpretability of the model. Through this approach, an effective tool for greenhouse agriculture is provided to help farmers optimize the use of resources, reduce waste, and improve crop yield and quality, ultimately leading to a more efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural production system.

Market Opportunities and Marketing Strategies in Layer Chicken Farming Business (Case Study: Egg Business in Bengkol Subdistrict, Manado City, North Sulawesi)

Livestock farming is one of the crucial aspects of agricultural development. The role of the livestock subsector in agricultural development is significant, with one of the important products being the production of eggs and broiler chickens. Egg consumption in Indonesia has been increasing over the years, leading to an increase in egg production. This research aims to formulate development strategies using a descriptive analysis method. Data collection is done through questionnaires, interviews, and a review of literature related to the research. Data analysis utilizes the SWOT analysis method (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) to identify internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external environmental factors (opportunities and threats). The results of this analysis are then depicted in the SWOT quadrant and interpreted in the SWOT matrix. The research findings indicate an identification value of 3.3 for internal factors and 3.23 for external factors, suggesting that the development strategy for Ellen Farm's laying hen in Bengkol Village, Mapanget District, falls into quadrant I. This implies an intensive market strategy, including market penetration, market development, and product development.

Biodegradation behavior of polyesters with various internal chemical structures and external environmental factors in real seawater

Releasing non-degradable plastics into the oceans contributes to ghost fishing and microplastic generation, thus increasing the interest in biodegradable alternatives. However, biodegradable plastics decompose slowly in marine environments, and understanding how their chemical structure influences their degradation behavior in the oceans is a growing focus. Herein, we investigated the effects of intrinsic factors such as crystallinity of polyester, the difference in Tg determined by the chemical structure, presence of natural nanofillers and additives on seawater decomposition. Moreover, the biodegradation behavior of polyesters was analyzed based on environmental conditions, such as water temperature and microbial communities. The biodegradation degrees were as follows: poly(butylene succinate-co-carbonate) > poly(butylene adipate-co-furanoate) ≫ poly‌(butylene succinate) > poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) ≫ poly(ʟ-lactic acid). No clear trend in molecular weight change of existing samples was observed because cleaved polymer chains were washed out through surface hydrolysis mechanism. Microbial species richness increased significantly during summer, with no dependency on the type of polyester. This study provides insights into the biodegradation behavior of various polyesters in seawater.