Fluctuations Of Internal Energy Research Articles

Consciousness: a quantum optical effect in fluorescent protein pathways

This paper presents a physical mechanism of embodied consciousness based on the dynamic organicity theory. We use the entropic pilot wave theory to describe the quantum dipole oscillations from dipole-bound delocalized (quasi-free) electrons in nonpolar nanocavities of aromatic amino acid residues (benzene moiety /cyclic hydrocarbons that contain resonance structures) and their fluorescent pathways. These pathways contain cavity quasipolariton condensates composed of quantized polarization waves of entangled photons. The behavior of oscillating molecular dipoles is influenced by the quantum nature of dynamic organicity, which causes energy fluctuations necessary to move delocalized electrons and create bare polaritons (quantized polarization waves). These waves correspond to photon quasiparticles interacting with water molecules to form quasipolaritons, softened by interacting with hydroxide ions (OH-) within crystal lattices of interfacial water H30. When [H3O+]=[OH−], the solution is neutral in hydrophobic nanocavities. In such nonpolar cavities, evanescent photons (non-radiative transitions in the absence of any source) are emitted while protons (H+) diffuse due to recombination with hydroxide (OH-) ions, acting as protonic analogs of ‘holes’ or excitons. In protein pores, proton motion strongly coupled with π-electron delocalization is a conduit for exciton-photon (polariton) and its polarization wave component. Internal energy fluctuations comprise both quantum potential energy and negative quantum kinetic energy. We explore how quantum potential energy influences the negentropic effect of a 'repulsive force' guided by entropic pilot waves through pilot wave force (negentropic force), functioning as an information-based action of the polarization wave as a conduit of the cavity quasipolariton. When the rate of change of quantum entropy is zero, and momentum of the polarization wave is zero the internal energy transduction between quantum potential energy to quantum kinetic energy manifests as the negentropic force and facilitates the movement of information-based action for information encoding when negative quantum kinetic energy happens at certain times. Experiments have shown that biphoton entanglement interferes with anaesthetics. We postulate that the disruption of cavity polaritonic condensate through its polarization wave component disrupts the decoding of information, suggesting consciousness is attributed to a quantum optical effect. Therefore, we further theorize that consciousness is attributed to the negative quantum kinetic energy of the polarization wave, which provides an informational structure of multiscale redundancy when negentropic action reduces information redundancy. This has profound implications for understanding consciousness as nonmechanical action channeled through negentropic force when the rate of change of quantum entropy is zero.

Relative permeability as a stationary process: Energy fluctuations in immiscible displacement

Relative permeability is commonly used to model immiscible fluid flow through porous materials. In this work, we derive the relative permeability relationship from conservation of energy, assuming that the system to be non-ergodic at large length scales and relying on averaging in both space and time to homogenize the behavior. Explicit criteria are obtained to define stationary conditions: (1) there can be no net change for extensive measures of the system state over the time averaging interval; (2) the net energy inputs into the system are zero, meaning that the net rate of work done on the system must balance with the heat removed; and (3) there is no net work performed due to the contribution of internal energy fluctuations. Results are then evaluated based on direct numerical simulation. Dynamic connectivity is observed during steady-state flow, which is quantitatively assessed based the Euler characteristic. We show that even during steady-state flow at low capillary number (Ca∼1×10−5), typical flow processes will explore multiple connectivity states. The residence time for each connectivity state is captured based on the time-and-space average. The distribution for energy fluctuations is shown to be multi-modal and non-Gaussian when terms are considered independently. However, we demonstrate that their sum is zero. Given an appropriate choice of the thermodynamic driving force, we show that the conventional relative permeability relationship is sufficient to model the energy dissipation in systems with complex pore-scale dynamics that routinely alter the structure of fluid connected pathways.

Internal energy fluctuations of a granular gas under steady uniform shear flow

The stochastic properties of the total internal energy of a dilute granular gas in the steady uniform shear flow state are investigated. A recent theory formulated for fluctuations about the homogeneous cooling state is extended by analogy with molecular systems. The theoretical predictions are compared with molecular dynamics simulation results. Good agreement is found in the limit of weak inelasticity, while systematic and relevant discrepancies are observed when the inelasticity increases. The origin of this behavior is discussed.

Thermodynamic potential in local turbulence simulations.

For the reduced local equations customary in, e.g., the computation of turbulence in tokamaks the energy is still a conserved quantity. However, kinetic and magnetic energy do not appear in the reduced energy functional and thus are not constrained by it, since they are ordered small compared to the fluctuations of internal energy in the reduction process. Constraints on velocity and field fluctuations can be derived using instead the generalized grand canonical potential, which is conserved in reversible processes. This is exemplified for the Boltzmann, gyrokinetic, and fluid equations.

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS FOR DIRECTED POLYMERS IN 1+1 AND 2+1 DIMENSIONS

Numerical Simulations for directed polymers in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions show that the transverse fluctuations and free energy fluctuations tend to the strong coupling limit: Δx∝tν,ΔF∝tω (ν=2/3,ω=1/3 for d=1+1; ν≈0.6, ω≈0.2 for d=2+1) at any finite temperature as their behaviors at zero temperature for the long length t of polymer. At finite temperatures, as a result of that the specific heat in both 1+1 dimensions and 2+1 dimensions scales as t and the entropy fluctuations in 1+1 dimensions scale as t1/2 , the ensemble energy fluctuations in both 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions and the internal energy fluctuations in 1+1 dimensions are more pronounced than the free energy fluctuations and scale as t1/2. There is an indication of a phase transition in 2+1 dimensions. It is plausible that the entropy fluctuations and the internal fluctuations per unit length polymers for t→∞ will become zero value at high temperatures from nonzero values at low temperatures at some temperature T=TC where the entropy fluctuation reaches maximum.

Directed Polymers at Finite Temperatures in 1+1 and 2+1 Dimensions

We present systematic numerical simulations for directed polymers at finite temperatures in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions. The transverse fluctuations and free energy fluctuations tend to the strong coupling limit at any temperature in both 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions for long time t. Two different definitions for energy fluctuations at finite temperatures, which are the ensemble energy fluctuations and the internal energy fluctuations, are investigated. Apart from zero temperature, the behavior of the energy fluctuations and the free energy fluctuations for directed polymers is shown to be different. At finite temperatures, the ensemble energy fluctuations in both 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions and internal energy fluctuations in 1+1 dimensions scale as t^{1/2} where the free energy fluctuations in 1+1 dimensions and 2+1 dimensions scale as t^{1/3} and t^{0.2} respectively. As a consequence of that the specific heat in both 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions scales as t and the entropy fluctuations in 1+1 dimensions scale as t^{1/2} at any finite temperature.

Application of a New Turbulence Theory to Compressible 2-D Planar Flow through Small Gaps with Heat Transfer

A new turbulence model has been derived in a manner such that the first equation for the turbulence transport is consistent with the second equation for the relaxation rate. In addition an equation has been derived for the transport of the internal energy fluctuations. The Mu-Beta turbulence model has then been applied to compressible flow through a small gap with heat transfer using only three turbulent constants. These are the same constants that were used in the turbulent Couette flow problem. The model predicts the friction coefficient and the Nusselt number over a large range of Reynolds number. For the particular case of a hot gas over a cold wall, the predicted Nusselt number is less than the standard values usually given for fully developed turbulent flow. One possible explanation for this prediction is that the gas viscosity increases moving away from the cold wall due to the higher gas temperature. As a consequence, the Nusselt number is less than that for fully developed turbulent flow.

Possible effect of variation in the internal energy of the free surface of a thin liquid layer on its wavy flow

A formally possible mechanism is considered for the development of longwave perturbations of flow of a thin layer of a heat-conducting viscous liquid with a free boundary, whose characteristic feature is that the Marangoni stresses occurring at the boundary are induced by variations in the internal energy of the interface. The effect of surface internal energy fluctuations on the layer flow in the approximation considered is of a dispersive character, and, in particular, it can facilitate regularization of wave regimes.

Monte Carlo Simulations of Water under Supercritical Conditions. II. Convergence Characteristics and the System Size Effects

Abstract The size dependence and convergence rates of thermodynamic averages during Monte Carlo simulations of supercritical water in a wide range of densities have been analysed and compared with simulations under normal conditions. It is shown that the fluctuations of internal energy (enthalpy) in NPT-ensemble Monte Carlo simulations of high-temperature water are strongly correlated with fluctuations of volume and the convergence of the thermodynamic averaging under such conditions depends on the frequency of volume-changing moves and may be considerably improved by increasing this frequency by a factor of 3 - 10 relative to generally accepted values

CRITICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE DRIVEN DIFFUSIVE LATTICE GAS

This paper reviews simulational and theoretical investigations of critical behavior in a stochastic, interacting lattice gas under the influence of a uniform external driving field. By studying this model system one wishes to gain a deeper understanding of steady states far from thermal equilibrium, and their dynamic universality classes. The major result in the case of attractive particle-particle interactions is the emergence of a novel non-equilibrium fixed point, different from the Wilson-Fisher fixed point of the equilibrium system. The fluctuations of internal energy, the structure factor and the two-point correlations all display surprising features associated with the non-equilibrium nature of the system. For repulsive interactions and small driving forces, one finds a continuous, Ising-like transition which turns first order for larger fields until it is completely destroyed.

The coupling of density and internal energy fluctuations by isothermal chemical reactions

Under nonequilibrium conditions chemical reactions can modify the coupling of fluctuations in number densities to fluctuations in the internal energy. At a nonequilibrium steady state these fluctuations renormalize the intensive thermodynamic variables, including the temperature and chemical potentials, so that they no longer have their local equilibrium form. Using the mechanistic statistical theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, we show at an isothermal steady state that the chemical reaction X+Y⇄2X provides a nonequilibrium coupling of the density and internal energy fluctuations. If thermal exchange with the reservoir is rapid, this coupling can be small, but only under specific conditions such as occur in dilute solution. Under such conditions the steady state temperature is identical to the Kelvin temperature and the density fluctuations are those calculated by treating the temperature as a fixed parameter. The steady state thermodynamics of the dilute, isothermal reactive system is discussed.