Internal Construct Validity Research Articles

Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Mozambique: Validation of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual fifth edition (PC-PTSD-5).

The confluence of conflict-, climate-, and public health-related emergencies in Mozambique increases the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few brief screening tools for PTSD have been validated in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to validate the five-item Primary Care PTSD Screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5), the PC-PTSD-5 in Mozambique. This study recruited 957 participants who completed the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI-Plus) and PC-PTSD-5, a convenience sample from primary and tertiary care settings in Maputo, Mozambique. Participants were administered a diagnostic interview for psychiatric disorders and the PC-PTSD-5 screening tool. We evaluated the criterion validity of the PC-PTSD-5 concerning the MINI-Plus diagnosis of PTSD, the internal construct validity and reliability using confirmatory factor analysis and Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20), discriminant validity of the PC-PTSD-5 in comparison to other common mental disorder and suicide risk screening tools, and measurement invariance of selected cutoffs by age, sex, and comorbidity. Internal consistency of the PC-PTSD-5 was high (KR-20 = 0.837), and confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a single PTSD factor fits the data well. PC-PTSD-5 items were moderately correlated with other psychiatric symptoms. Criterion validity analyses revealed that a cutoff score of 3 provided high specificity (0.833) and moderate sensitivity (0.673). This cutoff score performed optimally across age and gender; however, a cutoff score of 2 was preferred if the participant had no psychiatric comorbidities. Screening with the PC-PTSD-5 may facilitate case detection and linkages to appropriate treatment for individuals affected by potentially traumatic events in Mozambique. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

71 Development and validation of the COCINL scale assessing family resilience in the NICU among parents of preterm infants

Abstract Background Given the negative impact of parental distress on preterm infants and their families, examining the role of family resilience in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a promising avenue for promoting parental mental health while remaining consistent with family-centered care. A tool to assess NICU family resilience is essential to guide care and research, yet none specifically adapted for the neonatal context exists to date according to a recent systematic review. Objectives Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a new scale, the COCINL scale, designed to measure family resilience in the context of neonatal care among French-speaking parents of preterm infants. Design/Methods This methodological design study was carried out in four successive phases: (I) compilation of an item pool (II) mixed-method evaluation of content validity (clarity, relevance, representativeness) involving 12 experts, (III) pre-testing and electronic administration of the COCINL scale, along with a measure of psychological distress (Kessler-6) and an open-ended self-report question on family resilience to parents of preterm infants (n=88) and (IV) psychometric testing of the COCINL scale (internal consistency, construct validity, exploratory sensitivity and specificity). Parents of preterm infants and experts were recruited by convenience sampling from two urban, level III NICUs. Results From a pool of 112 items, 55 items were favorably evaluated after content validation (S-CVI>0.95). Based on preliminary interitem correlations and internal consistency results, the COCINL scale was shortened to 42 items and divided in four subscales. High internal consistency is also shown in subscales (0.796 to 0.908) and total scale (0.937) Cronbach’s alphas. The COCINL scale displays adequate construct validity, as determined by the Pearson correlation obtained between scores of family resilience and psychological distress (r=-0.236, p=0.027). Strong in between correlations of the four subscales and with the COCINL total score (0.732 to 0.851), further indicated good construct validity. Exploratory sensitivity and specificity analysis revealed the COCINL scale compares to participants' self-reported perception of family resilience (AUC 0.754). Conclusion The COCINL scale has shown strong evidence of validity and internal consistency. Thus, the scale can be recommended for research use as a measure of family resilience in the neonatal context. Still, additional evidence of its validity and reliability should be compiled before clinical use is considered. The COCINL scale could potentially support the development, evaluation and implementation of nursing interventions consistent with the family-centered care approach being promoted in NICUs across Canada and worldwide.

Measurement properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the PROMIS-29 questionnaire and the Impact Score in patients with chronic low back pain

BackgroundA task force from the US National Institute of Health aimed to establish parameters for surveys with patients with chronic low back pain (LBP) by recommending the use of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System 29-item (PROMIS-29) questionnaire and the stratification according to the Impact Score. We aimed to assess the internal consistency, reliability, measurement error, construct validity and responsiveness of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the PROMIS-29 questionnaire (version 2.1) and the Impact Score in patients with chronic LBP.MethodsA prospective cohort study was carried out with patients with chronic LBP who were receiving physiotherapy treatment in clinics in São Paulo and Vitória cities, Brazil. The sample included 102 patients with chronic LBP, aged between 18 and 80 years, and with the ability to read and write in the Brazilian-Portuguese language. Exclusion criteria were patients with serious spinal conditions, cognitive impairment, pregnant women, and patients who had undergone lumbar surgery within the past six months. The PROMIS-29 questionnaire, the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire were applied. The PROMIS-29 questionnaire was reapplied after 24 hours and 4 weeks.ResultsThe PROMIS-29 questionnaire showed Cronbach’s Alpha values between 0.81 (anxiety) and 0.91 (depression). The ICC2.1 ranged from 0.85 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.89) to 0,97 (CI 95%: 0.95 to 0.98). The SEM values ranged between 0.85 (physical function) and 2.62 (ability to participate in social roles and activities). The Impact Score showed Cronbach’s Alpha, ICC2.1 and SEM values of 0.91, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95 to 0.98) and 0.56, respectively. The PROMIS-29 questionnaire and the Impact Score showed sufficient construct validity. The PROMIS-29 questionnaire showed moderate responsiveness, while the Impact Score showed sufficient responsiveness.ConclusionsBoth the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the PROMIS-29 questionnaire and the Impact Score showed sufficient internal consistency, reliability, construct validity and responsiveness in Brazilian patients with chronic LBP. The results support the US National Institutes of Health’s recommendation to use the PROMIS-29 questionnaire and the Impact Score in patients with chronic LBP. We suggest that future studies evaluate the structural validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the PROMIS-29 questionnaire.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

The brief scale of existential loneliness: scale development and psychometric evaluation

AbstractLoneliness is a common and distressing experience which has an existential dimension. Existential loneliness is understudied and a brief, valid measure which is grounded in experiences of the phenomenon and captures its distressing nature is needed. This study therefore developed the Brief Scale of Existential Loneliness. Scale items were developed based on a literature review and qualitative inquiry. Potential items were reviewed by academic experts, experts by experience, and potential participants for relevance and clarity. Scale structure was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with 714 participants (17–84 years old, M = 42.25, SD = 20.22) and reliability and validity were investigated. Tests of dimensionality revealed a 6-item unidimensional scale. The scale possesses high internal consistency and construct validity. Consistent with predictions, scale scores are negatively correlated with meaning in life and positively correlated with loneliness (broadly defined), poor mental health, emptiness, and related constructs. The Brief Scale of Existential Loneliness is a short, valid, and reliable measure of existential loneliness which may be usefully employed alongside measures of other loneliness dimensions.

Psychometric Quality of the Work Content Questionnaire Applied to Nursing Staff to Identify Job Stress

Objective: To demonstrate the reliability and construct validity of Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which measures psychological demands, job control and social support, in nursing personnel. Theoretical Framework: In Mexico, the Federal Labor Law specifies that psychosocial risks must be kept at low or zero levels to prevent work-related stress in nursing staff. Method: The Job Content Questionnaire was applied to a sample of 181 nursing professionals from a population of 200 people. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was examined using the Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient, the construct validity of the questionnaire was identified through the fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis, using the maximum likelihood method. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed [synthesize the main results of the research]. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The Job Content Questionnaire presented adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha=.80) and construct validity in the sample; the structural equation model presented an adequate fit: GFI=.73, RMSEA=.066, NNFI= .93, CFI=.94, PNFI=.78. These findings affirm that the Job Content Questionnaire is valid and reliable to evaluate psychosocial factors among workers who perform nursing activities in Mexico. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the reliability and validity of the Job Content Questionnaire in nursing in Mexico. Its effectiveness is confirmed to evaluate psychological demands, work control and social support, critical aspects to mitigate stress and improve the quality of work life. The results can influence labor policies and institutional practices, promoting healthier work environments, reducing stress and improving the quality of care in the health sector, which benefits both workers and patients.

Measuring fidelity to manualised peer support for people with severe mental health conditions: development and psychometric evaluation of the UPSIDES fidelity scale

BackgroundPeer support workers provide support for people experiencing mental health conditions based on their own lived experience of mental health problems. Assessing fidelity to core ingredients of peer support is vital for successful implementation and intervention delivery. Modifications to its implementation are needed when scaling up to different socio-economic settings, raising further uncertainty about fidelity. As part of a large multi-centre study on peer support called Using Peer Support In Developing Empowering Mental Health Services (UPSIDES), we developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of the UPSIDES Fidelity Scale.MethodsWe constructed the fidelity scale based on an initial item pool developed through international expert consultation and iterative feedback. Scale refinement involved site-level expert consultation and translation, resulting in a service user-rated 28-item version and a peer support worker-rated 21-item version assessing receipt, engagement, enactment, competence, communication and peer support-specific components. Both versions are available in six languages: English, German, Luganda, Kiswahili, Hebrew and Gujarati. The scale was then evaluated at six study sites across five countries, with peer support workers and their clients completing their respective ratings four and eight months after initial peer support worker contact. Psychometric evaluation included analysis of internal consistency, construct validity and criterion validity.ResultsFor the 315 participants, item statistics showed a skewed distribution of fidelity values but no restriction of range. Internal consistency was adequate (range α = 0.675 to 0.969) for total scores and all subscales in both versions. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable fit of the proposed factor structure for the service user version (χ2/df = 2.746; RMSEA = 0.084) and moderate fit for the peer support worker version (χ2/df = 3.087; RMSEA = 0.093). Both versions showed significant correlations with external criteria: number of peer support sessions; perceived recovery orientation of the intervention; and severity of illness.ConclusionsThe scale demonstrates good reliability, construct and criterion validity, making it a pragmatic and psychometrically acceptable measure for assessing fidelity to a manualised peer support worker intervention. Recommendations for use, along with research and practical implications, are addressed. As validated, multi-lingual tool that adapts to diverse settings this scale is uniquely positioned for global application.Trial registrationISRCTN, ISRCTN26008944. Registered on 30 October 2019.

“Food frequency questionnaire for dietary intake of iron in pregnancy- A validation study”

Background and objectiveNutrition in pregnancy plays an important role for wellbeing of mother and fetus, later it further influences the development of child. Iron is one among the most important micronutrients required in pregnancy. There is no validated Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess iron intake in pregnant women. This initiated the process to develop and validate a FFQ to assess dietary intake of Iron in Pregnant women. MethodologyBased on the food habits in study region and foods rich in iron, in reference to the standard literature, the FFQ was prepared. FFQ was designed in the following categories-cereal grains and products, pulses & legumes, green leafy vegetables, roots-tuber & other vegetables, nuts & seeds, Fruits, non-veg foods and milk & milk products. Content validity carried out by subject experts. To perform construct validity, 25 Primary health centre and 25 Tertiary care hospital pregnant women were interviewed using this FFQ and 24 h diet recall method. The results of both records were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and construct validity (Pearson correlation) of the questionnaire were determined. ResultsOverall internal reliability of questionnaire is 0.804, indicating good reliability and showing satisfactory construct validity. Median dietary iron intake from FFQ method was 7.67 mg/day and 24 h dietary recall method was 15.70 mg/day. There was a significant difference between both method in assessing dietary iron intake. ConclusionThe FFQ designed in this study is reliable and valid tool to assess dietary iron intake among pregnant women.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a patient-reported screening instrument that can be used to identify and assess central sensitization (CS)/Central Sensitization Syndrome (CSS)-related symptoms. The aim was to translate the CSI into Arabic (CSI-Ar) and to subsequently validate its psychometric properties. Cross-sectional. The CSI was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Arabic, and validated following international standardized guidelines. This study included patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (n = 264) and healthy control participants (n = 56). Patients completed the CSI-Ar, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale (DASS-21), Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), and 5-level EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). Patients completed the CSI-Ar twice to assess test-retest reliability. To evaluate discriminative validity, healthy controls participants completed the CSI-Ar. Statistical analyses were conducted to test the internal consistency, reliability, and structural, construct and discriminant validity of CSI-Ar. The CSI-Ar showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.919) and excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.874). The CSI-Ar scale had significant correlations (P < 0.001) with all PCS subscales and total score (Spearman's rho = 0.459-0.563, P < 0.001), all DASS-21 subscales and total score (Spearman's rho = 0.599-0.685, P < 0.001), the TSK (Spearman's rho = 0.395, P < 0.001), and the EQ-5D (Spearman's rho = -0.396, P < 0.001). The Mann-Whitney U-test showed a statistically significant difference between the patient group and the healthy control group (P < 0.001), with the healthy controls displaying a lower average CSI-Ar score (12.27 ± 11.50) when compared to the patient group (27.97 ± 16.08). Factor analysis indicated that the CSI-Ar is a unidimensional tool. The CSI-Ar is a reliable and valid screening tool that can be used to assess CS/CSS-related symptoms in Arabic-speaking people with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Personal Mastery Scale Among Italian Nurses: Assessing Personal Mastery in the Nursing Profession.

Background and Purpose: Personal mastery is essential in the nursing profession, as it directly impacts the quality of care and the well-being of the nurses themselves. However, there is a lack of psychometrically reliable tools to measure it among nurses. This study evaluates the applicability of the Personal Mastery Scale (PMS) among Italian nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional study surveyed Italian nurses using self-administered questionnaires, including the PMS. A total of 209 healthcare workers, primarily nurses, from various operational units participated in the study. The majority of respondents (84.2%) were nurses. The gender distribution was predominantly female (83.3%). Results: Statistical analyses, including factor analyses, assessed the scale's reliability and validity. The scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .670) and construct validity. Conclusions: The Italian version of the PMS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing personal mastery among nurses. Understanding personal mastery is crucial for promoting resilience and delivering quality care. Further research should explore its relationship with outcomes and intervention effectiveness.

The Career Support Scale for Women in Engineering (CSS-WE): Development and Validation With Engineering Students in Korea

Career supports play a more critical role in the persistence of engineering students relative to perceived barriers, especially among women engineering students ( Fouad et al., 2016 ). Although vocational research on the academic and career development of women in engineering has grown in recent years in response to longstanding and persistent gender disparities in this field, there is a lack of gender-specific instrumentation to assess the perceived supports among women students. This study developed a 21-item Career Support Scale for Women in Engineering (CSS-WE) to assess the perceived supports of Korean women college students pursuing engineering. Using two independent samples of women engineering students, exploratory ( n = 306) and confirmatory ( n = 309) factor analyses supported a five-factor model of the CSS-WE: instrumental support, inclusive support, emotional support, informational support, and institutional and societal support. The results suggested that CSS-WE scores demonstrated strong internal consistency and construct validity. Implications for practice and future research related to supporting women students in engineering are discussed.

Development of a Japanese version of the patient perceptions of deprescribing – Short form

AbstractBackgroundDeprescribing is a critical component of clinical practice, especially in geriatric medicine. Nevertheless, the attributes of patients who are prepared for, interested in, and could potentially benefit from deprescribing have not been well examined. The Patient Perceptions of Deprescribing (PPoD) evaluates patients' overall readiness for deprescribing and is complemented by an 11‐item validated short form (SF‐PPoD). The objective of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the SF‐PPoD and assess its reliability and validity within Japanese older adults with polypharmacy.MethodsThe SF‐PPoD was translated, back‐translated, and assessed in a cognitive interview. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey with 196 patients aged 65 years or older with five or more medications using the Japanese version to test for reliability and validity. We examined internal consistency and construct validity to determine if the Japanese sample responses reproduce the two subscales in the original SF‐PPoD. Finally, we examined intra‐person replicability using the intraclass correlation coefficient, in which 100 participants were invited and 93 participated.Results118 males and 78 females, with a mean age of 79.2 [SD 6.5] years, completed the survey. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Japanese version of SF‐PPoD revealed satisfactory structural validity with two‐dimensional structure, “Motivation for Deprescribing” and “Primary Care Physician Relationship.” Cronbach's alpha showed good internal consistency, and test–retest demonstrated acceptable intra‐rater reliability.ConclusionsWe developed and validated a Japanese version of SF‐PPoD with an 11‐item, two‐dimensional structure consistent with the original SF‐PPoD. This scale may facilitate shared decision‐making for medication optimization among older adults living with multimorbidity.

Psychometric properties of Japanese version15D and cultural characteristics of quality of life undergoing patients with hip and knee arthroplasty

BackgroundHealth-related quality of life (HRQoL) following total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) may decline more in Asian countries due to lifestyle and housing factors compared with patients in Western countries. AimsTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of 15D and clarify the characteristics of HRQoL in Japanese patients who underwent THA/TKA compared with Finnish patients. MethodsThis longitudinal study included 182 patients between 2019 and 2021. Patients' HRQoL was measured using the 15D preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. Student's t-tests were used to compare lifestyles between Japan and Finland. ResultsThe Japanese version of the 15D showed good internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness. Patients with many steps inside their house had worse HRQoL in the dimensions of mobility, distress, and vitality in Japan. There were significant differences in mobility, distress, vitality, and sexual activity dimensions between Japan and Finland 3 months postoperatively. ConclusionsThe lower HRQoL in Japan in the dimensions of mobility, distress, and vitality is likely due to Japan's traditional housing structure with many steps. Identifying differences in cultural and psychological characteristics, as well as by residential setting, will enable health care providers to help patients improve their HRQoL.

Psychometric evaluation of the wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire for pregnant women in Taiwan

BackgroundFear of childbirth profoundly affects women's ability to cope during pregnancy and influences birth outcomes. In Taiwan, there's a lack of validated tools for assessing childbirth fear. ObjectiveTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the Taiwanese version of the Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire version A (WDEQ-A) in pregnant women. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study with pregnant women, using the WDEQ-A and a Visual Analogue Scale to assess childbirth fear. We employed the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale to measure depressive symptoms, anxiety, and mindfulness, respectively. We evaluated internal consistency reliability and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis and Rasch analysis. Pearson correlations measured the association between childbirth fear and psychological variables. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used for determining the sensitivity and specificity indices. ResultsThe WDEQ-A demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93) and revealed a three-factor structure, including fear, lack of positive anticipation, and isolation. Rasch analysis supported the dimensionality of each of the three revised factors. The total score significantly correlated with depression (r = 0.56), anxiety (r = 0.19), and mindfulness (r = -0.40) (Ps < 0.001). The optimal cut-off for WDEQ-A was established at 55.5, with a sensitivity of 83 % and a specificity of 65 %. ConclusionsThe Taiwanese version of WDEQ-A proved to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing fear of childbirth in pregnant women, demonstrating excellent psychometric properties. Implication for practiceThese findings can assist midwives in Taiwan in identifying and promptly providing effective strategies for women experiencing a high fear of childbirth.

Cross-cultural adaptation and primary approbation of the Russian version of Posttraumatic Growth and Depreciation Inventory — Expanded version

Numerous studies suggest that caring for someone with a chronic disease is often associated with the various negative consequences for the patient’s informal caregivers. At the same time, positive changes caused by the stress influence of patient’s disease can be also noted. For example, the so-called posttraumatic growth. Currently, there is a lack of assessment tools in domestic psychology, that allow to investigate the relation between constructive (developmental) and destructive aspects of the relative’s mental response in a situation of chronic illness of a loved one.The aim of this work was to carry out cross-cultural adaptation and primary approbation of the Posttraumatic Growth and Depreciation Inventory — Expanded version (PTGDI-X). Primary approbation was performed on a focus group of relatives of patients with cerebral pathology (n = 61, mean age 51,2 [SD = 15,3] years). Convergent and discriminant validity of the PTGDI-X assessed using World Assumption Scale (WAS), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Level of Relatives’ Emotional Burnout Questionnaire (LREB). In addition, a specially adapted for the research Burden questionnaire was used.The analysis revealed good psychometric characteristics of the PTGDI-X Russian version in terms of: internal subscales consistency (Cronbach’s α coefficients varied from 0,73 to 0,86), internal and external construct validity

Exploring Podcast And Videocast Consumption: A Construct Development And Validation Study Using TPB

Digital content consumption, particularly through podcasts and videocasts, is rapidly reshaping media engagement patterns globally. While existing research has explored general online behavior, there remains a gap in understanding the psychological drivers specific to digital audio and video content consumption, especially in emerging markets. This study aims developed and validated a Digital Content Consumption (DCC) scale within the Brazilian context, integrating it with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to enhance our understanding of consumption behavior. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Brazilian consumers during thew month May of 2023. Participants were recruited through a convenience sample of adult internet users who had consumed podcasts or videocasts within the past month. The primary exposure was the consumption of digital audio and video content. The study employed Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the data and validate the DCC scale. The final sample comprised 223 participants, with a mean age of 32 years and an even gender distribution. The SEM analysis demonstrated a strong model fit for the DCB scale within the TPB framework. Attitudes emerged as a significant predictor of both intention and behavior in digital content consumption. Utilitarianism was found to mediate the relationship between attitudes and consumption. The DCCB scale showed high internal consistency and construct validity across different demographic subgroups. The development and validation of the DCC scale provide a robust tool for measuring digital content consumption behavior. This study extends the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to the specific domain of podcast and videocast consumption, offering valuable insights for content creators and marketers. Future research should explore the scale's applicability in diverse cultural contexts and its potential for predicting long-term engagement patterns with longitudinal studies

Checking the Validity and Reliability of the Delirium-O-Meter Questionnaire in the Persian Language

Objective: Compiling and designing short and practical psychometric tools are among the benefits and strengths of a good standard test. The Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire measures patients' delirium status. Accordingly, the main aim of this research was to check the reliability and validity of the Persian version of this questionnaire. Method: This exploratory psychometric study was conducted from 2021 to 2022 at the therapeutic research training centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The study population included patients diagnosed with delirium. Content and construct validity were assessed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using SPSS 18, which helped identify the underlying factor structure, while confirmatory factor analysis in Smart PLS was employed to confirm the structure's fit. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the consistency between different raters, and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. These methods were selected for their robustness in evaluating the instrument's psychometric properties, ensuring the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire. Results: The Persian version of the Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire, consisting of 11 items, demonstrated strong psychometric properties. The average impact factor was 3.24, indicating a high relevance of the items. The content validity ratio was 0.78, and the content validity index was 0.87, both above the acceptable thresholds, confirming the content validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.77, reflecting good internal consistency. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index was 0.88, and Bartlett's sphericity test was significant (χ² = 278.45, P &lt; 0.001), indicating the appropriateness of the data for factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors that explained 76.09% of the total variance, supporting the questionnaire's construct validity. Additionally, Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the assessments of two nurses was 0.91, signifying inter-rater solid reliability. Conclusion: The Persian version of the Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity, as confirmed by the comprehensive psychometric evaluation conducted in this study. The strong internal consistency, significant content and construct validity, and high inter-rater reliability underscore its effectiveness in assessing delirium in Persian-speaking patients. These findings highlight the questionnaire's suitability for clinical use, providing a reliable and valid instrument for accurately diagnosing and managing delirium in diverse healthcare settings.

Examining the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 among young urban South African women

BackgroundValid, reliable, and easy-to-administer scales are crucial for identifying mental health conditions, especially in LMICs where such scales tend not to be validated. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in a sample of young women in Soweto, South Africa. MethodsThe PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were administered to 6028 women aged 18–28 years old. Cronbach's alpha, Mokken scale analysis, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to provide support for the internal consistency and construct validity of these scales. ResultsBoth scales demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.81 for PHQ-9 and α = 0.84 for GAD-7). Internal consistency reliability was further supported by positive inter-item correlations and item-by-scale correlations for all items on both measures. CFA of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 showed a reasonable fit for the 1-factor model and 2-factor models (depression and anxiety with somatic and cognitive subtypes). LimitationsThis study was limited to young African women in urban Soweto who were proficient in English, which may affect generalizability. Differences in language or cultural context may impact the accuracy and applicability of these scales to other African populations. ConclusionThe PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are valid and reliable for identifying psychological distress in the studied population. Despite showing good psychometric properties, further diagnostic assessment is needed to confirm clinical diagnoses. The scales are useful for identifying those at risk but not a substitute for comprehensive diagnostic evaluations.

Work–family enrichment among parent nurses: a cross-sectional scale development and validation study

BackgroundWork-family enrichment refers to the extent to which experiences in one role improve the quality of life in another role, and the bidirectionality indicates that benefits derived from work can be applied to family and vice versa. Parent nurses, that is, female nurses who are raising preschool children, play a major role at work and in the family. Thus, work-family enrichment is significant for them. The Work-Family Enrichment Scale cannot be generalized to parent nurses. This study was aimed at developing and psychometrically validating a draft Work-Family Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,090 parent nurses who were randomly sampled from hospitals with more than 200 beds in Japan. The survey evaluated (1) a draft Work-Family Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses, (2) the Japanese version of the Work-Family Enrichment Scale, and (3) the Positive Spillover Scale. The scales were psychometrically evaluated for internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.ResultsData from 503 participants (age, mean ± standard deviation [range] 35.5 ± 4.96 [23–47] years) were analyzed. Results of exploratory factor analysis, the work to family enrichment direction yielded five factors for 23 items: “emotional fulfillment,” “efficiency,” “ability to lead,” “displaying industriousness,” and “self-growth.” Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.862 to 0.914. In the family-to-work enrichment direction, there were five factors for 28 items: “help-seeking,” “receptiveness,” “expansion of one’s horizon,” “efficiency,” and “emotional fulfillment.” Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.790 to 0.907. Additionally, the correlation coefficients reporting criterion-related validity were 0.685 and 0.619 with regard to the Japanese version of the Work-Family Enrichment Scale and 0.596 and 0.534 with the Positive Spillover Scale for the Work-to-Family Enrichment Scale and the Family-to-Work Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses, respectively.ConclusionsThe Work-Family Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses has adequate reliability and validity and can be used as an effective measure to assess the positive aspects of work and family roles among female parent nurses.

Development of Cartoon-based Dental Anxiety Scale for Children: Validation and Reliability.

Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) is a common, deterring problem affecting children, which has a significant negative impact on children's oral health, leading to avoidance of dental care, poor dental hygiene, and an increased risk of dental caries and other oral health problems. The Oddbods DFA assessment is an innovative, child-friendly instrument that has been developed to assess DFA in children. To evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale, and to examine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion and construct validity of the scale. This study has assessed the reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity of the novel Oddbods anxiety assessment scale among 4-6-year-old children. Different samples were recruited to assess different criteria. A normative study was done to assess the distribution of age of the children according to anxiety levels. For assessing the test's retest reliability statistically, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0, Cronbach's α, interclass correlation coefficient, and t-test were used. For evaluating the criterion validity, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was used in an exploratory factor analysis to determine whether the sample size was sufficient for the factor analysis. The scale had a high positive correlation with the modified child dental anxiety scale (MCDAS), which is considered a gold standard, and a higher Cronbach's α value, which proved its internal consistency. It also showed a significant difference between anxious and nonanxious children, but there were no differences in the scores with respect to age. The present scale proved to be a very effective tool for assessing DFA among young children. It is important to identify children at risk of dental anxiety. This scale helps to follow-up on children for their innate DFA, evaluate the efficacy of dental anxiety interventions, enhance communication, and improve access to dental care by encouraging children to seek dental care without fear or hesitation, promoting preventive care and better oral health outcomes. Fathima A, Ravikumar R, Chellappa LR. Development of Cartoon-based Dental Anxiety Scale for Children: Validation and Reliability. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):796-801.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale for Turkish patients with shoulder pain: Reliability and validity assessment according to the COSMIN guideline

ContextPeople with chronic or long-term pain may develop various psychosocial symptoms such as fear and avoidance of behavior due to pain. Reliable and valid quality of life tools must be available in Turkish to specifically assess avoidance of behavior in people with shoulder pain. ObjectivesThis study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale for Patients with Shoulder Pain and to evaluate the psychometric properties of its Turkish version (ADAP-Tr) in patients with shoulder pain. MethodsTranslation, adaptation, and validation were performed according to the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) guidelines. The internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity of the ADAP-Tr were tested. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) were applied for validation purposes. ResultsThe study included a total of 162 participants with shoulder pain. The internal consistency of the ADAP-Tr showed excellent reliability with a Cronbach's α of 0.94 and a test-retest assessment of 0.88 ICC (95% CI, 0.83-0.91). The standard error of measurement was 1.85 points, and the minimal detectable change was determined 5.12 points. There was a low to high correlation among the ADAP-Tr and PCS (r = 0.481, p < .001), TSK (r = 0.448, p < .001), and SPADI (r = 0.826, p < .001) scores. ConclusionsThe ADAP-Tr was shown to be a valid and strong reliability tool to use in clinical and research settings as a shoulder-specific measurement tool.