Internal Combustion Vehicles Research Articles

Lubricity performance of Jatropha oil incorporated PTFE and h-BN as additives for electric vehicles transmission lubrication

Purpose Concerns over the pollution caused by internal combustion vehicles have increased owing to population and industrialization increment. Addressing the confrontations, the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) as a combustion engine substitute became necessary in responding to environmental worries from internal combustion. The development of bio lubricant in lubricating the sliding parts of EVs is required to maintain the sustainability idea and to improve the system performance, which this research tends to explore. Design/methodology/approach In this research, the enhancement of base Jatropha oil was done using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and hexagonal boron nitrate (h-BN) as additives. Different characterization was conducted on the new formulation to ascertain its anticorrosion tendency. The wear and friction behavior of the formulations on the tribo-pairs surfaces in contact were investigated using ball on flat tribometer to determine their tribological responsiveness as mineral lubricant alternative. To explore the surface topography, surface profilometer, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray investigations were PTFE, lubrication and EV carried out. Findings The test’s input parameters were EVs’ usual load and sliding speed, and the addition concentrations for PTFE were 0.3 Wt.%, 0.4 Wt.%, 0.5 Wt.% and 0.6 Wt.%, whereas h-BN were 0.4 Wt.%, 0.8 Wt.% and 1.2 Wt.%, respectively. The study on corrosion demonstrated resistance when applied PTFE and h-BN additives in Jatropha oil. The analysis revealed that 0.5 Wt.% PTFE + 0.8 Wt.% h-BN concentrations significantly improved the tribological characteristics when compared to the base Jatropha oil. The application of formulations yielded percentage reduction of 8.67%, 10.98%, 7.34% and 7.35%, respectively, for 0.5% poly + 0.5% h-BN, 0.5% poly + 0.6% h-BN, 0.5% poly + 0.7% h-BN, 0.5% poly + 0.8% h-BN against base Jatropha oil under 20 N. Originality/value The formulation of PTFE and h-BN for electric transmission with wear and friction effects was accomplished in this paper. The mechanism of particle diffusing at the sliding contact on tribological behavior could be examined based on the created model of operation. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-07-2023-0235/

Comprehensive decision-making considerations in the transition to electrification transportation system in a developing country

Introducing suitable alternatives to the existing fossil fuels can provide insightful aspects of the expected benefits. In the energy sector, the transportation system is one of the key contributors to fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas productions. To elaborate on the performance of each introduced alternative, two perspectives are considered; short-term and long-term evaluations. In the short outlook, the PROMETHEE method is used for evaluation. Six scenarios are introduced based on the technical, economic, social, and policy criteria and each scenario benefits from different weights. In this scheme, the impacts of evolutions in the battery applications in the vehicles are investigated. Based on the short-term study, CNG and gasoline are considered the best options for the fuels of vehicles in Iran by taking into consideration the current situation. By viewing the technical and economic criteria, it was concluded that the Li-Ion battery provides better performance in comparison with gasoline in the long run. By 2040, the number of EVs will reach 10% of the overall vehicle production. It is obtained that the benefits of the electrical vehicles’ presence as the alternative to the internal combustion vehicles can provide growing interest in this outlook from 2.02 × 106 US$ in 2025 to 17.55 × 108 US$ in 2040.

Topology optimization with the redesigned suspension system of the internal combustion vehicle converted to an electrical vehicle

Abstract In this paper, the topology optimization of lower wishbone for a passenger car which is the converted of an internal combustion engine vehicle to an electrical vehicle was presented. On the other hand, the need to study on a suspension system arose for electrical car that was redesigned. In study, topology optimization of the structural design of the lower wishbone to be used in the front suspension was carried out by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Method. For this purpose, firstly, the suspension spring curves and damper curves that will improve the handling, ride and comfort behaviour of the vehicle were determined, suspension system was modelled with the Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) approach. Hardpoints is necessary for vehicle dynamics and that is also an input for FEA were obtained from new suspension system via MBD analysis. In the second step, The preliminary design of the lower wishbone was created, taking into account together with the positions of the wheel drive shaft, suspension spring and brake system structural elements according to hardpoints. After designing the structure suitable for the joint types, initial design was studied on the remaining region that is for weight reduction region except the joint connection surfaces. Then, topology optimization was applied to the preliminary design for the selected load types that is come from MBD analysis. Thus, the excess volume on the preliminary design was determined for each load type. In the last stage, the results of topology optimization analysis were evaluated to reach out target weight and the producible design of the wishbone was made. Finally, Finite Element Analysis were applied to the final design for validation purposes within topology optimization work was done with the forces coming from Multi Body Dynamics. After statically solved Finite Element Analysis, a modal neutral file(.mnf) was created via FEA solver and was integrated to Adams Car as a flexbody. Flexbody was attahced to the other parts which are rigid bodies like nuckle according to Multi Body Dynamics approach. Dynamics durability cases was carried out via Adams Car. Stress results was compared to FEA results and evaluated depends on yield stress. Study results shows that the new design is lighter and competitive design and also safe in dynamics analysis for redesigned passenger car.

Thermoelectric generator for energy production from renewable sources

Thermoelectric generators (TEG) produce electrical energy from a temperature difference between the cold and hot side of TEG modules (Seebeck effect); in principle, they can be used at temperature differences greater than 3 K [1]. Thermoelectric energy generation is primarily known for supplying self-sufficient sensors or in exhaust systems of motor vehicle internal combustion engines [2], where high temperature differences of up to 700 K are used. In this paper, basic investigations are carried out in order to expand the power range of thermoelectric energy generation and their potential for the energy transition. To this end, the area of application should be expanded to include medium and small temperature differences. The output characteristic of a TEG module has a power maximum, which increases quadratically with the temperature difference and linearly with the module area. At a temperature difference of 40 K, an output of 250 W/m2 can be generated. A solar module can generate 150 W/m2 in full sunlight; this output is only available for 12 % of the year given the 1000 full-load hours of sunshine that are usual in our latitudes. A continuous thermoelectric energy source could provide energy all year. Under optimal conditions, an annual usage time of 5000 hours and a service life of 10 years, electricity production costs of around 10 Cents/kWh can be expected [3]. This price is quite comparable to other renewable energy sources (photovoltaics, wind).

CO2 Emissions Resulting from Large-Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles Using a Macro Perspective

Smart grids with EVs have been proposed as a great contribution to sustainability. Considering environmental sustainability is of great importance to humanity, it is essential to assess whether electrical vehicles (EVs) actually contribute to improving it. The objectives of the present study are, from a macro (broad-scope) perspective, to identify the sources of emissions and to create a framework for the calculation of CO2 emissions resulting from large-scale EV use. The results show that V2G mode increases emissions and therefore reduces the benefits of using EVs. The results also show that in the best scenario (NC mode), an EV will have 32.7% less emissions, and in the worst case (V2G mode), it will have 25.6% more emissions than an internal combustion vehicle (ICV), meaning that sustainability improvement is not always ensured. The present study shows that considering a macro perspective is essential to estimate a more comprehensive value of emissions. The main contributions of this work are the creation of a framework for identifying the main contributions to CO2 emissions resulting from large-scale EV integration, and the calculation of estimated CO2 emissions from a macro perspective. These are important contributions to future studies in the area of smart grids and large-scale EV integration, for decision-makers as well as common citizens.

SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE BASED ON MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF VIBRATION

The relevance of the topic of this study is due to the need to ensure reliable operation of vehicles and minimize the risks of interruptions in the operation of internal combustion engines (ICE). A common phenomenon in operation is misfiring, which negatively affects the efficiency of the ICE and can lead to emergencies that entail significant financial and temporary losses for commercial companies. The problem is the need to identify and prevent such malfunctions early. The purpose of the study is to develop and test a system for monitoring and analyzing the technical condition of the internal combustion engine through vibration measurements. Method and methodology. The work used the method of in-place diagnostics, the use of which increases efficiency of determining the technical condition of the vehicle internal combustion engine. Results. This article describes the system developed by the authors for checking the technical condition of an internal combustion engine. As a result, software to process and record vibration and timing data has been developed in MATLAB. The study of influence of defects in mechanisms and systems of internal combustion engine on uniformity of time-amplitude characteristic of vibration pulses of each individual cylinder, which occur during operation of internal combustion engine, was carried out by calculation and experimentation. As a key conclusion, it is noted that the developed system allows to quickly and non-invasively identify the idle cylinder or the one of which contribution to the rotational movement of the crankshaft is the least compared to others. The research makes it possible to provide diagnostics in a short time using available means. Scope of application of the results. the research results were tested in the conditions of a service company when diagnosing the internal combustion engines of passenger cars and trucks, and can be applied by both car repair shops and car enthusiasts.

Analysis of the carbon footprint of electric vehicles in relation to their life cycle

In order to determine the environmental impact of electric vehicles (EVs), a comparative analysis was made between the CO2 emissions of internal combustion vehicles (ICEs) during their entire life cycle and the emissions of electric vehicles. This study sought to have a more realistic perspective. For this purpose, the life cycle of both types of vehicles was divided into three phases, calculating the kg of CO2 emitted during each of them. The results showed the significant difference in CO2 emissions generated by both types of vehicles, with ICVs generating 32,492 kg of CO2 more than EVs with NCM lithium-ion batteries and 32,403.7 kg of CO2 for those with LFP batteries. Once the analysis was done, it was determined that EVs are an appropriate response to the environmental crisis that the world is currently facing.

Mass, Centre of Gravity Location and Inertia Tensor of Electric Vehicles: Measured Data for Accurate Accident Reconstruction

Accurate accident reconstruction requires the knowledge of the mass properties of vehicles, namely the centre of gravity location, the mass and the inertia tensor. Such data are seldom available, especially in case of newly produced electric vehicles. In this paper, vehicle inertia measurements, performed at Politecnico di Milano, refer to a number of electric vehicles. In addition to the “simple” measurement of vehicle inertia, measured mass properties are analysed to derive the proper empirical formulae for the estimation of the centre of gravity height and the moments of inertia. Both internal combustion and electric vehicles are considered. Data show a significant difference in the mass properties of the two types of vehicles. The proposed formulae can be effectively employed to quickly obtain a reasonable estimation of the mass properties of any vehicle. The results show that electric vehicles are characterised by higher values of mass with respect to internal combustion vehicles, but they present a lower centre of gravity location and proportionally lower values of the moments of inertia.

Development of Technology and a Convertеr for Neutralizing Greenhouse Gases Emitted from Automobiles

The article touches upon the issues of global warming associated with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere from vehicle internal combustion engines (ICE). To neutralize existing greenhouse gases emitted by ICE, in particular CO2, the interaction of the latter with various chemicals has been studied. The dynamics of exhaust gas emissions from ICE cylinders were observed. The experimental research was conducted to develop a greenhouse gas neutralization technology. Carbon dioxide neutralization converter with three neutralization batteries and a homogenization device is presented. This converter can guarantee CO2 neutralization of up to 92%. The formation of CO2 in the cylinders of modern petrol engines is due to the final combustion of the air-petrol fuel mixture. The combustion of the latter in the cylinder can be heterogeneous and diffusive. In addition, CO2 is generated in large quantities during diffusion combustion. The most effective method of diffusive combustion was chosen by the constructors of modern ICE, which is the formation of an artificial turbulent gas-dynamic condition for the fuel mixture due to the increase in the temperature of the air adsorbed in the cylinder, which ensures the engine's thermal energy efficiency coefficient of up to 35%. The CO2 volume in the exhaust gases of such engines reaches up to 16%. Thus, considering the perfection of modern ICE design for providing a high-efficiency reaction for the hydrocarbon oxidation in the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, it becomes apparent that the presence of about 16% CO2 in the fractional composition of emitted dissolved gases is a serious problem in terms of increasing the volume of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Therefore, the goal of this article is to develop a reduction technology.

Knowledge is power: Electric vehicle calculator for cold climates

We used crowdsourced data in Alaska and the literature to develop a light-duty electric vehicle model to help policymakers, researchers, and consumers understand the trade-offs between internal combustion and electric vehicles. This model forms the engine of a calculator, which was developed in partnership with residents from three partner Alaskan communities. This calculator uses a typical hourly temperature profile for any chosen community in Alaska along with a relationship of energy use vs. temperature while driving or while parked to determine the annual cost and emissions for an electric vehicle. Other user inputs include miles driven per day, electricity rate, and whether the vehicle is parked in a heated space. A database of community power plant emissions per unit of electricity is used to determine emissions based on electricity consumption. This tool was updated according to community input on ease of use, relevance, and usefulness. It could easily be adapted to other regions of the world. The incorporation of climate, social, and economic inputs allow us to holistically capture real world situations and adjust as the physical and social environment changes.

Thermo-electric modeling and analysis of lithium-ion battery pack for E-mobility

AbstractElectric Vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion vehicles by utilizing a clean energy source. The advancement and expansion of electric cars rely on the progress of electrochemical batteries. The utilization of Lithium-Ion Batteries is widespread primarily because of its notable energy density. Changes influence the performance of these batteries in temperature. The Thermal Management System of the battery is one of the very important systems in EVs to improve the performance and life of the battery. The geometrical spacing of the cell modules is considered identical for a more accurate comparison of temperature distribution. For better cooling and heat dissipation, the battery pack’s two sides are kept entirely open to facilitate the inflow of air. In this work, active BTMS solutions are selected and analyzed using the development of three-dimensional free, open-source OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamics simulations for accurate thermal modeling and hotspot zones in cylindrical battery packs. The outcome of the simulations is compared using parameters like temperature distribution in battery cells, battery modules, and heat generation. Among all the cell temperature zones, the temperature maximum is near the sixth cell of the module depth. OpenFOAM results validated with the existing literature’s experimental and Ansys results. Air cooling is utilized for cooling performance because of its relatively simple structure and lightweight.

Tribological Performance of a Paraffinic Base Oil Additive with Coated and Uncoated SiO2 Nanoparticles.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a technology that can replace internal combustion vehicles and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel low-viscosity lubricants that can serve as potential transmission fluids for electric vehicles. Thus, this work analyzes the influence of both SiO2 and SiO2-SA (coated with stearic acid) nanomaterials on the tribological behavior of a paraffinic base oil with an ISO VG viscosity grade of 32 and a 133 viscosity index. A traditional two-step process through ultrasonic agitation was utilized to formulate eight nanolubricants of paraffinic oil + SiO2 and paraffinic base oil + SiO2-SA with nanopowder mass concentrations ranging from 0.15 wt% to 0.60 wt%. Visual control was utilized to investigate the stability of the nanolubricants. An experimental study of different properties (viscosity, viscosity index, density, friction coefficient, and wear) was performed. Friction analyses were carried out in pure sliding contacts at 393.15 K, and a 3D optical profilometer was used to quantify the wear. The friction results showed that, for the SiO2-SA nanolubricants, the friction coefficients were much lower than those obtained with the neat paraffinic base oil. The optimal nanoparticle mass concentration was 0.60 wt% SiO2-SA, with which the friction coefficient decreased by around 43%. Regarding wear, the greatest decreases in width, depth, and area were also found with the addition of 0.60 wt% SiO2-SA; thus, reductions of 21, 22, and 54% were obtained, respectively, compared with the neat paraffinic base oil.

Large-scale automated emission measurement of individual vehicles with point sampling

Abstract. Currently, emissions from internal combustion vehicles are not properly monitored throughout their life cycle. In particular, a small share of vehicles (< 20 %) with malfunctioning after-treatment systems and old vehicles with outdated engine technology are responsible for the majority (60 %–90 %) of traffic-related emissions. Remote emission sensing (RES) is a method used for screening emissions from a large number of in-use vehicles. Commercial open-path RES systems are capable of providing emission factors for many gaseous compounds, but they are less accurate and reliable for particulate matter (PM). Point sampling (PS) is an extractive RES method where a portion of the exhaust is sampled and then analyzed. So far, PS studies have been predominantly conducted on a rather small scale and have mainly analyzed heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), which have high exhaust flow rates. In this work, we present a comprehensive PS system that can be used for large-scale screening of PM and gas emissions, largely independent of the vehicle type. The data analysis framework developed here is capable of processing data from thousands of vehicles. The core of the data analysis is our peak detection algorithm (TUG-PDA), which determines and separates emissions down to a spacing of just a few seconds between vehicles. We present a detailed evaluation of the main influencing factors on PS measurements by using about 100 000 vehicle records collected from several measurement locations, mainly in urban areas. We show the capability of the emission screening by providing real-world black carbon (BC), particle number (PN) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission trends for various vehicle categories such as diesel and petrol passenger cars or HDVs. Comparisons with open-path RES and PS studies show overall good agreement and demonstrate the applicability even for the latest Euro emission standards, where current open-path RES systems reach their limits.

The Great Canadian (Electric) Road Trip: Evaluating EV Use in National Park Tourism

As part of its 2050 net zero emission commitment, Canada has a mandate to transition to electric vehicles (EVs) to decarbonize transportation. While the EV charging infrastructure is expanding in urban areas, the infrastructure for inter-city and nature-based tourism has not been assessed. This study combined four metrics of feasibility and convenience into an EV readiness index to evaluate 94 road trip itineraries associated with Canada’s iconic national parks. Index scores ranged from not possible (0) to equal to the travel experience of internal combustion vehicle (20). With the summer range, the average one-day route score was 19.2, as 82% of one-day itineraries could be completed without requiring additional charging. Multi-day routes scored lower (14.0), with 24% being highly inconvenient or impossible due to gaps between charging stations. With a reduced winter EV range, average index scores for one- and multi-day trips declined as charging needs increased (18.4 and 13.2, respectively). Across the 94 travel routes, EVs were estimated to produce only 17% of the carbon dioxide emissions of internal combustion vehicles (this was much lower in some provinces). The findings also highlight key regional differences in tourism EV readiness and where infrastructure is needed to provide equitable access to Canada’s national parks for tourists seeking to decarbonize their holiday travel.

Post-COVID-19 Electric Vehicle Market in Poland: Economic-Based Determinants

Theoretical background: The theory of rational consumer choice significantly impacts the shape of the contemporary car market, which constitutes an essential part of the automotive industry and the national economy and has a considerable influence on the behavior of individuals. In the context of the car market, consumers’ decision-making process is subject to several factors, particularly in light of the EU’s initiative to transition the automotive industry towards zero emission solutions. Furthermore, this implies potential changes in the degree of impact on the course of transformation, adoption rate, and economic growth through network effects. Recent years have witnessed changes in various critical factors, alongside the emergence of new factors, which could significantly impact the competitiveness of electric vehicles in relation to internal combustion vehicles. Purpose of the article: The article aims to examine the current condition of the Polish car market in the post-COVID-19 period with particular emphasis on the electric vehicle market and indicate its present shape in comparison to the market of conventional vehicles from the supply perspective. Also, it attempts to identify and define the most critical factors that influenced the development of the market and their role in the coming years. Identifying and categorizing the most critical factors will allow us to indicate the current weaknesses of the zero-emission vehicle market. This may allow for more efficient identification and solving of problems standing in the way of its development. Research methods: In order to realize the goals of the research, several methods were used: a critical analysis of the literature on the subject; a quantitative analysis of statistical data was used along with qualitative research to examine the factors that impacted the car market in Poland. As a result, a network of categories describing the associations between factors and their effects on the researched topic was identified and studied. Main findings: Examination of Poland’s electric vehicle market reveals a complex interplay of variables across market. The identified combined factors impede mass adoption of battery electric vehicles, resulting in dynamic yet relatively insignificant annual percentage changes in market growth within the overall passenger vehicle market. The problems focus on governmental, economic and social factors, but also on very important technological and ecological factors, questioning in some cases the current form of electromobility on the Polish market.

Evaluation of the point sampling method and inter-comparison of remote emission sensing systems for screening real-world car emissions

Emissions from internal combustion vehicles are currently not properly monitored throughout their life cycle. Remote emission sensing (RES) is a technology that can measure emissions under real driving conditions without contact. Current light extinction based RES systems are capable of providing emission factors for various gases, but lack accuracy for particulate matter (PM). Point Sampling (PS) is an extraction-based RES technique that can measure gases as well as various particle metrics such as black carbon or particle number. In this work, we evaluated the performance of a recently developed PS system and the state-of-the-art light extinction based remote sensing devices EDAR (HEAT) and ORSD (OPUS RSE) during co-location measurements. Validation measurements with portable emission measurement systems and emissions screening of several thousand cars in three European cities provide detailed insights into system's performance. Meteorological evaluations showed that the PS capture rate is strongly influenced by wind, but no other weather influences were found. Both light extinction based systems are unable to measure during rain. We found that all three systems tested were capable of screening NOx emissions from pre-Euro 6 diesel cars. Measurement results show the ability of the PS system to quantify high and low PM emitters equally well. The open-path RES systems (EDAR, ORSD) are capable of estimating PM emissions from pre-Euro 5 diesel cars. However, deficiencies of open-path RES systems are evident in the quantification of PM emissions from newer engine technologies (diesel Euro 5 and beyond) and from petrol cars. The PS system has a 2 to 5 times lower capture rate than open-path RES systems, but the PS measurement results are more accurate (more than 5 times for PM and more than 1.35 times for NOx). The good accuracy of individual measurements makes PS a powerful tool for reliable high emitter identification.

Strategies toward an effective and sustainable energy transition for Cuba

This study evaluated the possibilities of energy transition in Cuba 2030. Cuba is currently in a vulnerable energy situation since it strongly depends on the importation of fossil energy. Strategies based on intermittent RES (solar and wind) can reduce this vulnerability, but the introduction of this type of source impacts the energy system's characteristics and aspects at a country/regional scale. Most of the studies about energy transition strategies focus on the evaluation of a few specific arbitrary scenarios or the classic economic optimization approach. This research relies on existing methods to evaluate energy scenarios. However, some aspects of our approach are original: differently to the comparison of arbitrary scenarios we evaluate a fairly large number of scenarios, and differently to the classic optimization we consider many different indicators (e.g., energy security, carbon footprint, air quality, and economic). This allows the description of the trends of the changes in the energy system and the evaluation of the benefits linked to a progressive introduction of intermittent sources. Scenarios for Cuba correspond to a progressive introduction of intermittent sources to reduce fossil fuel importation. These scenarios were compared with the official projection of the Cuban government for 2030 showing that the introduction of solar and wind improve the situation of the island by reducing CO2 emissions, improving air quality, and generating economic benefits. Monetizing the CO2 emissions results in greater economic benefits through carbon compensation. Furthermore, replacing Internal Combustion Vehicles (ICVs) with Electric Vehicles (EVs) could offer additional benefits across all these aspects.

Distributional impacts of fleet-wide change in light duty transportation: mortality risks of PM2.5 emissions from electric vehicles and Tier 3 conventional vehicles

Abstract Light-duty transportation continues to be a significant source of air pollutants that cause premature mortality and greenhouse gases (GHGs) that lead to climate change. We assess PM2.5 emissions and its health consequences under a large-scale shift to electric vehicles (EVs) or Tier-3 internal combustion vehicles (ICVs) across the United States, focusing on implications by states and for the fifty most populous metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). We find that both Tier-3 ICVs and EVs reduce premature mortality by 80%–93% compared to the current light-duty vehicle fleet. The health and climate mitigation benefits of electrification are larger in the West and Northeast. As the grid decarbonizes further, EVs will yield even higher benefits from reduced air pollution and GHG emissions than gasoline vehicles. EVs lead to lower health damages in almost all the 50 most populous MSA than Tier-3 ICVs. Distributional analysis suggests that relying on the current gasoline fleet or moving to Tier-3 ICVs would impact people of color more than White Americans across all states, levels of urbanization, and household income, suggesting that vehicle electrification is more suited to reduce health disparities. We also simulate EVs under a future cleaner electric grid by assuming that the 50 power plants across the nation that have the highest amount of annual SO2 emissions are retired or retrofitted with carbon capture and storage, finding that in that case, vehicle electrification becomes the best strategy for reducing health damages from air pollution across all states.

The Assessment of PM2.5 and PM10 Immission in Atmospheric Air in a Climate Chamber during Tests of an Electric Car on a Chassis Dynamometer

Electric cars, like internal combustion vehicles, emit particulate pollution from non-exhaust systems, i.e., tires and brakes, which is included in the Euro 7 emission standard planned for implementation. Tests conducted on chassis dynamometers are accompanied by particulate emissions from non-exhaust systems, which are introduced into the ambient air on the test bench. Particulate emissions tests from non-engine systems on chassis dynamometers are mainly aimed at measuring the mass or number of particulates from tires and brakes. In contrast, little attention is paid to the immission of particulate matter from tires and brakes on the dynamometer during tests, which in the case of electric cars include, for example, measurements of energy consumption or range. Therefore, in order to draw attention to the problem of these emissions, the authors carried out measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 immissions into the air in the climatic chamber during tests of an electric car on a chassis dynamometer. The car tests were carried out in accordance with the WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle) and at constant speed. Based on the test results, a model was proposed for the immission of particulate matter in laboratory air from tire and brake abrasion, taking traffic parameters into account. The results and the developed model show that air quality, in terms of particulate content, deteriorates significantly during testing.

A Robust Regenerative-Braking Control of Induction Motors for EVs Applications

EVs suffer from short driving range because of limited capacity of the battery. An advantage of EVs over internal-combustion vehicles is the ability of regenerative braking (RB). By this advantage, EVs can develop energy by RB which can be stored in the battery for later use to increase the driving range of EVs. There are different motors that can be used in EVs, and the control during RB mode is dedicated for certain motor types. However, the previous studies for EV-based IM drives consider the motor-speed control without considering its RB. This paper proposes a robust control of induction motor (IM) during RB mode of EVs. The proposed control system is simple and depends only on mathematical calculations. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the suggested control strategy with a good dynamic behavior under different operating conditions. Also, the results assure the robustness of control capabilities under parameters uncertainties during the RB mode of EV-based IM drives.