Internal Combustion Engine Cars Research Articles

Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) cut greenhouse gas emissions and our use of non-renewable resources, making them more attractive. EVs have lower fuel and maintenance expenses than internal combustion engine automobiles. This study proposes a multi-converter/Multi‒Machine system with two induction motors (IM) that drive a pure EV’s rear wheels. EV two-stage controllers using a simple Adaline neural network (NN) regulate Field-Oriented regulate of a three-phase IM. To control IM speed, the first controller level is a hybrid proportional–integral (PI) with a robust integral sign of error (RISE) controller. Injection torque is controlled by PI‒adaline NN in the second controller step. The simple Adaline NN improves two-stage controller performance. The Multi-Verse Optimization algorithm found the ideal RISE parameter to improve EV drive system performance. A plug-in EV’s linear speed is controlled by the Electronic Differential Controller (EDC). It uses the driver’s reference speed and steering angle to set each driving wheel’s reference speed. EDC adjusts wheel speeds to enhance traction and stability during cornering, accelerating, and decelerating. Utilizing this information, the EDC can effectively distribute power and torque to the wheels, thereby enhancing vehicle handling and overall performance. Three distinct road scenarios and the designated driving route topology have been used to act and demonstrate the resistive forces that affected the EV while it was traveling down the road. By using Matlab (Simulink), EV’s roadworthiness and efficiency will be evaluated.

Pedestrian safety on the road to net zero: cross-sectional study of collisions with electric and hybrid-electric cars in Great Britain

BackgroundPlans to phase out fossil fuel-powered internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and to replace these with electric and hybrid-electric (E-HE) vehicles represent a historic step to reduce air pollution and...

Beyond the Current State of the Art in Electric Vehicle Technology in Robotics and Automation

The improvement of electric vehicles and their parts is currently the subject of several recent innovations, with an emphasis on advancements in batteries, energy management systems, autonomous features, and charging infrastructure. The current logistics and transportation (L&T) systems comprise heterogeneous fleets made up of both conventional internal combustion engine cars and other vehicle types that use environmentally friendly technology, such as electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. This helps significantly to the development of the upcoming generations of electric vehicles and promotes a more sustainable and effective ecosystem. This article offers insights into the most recent advancements in the field of electric cars (EVs) as new and innovative EV technologies based on data and statistics from science that may prove to be technically possible by 2030. Potential design and modeling techniques, including digital twins with linked IoT, are discussed in this paper. Additionally, all EV-related topics are covered, including hard-core battery material sciences, power electronics, and powertrain engineering, as well as market and environmental considerations and prospective technological obstacles and research gaps. This investigation is interesting since it offers thorough information on every facet of EVs. In conclusion, we offer to the readers several open issues in the field of EV as well as specific research directions to wrap up our work.

Surface defect detection of cylinder liner based on improved YOLOv5

Cylinder liner is an internal part of the automobile engine, which plays an important role in the automobile internal combustion engine. Therefore, it is a top priority to accurately and quickly detect the cylinder liner surface defects. In order to effectively achieve the classification and localization of surface defects on the cylinder liner, this paper establishes a dataset for surface defects on cylinder liner and proposes a based on improved YOLOv5 algorithm for detecting surface defects on cylinder liner. Firstly, a machine vision system is established to acquire on-site images and perform manual annotation to build the dataset of surface defects on cylinder liner. Secondly, the GSConv SlimNeck mechanism is introduced to reduce the model complexity; the Bi-directional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) is used to fuse the feature information at different scales to enhance the detection accuracy of small surface defects on cylinder liner; and embedding the SimAM attention mechanism to focus on the object region of interest and improve the accuracy and robustness of the model. The final improved YOLOv5 model reduces the number of model parameters by 15.8% compared to the non-improved YOLOv5. And the experimental results on our self-built dataset for cylinder liner defects show that the mAP0.5 is improved by 0.4%. This means that the accuracy of model detection was not compromised. This method can be applied to actual production processes.

Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles: Comparing the Powertrain Efficiency and Sustainability of Fuel Cell versus Internal Combustion Engine Cars

Due to the large quantities of carbon emissions generated by the transportation sector, cleaner automotive technologies are needed aiming at a green energy transition. In this scenario, hydrogen is pointed out as a promising fuel that can be employed as the fuel of either a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine vehicle. Therefore, in this work, we propose the design and modeling of a fuel cell versus an internal combustion engine passenger car for a driving cycle. The simulation was carried out using the quasistatic simulation toolbox tool in Simulink considering the main powertrain components for each vehicle. Furthermore, a brief analysis of the carbon emissions associated with the hydrogen production method is addressed to assess the clean potential of hydrogen-powered vehicles compared to conventional fossil fuel-fueled cars. The resulting analysis has shown that the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is almost twice as efficient compared to internal combustion engines, resulting in a lower fuel consumption of 1.05 kg-H2/100 km in the WLTP driving cycle for the fuel cell vehicle, while the combustion vehicle consumed about 1.79 kg-H2/100 km. Regarding using different hydrogen colors to fuel the vehicle, hydrogen-powered vehicles fueled with blue and grey hydrogen presented higher carbon emissions compared to petrol-powered vehicles reaching up to 2–3 times higher in the case of grey hydrogen. Thus, green hydrogen is needed as fuel to keep carbon emissions lower than conventional petrol-powered vehicles.

Електромагнітна небезпека електро- і гібридного транспорту

The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of electromagnetic radiation from electric vehicles. Hybrid and electric cars emit extremely low-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or magnetic fields. Studies of EMF levels emitted by cars show that they pose a threat to human health. Measurements of the magnetic induction of internal combustion engine cars, electric cars, and hybrid cars confirm that the magnetic field induction of an electric car is twice as high as that of an internal combustion engine car and does not depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is greater than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction during external charging of an electric vehicle in the cabin is much lower than when driving. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of an electric vehicle is 0.85 ± 0.18 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P = 0.95. The magnetic field induction of an electric vehicle is twice as high as that of a car with an internal combustion engine and does not depend on the speed of movement. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of a hybrid car is 1.28 ± 0.61 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P=0.95. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is higher than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement.The conducted studies show that electrical equipment in electric vehicles and, in particular, in an electric car and a hybrid car is a source of alternating EMF with strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the frequency range from 0 to hundreds of megahertz. This is due to the fact that the MF in an electric vehicle and a hybrid car is a superposition of fields from many sources. The direct sources of MF in electric vehicles are traction motors, rechargeable traction batteries, current-carrying elements, various electrical equipment, such as starting and braking resistance, group switches, rheostat units, electrical circuits for ventilation, lighting, heating, etc. Electronic devices on board are usually higher-frequency than MFs due to changes in the driving mode of electric and hybrid vehicles.

Stability of a Ro-Ro Ship: An Assessment of the Impact of Electric Vehicle Transportation

In terms of service lives, ships have the ability to remain operational for extended periods of time, potentially exceeding several decades. Changes in machinery and equipment are dependent on technological improvements. The above change is most noticeable in the components that make up ship systems. Nonetheless, the movement of ships on the water involves research into a variety of topics, including static-dynamic equilibrium and the demands of speed and power. The study focuses on the growing fascination with electric automobiles, which can be ascribed to technology improvements, environmental policies, and the concept's widespread acceptance. As a result, there has been a boom in interest in purchasing electric vehicles and using them for transportation. When conventional internal combustion engine automobiles are considered during the design process of marine vessels that transport land vehicles, it is expected that electric vehicles (EVs) will be primarily transported by Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) ships in the foreseeable future. However, weight discrepancies exist between electric vehicles and other models in the same category. The significant weight attributed to batteries emphasizes the significant possibility for advancement in modern battery technology. The purpose of this research is to look into the variations in the stability of a Ro-Ro vessel when transporting an equal number and weight of EVs and conventional automobiles.

Conceptualization of a digital product passport to enable circular and sustainable automotive value chains – the combustion engine use case

Despite stricter emission controls and the planned reduction of newly sold Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars, adequate repairing and recycling of old ICE cars remains vital, reflected also by the recent EURO7 standard that explicitly refers to repairability. Digital Product Passports (DPPs) have gained attention as enablers of transparent and traceable value chains and improved product lifecycle management. While the focus has been put on creating DPPs for electric vehicle batteries, research on the potentials and requirements for DPPs for the ICE and its well-known components, like the exhaust gas turbocharger, does not exist. Thus, this study systematically investigates what information such DPP needs to contain to support value chain actors’ sustainability/circularity-related decision-making. A mixed-method approach is applied. The Supply Chain Oriented Process to Identify Stakeholders (SCOPIS) method, as well as two expert workshops (N = 8 and N = 6) and an expert survey (N = 8) served for identifying the stakeholders and their most relevant information requirements. The results consist of a refined and prioritized list of information requirements, a conceptual model of a DPP for the turbocharger, and the presentation of two use cases: refurbishment and recycling. This contribution serves as the foundation for handling ICEs sustainably and circularly.

A Comprehensive Analytical Study of Electric Vehicle’s Dynamics and its Essential Parameters

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a popular and environmentally beneficial replacement for traditional internal combustion engine cars in recent years. This change has significantly increased research interest in comprehending the dynamics and key parameters of electric vehicles. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analytical study of electric vehicle dynamics, including an in-depth exploration of critical parameters that influence their performance, efficiency, and safety. By thoroughly examining various aspects related to EVs, this research aims to drive the advancement of EV technology and foster its widespread adoption for a greener and more sustainable future.

A novel method of using sound waves and artificial intelligence for the detection of vehicle's proximity from cyclists and E-scooters

Outdoor air pollution has been found to have a significant adverse effect on health. When the authors attempted to monitor air quality that cyclists or e-scooter users’ breath during commuting in different locations for health and safety analysis, it was found that the existence of internal combustion engine (ICE) cars has a significant effect on the pollution levels and the monitoring process. To comprehensively study the effect of cars and traffic on air quality that cyclists and e-scooters users experience, a low-cost and reliable system was needed to detect the proximity of cars that have diesel or petrol engines. Video cameras can be used to visually detect vehicles, but in the modern age with the existence of many electric and hybrid vehicles and the need to reduce the cost of instrumentation, there was a need to determine the passing of vehicles near e-scooter and bike users from the combined engine and tires sounds.To address this issue, this study suggests a novel approach of using sound waves of internal combustion engines and tire sounds during the passing of cars, combined with AI techniques (neural networks), to detect the proximity of cars from cyclists and e-scooter users. Audio-visual data was collected using Go-Pro cameras in order to combine the data with GPS location and pollution levels. Geographical data maps were produced to demonstrate the density of cars that cyclists encounter when on or near the road. This method will enable air quality monitoring research to detect the existence of ICE cars for future correlation with measured pollution levels. The proposed method allows for:•The automated selection of sensitive features from sound waves to detect vehicles.•Low-cost hardware which is independent of orientation that can be integrated with other air quality and GPS sensors.•The successful application of sensor fusion and neural networks.

Challenges of Pt-Ni Aerogel PEMFC-Cathode Catalyst Layers Under Automotive-Relevant Conditions

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) constitute an emerging technology for the decarbonization of the transportation sector. However, in order for the price of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) to be comparable to that of internal combustion engine cars, the manufacturing costs of PEMFCs, must be significantly reduced. These costs are mainly related to the Pt-based catalysts used in PEMFCs’ anode and cathode electrodes and, as a result, extended FCEV-commercialization passes by decreasing these Pt loading to a value of 0.06-0.11 mgPt cm-2. Moreover, the automotive PEMFCs suffer from an insufficient durability that is partially due to the corrosion of the carbon support used in state-of-the-art Pt-catalysts, which is in turn induced by the high cathode potentials (> 1.5 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode) reached upon PEMFC start-up and/or shutdown.To tackle both these needs, in our previous work we introduced a novel catalyst layer (CL) based on a carbon-free bimetallic Pt-Ni alloy nanochain network (referred to as “aerogel”) which featured an excellent performance and start-up/shutdown durability upon PEMFC operation [1]. In a more recent work, the synthesis of this Pt-Ni aerogel was up-scaled (as to yield ≈ 120 mg of material per batch) and catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) processing methods were adapted and optimized using an automated spray-coating machine that yielded homogenous and high-performing aerogel CLs with a Pt-loading of ≈ 0.3 mgPt cm-2.The decrease of the above loading to the needed values of ≤ 0.1 mgPt cm-2 discussed above is expected to pose a challenge in terms of high current density operation due to limitation in the transport of reactants (oxygen and protons) to such a reduced catalyst area[2]. Part of this performance loss includes the transport of O2 through the ionomer film that generally covers the Pt nanoparticles in the cathode CL. This O2 transport resistance can be quantified via O2 limiting current measurements through which the non-Fickian, Knudsen diffusion through the CL can be quantified[3]. Thus, in this work we present our results in the manufacture and PEMFC-testing of low loading Pt-Ni aerogel CLs, which we tackled with and without the use of an ionomer and benchmarked against equivalently -loaded CLs prepared with a commercial Pt/C catalyst. Our results unveil a relation between ionomer presence/absence, non-Fickian oxygen transport resistance and roughness factor that is comparable to that reported by Kongkanand and Mathias for unsupported, Pt-based nanostructured thin films[4].In addition to this, aerogel electrodes feature a reduced thickness (≈ 5 μm/(mgPt∙cm− 2) that is likely to result in water flooding and ice accumulation at low temperatures and during cold-starts (< 0˚C), respectively. Under the latter, extreme conditions, the water produced by the reduction of oxygen can form ice, which is expected to accumulate within the cathode pore volume and lead to a high oxygen transport resistance[5]. Moreover, the lack of hydrophobicity and of storage capacity (i.e. void volume) within the catalyst layer is susceptible to cause water flooding and/or ice formation, ultimately leading to cell failure[6]. Thus, this contribution will also showcase our results under such low temperature and cold start conditions (in the latter case, at − 10 °C), and do so while considering the combinations of low vs. high aerogel loadings and presence vs. absence of ionomer discussed above. In doing so, this work will provide a holistic picture of the mass-transport effects determining the performance of these aerogel CLs under automotive-relevant conditions.

A comprehensive review of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and associated challenges

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly opportunity to standard internal combustion engine automobiles, with the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gasoline emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. However, the considerable adoption of EVs is contingent upon the development of efficient and on hand charging infrastructure. This research paper provides a complete evaluation of electric automobile charging techniques, aiming to offer a holistic knowledge of the contemporary country of EV charging technology, demanding situations, and future potentialities. This research delves into the important thing technical issues associated with EV charging, consisting of strength output, voltage, current, and connector requirements. Furthermore, the evaluation addresses crucial challenges hindering the giant adoption of EVs, inclusive of range anxiety, grid integration, and the need for standardization.

Reasons Why Only Kuwaiti Citizens Drive Electric Vehicles despite Being Only a Quarter of the Population

The adoption of fully battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs) in Kuwait is currently at less than one percent of the population, and hence Kuwait has the lowest index rank among countries around the globe. Effectively, only Kuwaiti nationals have the opportunity to own EVs, as there are no fast direct-current charging stations in Kuwait, and Kuwaiti landlords (expats cannot own real estate) do not allow the installation of EV-charging home wall boxes at their rented properties. Given these facts, this paper only focuses on the preferences of Kuwaiti nationals, even though they only constitute 25 percent of the population of Kuwait. To accomplish the present objectives, a quantitative descriptive method (closed-ended questions) was used to collect data from a sample of 227 Kuwaiti nationals who were representative of the owners of half a million internal combustion engine (ICE) cars and that were categorized as early majority consumers. The findings of the present study indicate that over 50 percent of the respondents would prefer to buy an EV in the following three years when certain criteria were satisfied, including government-controlled pricing policies and recharging point availability, high-speed roads, and free EV-dedicated parking spaces. Furthermore, over 40 percent of respondents stated that they would contemplate purchasing an electric vehicle if the price of gasoline or diesel increased by 19 to 50 percent. The findings also indicated that more than 40 percent of respondents believed that EVs are fire- and crash-safe, and roughly 50 percent of the respondents would be willing to pay between 6 and 20% more for an EV because they believe that EVs are ecofriendlier vehicles and are significantly faster than conventional petrol vehicles. Additionally, respondents rewarded those vehicles with an excellent mark because of their ecological, economical, and technological attributes and benefits.

PROFILING OF THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE PISTON

The piston is one of the main resource-intensive and knowledge-intensive parts of the internal combustion engine. Its design significantly affects almost all indicators of the perfection of the power plant with internal combustion engines as a whole. A correctly designed profile is the main parameter that allows the engine to blow safely during the first starts. The development, production and use of pistons in the primary and secondary markets is impossible without appropriate scientific research that will increase the design and technological capabilities of all interested parties. Pistons for gasoline internal combustion engines of passenger cars will continue to dominate the markets, which is connected with the greening of transport as a whole. This emphasizes the importance of research on the improvement of positive-ignition internal combustion engine pistons. Rational profiling of the outer surface is an important task for improving the design of the piston. The diagram of the design creation technology, which was adopted by JSC "AVTRAMAT" (Kharkiv Plant "Porshen") as the standard of the enterprise, according to which pistons were created, which were then supplied to factories of the engine-building industry and for spare parts, is given. The profiles of the side surfaces of the pistons of automobile internal combustion engines, which were designed and implemented in production, were analyzed. The analysis was carried out for pistons with a diameter of 72 to 100 mm and a height of 45 to 73 mm. It is shown that the given profiles of the side surfaces in these pistons are geometrically similar both along and perpendicular to its axis. It is shown that the geometric shape of the profile can be described by polynomials of the 3rd and 4th degree, which allows for easy further use. This can be used when designing the profiles of future structures. Formulas and an algorithm are given, according to which it is possible to calculate the external profile of pistons of automobile reciprocating internal combustion engines according to 2 parameters - diameter and height.

TREATMENT OF HYDROCARBON FUELS WITH A MAGNETIC FIELD IS A WAY TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS OF POWER UNITS OF TRANSPORT DEVICES

An analysis of the operation of automobile internal combustion engines was performed, a technical solution for treating liquid hydrocarbons with magnetic fields was proposed, and a physical result was obtained during the practical operation of automobiles

A Comprehensive Review for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) Drive Circuits Technology, Operations, and Challenges

Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining more and more traction as a viable option in the automotive sector. This mode of transportation is currently on track, according to current trends, to totally replace internal combustion engine (ICE) cars in the not-too-distant future. The economic system, the energy infrastructure, and the environment are just a few of the areas where electric vehicles could have a major impact. The transportation industry produces the second-most carbon dioxide gas from the combustion of fossil fuels, making it the second-highest contributor to global warming. A lot of people are looking to EVs, or electric vehicles, as a possible game-changing answer to this problem. Since an electric motor drives the electric vehicle’s propeller instead of an internal combustion engine, electric vehicles can reduce their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to traditional automobiles. If coupled with renewable energy sources, EVs might theoretically become emission-free automobiles. In this paper, we will examine the various EV drive circuit types, including their construction and the benefits and drawbacks of employing each. This article discusses the current state of battery technology with an emphasis on EV batteries. This article discusses the best electric motor for EVs in terms of efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, dependability, cost, and more. Next, we conduct in-depth research into the difficulties and potential rewards of EV adoption in the future. While improvements in areas like charging times and battery performance are encouraging, government regulation of EVs remains a big non-technical barrier.

Parametric analysis and prediction of energy consumption of electric vehicles using machine learning

Emission regulations for all automobiles have been introduced to reduce global warming caused by vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are being developed to address consumer demand for environmentally friendly automobiles with more power and better fuel efficiency. HEVs are propelled by a combination of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and one or more electric motors that draw power from a secondary battery, which is commonly a lithium-based battery. The fuel economy of such a hybrid drivetrain system can be enhanced above that of traditional ICE automobiles. Although the global world is now focussing on electric vehicles (EVs) over HEVs due to environmental pollution. In this study, a 1-dimensional model was developed for an electric vehicle (EV), and a parametric analysis was made for the eight different cycles using GT-Suite software. The parameters included motor power, state of charge of the battery, vehicle speed, distance travelled, and energy consumption. In light of the parametric analysis obtained using GT-Suite software, this paper also predicts the energy consumption of EV batteries using a neural network-based machine learning (ML) method. After selecting input parameters through a correlation coefficient index (CI) process, the proposed neural network-based prediction model has achieved 89% accuracy in predicting battery energy consumption which will help EV drivers to plan. It will also help automobile engineers to design more efficient and scalable EVs.

EXTERNAL COSTS OF ROAD TRANSPORTIN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITION TO LOW-CARBON ECONOMY: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

To make the transition to a low-carbon economy and sustainable transport system, to solve environmental and climate problems, many countries are replacing traditional cars that run on petroleum fuel with electric cars. Unlike vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE),electric vehicles` emission from operation phase are practically zero, but this is not the case if we consider a full life cycle. In this paper, we briefly describe the electric vehicle market, examine the life-cycle emissions of electric cars and ICE cars, propose a methodological approach to the economic assessment of negative impact of emissions from road transport, carry out a comparative assessment of external costs of cars that run on traditional and alternative fuel. To achieve these goals, we use the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which allows to calculate country-specific and time-adjusted value of a statistical life, and consider the characteristics of Russia`s energy balance and automotive market. The results demonstrate that, in general, under Russian conditions, electric cars are more environmentally friendly and contribute less to climate change than cars with internal combustion engines. The external costs caused by life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of an electric car are lower than similar emissions from a traditional car by about 70 rubles per 100 km. The external costs caused by emissions of pollutants from the electric car operationphase are lower than external costs caused by emissions from an ICE car by approximately20 rubles per 100 km.

Evaluation of Future Battery Electric Vehicles as an Environmentally Friendly Transportation Means: A Review

The climate challenge is an energy challenge. thus, policymakers around the world are trying to accelerate the adoption of clean energy technologies. The Global Energy Review said that global CO2 emissions from energy combustion in 2021 reached the highest annual level with an increase of 6% from 2020, The automotive sector is very important to achieve net zero global emissions by 2050 based on the agreement with the world in the Scenario Net Zero Emissions by 2050. in which in 2035 sales of internal combustion engine cars (ICE) will be stopped. In this case, of course, electric vehicles are an alternative to the field of future land transportation that uses batteries as fuel that utilizes renewable energy as a charger for electric vehicles. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure (EVCI) is a key driver of increased electrification mobility shifting away from internal combustion engines given that the specific geographical distribution of a region and its demographics are factors influencing the adoption of electric vehicles. This paper was written to review the state-of-the-art of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), a PV energy source in terms of renewable energy utilization, energy generation, batteries, and charging stations. PV generation is extensively reviewed, and although this research is quite extensive, some gaps need to be investigated for further research on commercial and residential aspects as a means of operating batteries for electric vehicle charging stations based on PV and BESS (Battery Energy Storage System). Regulations on the use of battery electric vehicles as an environmentally friendly means of transportation will grow based on government policies from each country

Electric vehicle impact on the environment in terms of the electric energy source — Case study

The growth of the electric vehicles (EVs) use forces a need of verification their emissivity due to the electric power source. The thesis of non-emissivity EV is contested. Based on the average conditions of the Polish generation system and distribution network, real energy demand to charge EVs was calculated. Then the emissions were set and compared to the classic cars with internal combustion engine (ICE) according to Euro standards to check what real emissions are for EV and classic cars. For the averaged cases of the low voltage distribution system it turned out, that charging the electric vehicles from the mains results in higher exhaust gases production than the ICE cars. The energy losses are especially high for rural areas, where distances from the energy source to load are significant. This causes higher emissions than in cases of ICE. However the application of the renewable energy sources (RES) may be a best way to achieve zero-emissivity transportation, both in local scale (home RES supplying EV) and in whole system scale by lowering the average emissions substituting fossil fuels sources.