Ligation Of Internal Carotid Artery Research Articles

Citrate-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with agomelatine provide neuronal therapy in acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion of rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammasome.

Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion are related to various situations like injuries after various traumas, oxidative stress, increased calcium ion, capillary hypoperfusion, microvascular hyperpermeability, leukocyte infiltration, and blood-brain barrier disruption. An antidepressant Agomelatine which is a melatonin receptor (MT1/MT2) agonist and serotonin receptor (5-HT2C) antagonist has been reported by studies to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In our study, we aimed to detect the effects of citrate-coated silver nanoparticle-loaded agomelatine application on neurodegeneration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagic and apoptotic cell death, inflammation, and P2X7R expression in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model to facilitate the passage of blood-brain barrier. Forty two Sprague-Dawley rats in total were divided into six equal groups (n:7) and applications were performed. Acute cerebral injury in the ischemia-reperfusion model was created 2 h after internal carotid artery ligation in rats and then at the 2nd hour of reperfusion citrate-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with Agomelatine were applied. Twenty four hours later, neurologic analysis on animals in experimental groups was performed, animals were decapitated and GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α parameters were examined after taking blood and the cerebral tissue samples. As a result, it was determined that ischemia-reperfusion caused endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cerebral tissues and thus caused cellular injury.

Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass Combined with Internal Carotid Ligation in Treating Complex Internal Carotid Aneurysms. The Willis Polygon Score is an Effective Solution for Developing Countries

Internal carotid complex aneurysms (ICCAs) management is challenging. Ligating the internal carotid artery (ICA) combined with STA-MCA anastomosis is an effective treatment option. Balloon test occlusion (BTO) assessments for preoperative decision-making are unaffordable in developing countries. This article discusses the study of Willis polygon segments as an option and suggests a score for decision-making. Herein, we report the outcomes of a series of patients treated for ICCA aneurysms at a single institution. From September 2016 to December 2020, we conducted a retrospective cohort study that analyzed data from patients with ICCAs. Among them, nine patients received treatment involving ICA ligation combined with STA-MCA anastomosis. Partial or total carotid ligation was determined by using the Willis polygon score (WPS). All Patients underwent STA-MCA anastomosis, in addition to total ICA ligation in seven patients and partial ICA ligation in two patients with a WPS of 7 and 5, respectively. Patients with partially ligated carotid arteries were referred to an overseas neurointerventional center 12 months after surgery. As the BTO test was negative, they underwent ICA occlusion by coiling. Postoperative clinical outcomes did not change in 8/9 patients. In one patient, we reported a minor parietal stroke; the patient recovered completely after 6 months. Total aneurysm exclusion by thrombosis was achieved in 7/9 patients after total ICA ligation alone and in 2/9 patients after partial ICA ligation combined with coiling. Limited access to endovascular assessment techniques such as BTO poses challenges in managing ICCAs. The Willis polygon score for decision-making appears to be a simple and safe option. In addition to STA-MCA bypass surgery, total or partial ICA ligation may be proposed depending on the Willis polygon score. After 12 months, patients with low WPS who underwent partial ICA ligation combined with bypass had postoperative normal BTO.

Proximal Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion and Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass for Treatment of Fusiform and Giant Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms

To discuss the treatment of intracranial fusiform and giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms via revascularization based on our institutional experience. An institutional review board-approved retrospective analysis was performed of patients with unruptured fusiform and giant intracranial ICA aneurysms treated from November 1991 to May 2020. All patients were evaluated for extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass and ICA occlusion. Thirty-eight patients were identified. Initially, patients failing preoperative balloon test occlusion were treated with superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass and concurrent proximal ICA ligation. We then treated them with STA-MCA bypass, followed by staged balloon test occlusion, and, if they passed, endovascular ICA coil occlusion. We treat all surgical medically uncomplicated patients with double-barrel STA-MCA bypass and concurrent proximal ICA ligation. The mean length of follow-up was 99 months. Symptom stability or improvement was noted in 85% of patients. Bypass graft patency was 92.1%, and all surviving patients had patent bypasses at their last angiogram. Aneurysm occlusion was complete in 90.9% of patients completing proximal ICA ligation. Three patients experienced ischemic complications and 4 patients experienced hemorrhagic complications. Not all fusiform intracranial ICA aneurysms require intervention, except when life-threatening rupture risk is high or symptomatic management is necessary to preserve function and quality of life. EC-IC bypass can augment the safety of proximal ICA occlusion. The rate of complete aneurysm occlusion with this treatment is 90.9%, and long-term bypass graft-related complications are rare. Perioperative stroke is a major risk, and continued evolution of treatment is required.

Distal Endovascular Occlusion for Incomplete Occlusion of Cavernous Carotid Aneurysms after High-flow Bypass and Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Ligation.

Internal carotid artery (ICA) ligation for placing a high-flow extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass is used in patients with aneurysms on the cavernous portion of the ICA. Recanalization and rupture after proximal ICA ligation can occur. We present four patients who underwent endovascular distal ICA occlusion and report our surgical technique and treatment results. We ligated the ICA to place an EC-IC bypass using a radial artery (RA) graft. Failure to obtain spontaneous occlusion in the distal region required endovascular treatment an average of 219 days later. A guide catheter was placed in the common carotid artery, a guide or distal access catheter was introduced in the RA graft from the external carotid artery, and a microcatheter was navigated into the cavernous aneurysm through the RA graft. Using detachable coils, endovascular ICA occlusion was from just distal to the aneurysmal neck to a site proximal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery. Aneurysmal occlusion was completed by endovascular occlusion of the distal ICA. Complications were RA graft stenosis and transient consciousness disturbance due to local subarachnoid hemorrhage. Outpatient follow-up for a mean of 109.5 months revealed no recurrences. Distal occlusion of the ICA through the implanted RA graft is simple and presents a low risk for cerebral infarction due to thrombus formation during the procedure. To treat cavernous carotid aneurysms that do not disappear after placing the EC-IC bypass after ICA ligation at the aneurysmal neck, we offer our procedure as a treatment option.

Safety and efficacy of transgraft internal trapping after proximal internal carotid artery ligation with high-flow bypass.

Proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) ligation with high-flow bypass is an important vascular reconstructive technique for giant ICA aneurysms or skull base tumors involving the ICA to control intraoperative bleeding. Retrograde or collateral blood flow occasionally remains postoperatively and requires complete internal trapping. Although transgraft internal trapping is one of the options, there are few reports on transgraft treatment. The purpose of this study was to report our experience of transgraft internal trapping and evaluate the safety and efficacy of this procedure. We retrospectively selected patients who underwent transgraft internal trapping after proximal ICA ligation with high-flow bypass between January 2012 and June 2020. We encountered five cases of this procedure (one aneurysm case and four tumor cases). The median duration between the bypass and transgraft internal trapping was 12 days. In four out of five cases, a guiding catheter could be placed in the graft. No disruption of the anastomosis was observed. Transgraft internal trapping was achieved in all five cases with detachable coils. All treatments could be completed safely without any adverse events, including ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. Transgraft internal trapping after proximal ICA ligation with high-flow bypass may be an option for preventing residual retrograde blood flow.

Combination of indirect revascularization and endothelial progenitor cell transplantation improved cerebral perfusion and ameliorated tauopathy in a rat model of bilateral ICA ligation

ObjectiveEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to the recovery of neurological function after ischemic stroke. Indirect revascularization has exhibited promising effects in the treatment of cerebral ischemia related to moyamoya disease and intracranial atherosclerotic disease. The role of EPCs in augmenting the revascularization effect is not clear. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of indirect revascularization combined with EPC transplantation in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia.MethodsChronic cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral internal carotid artery ligation (BICAL) in rats, and indirect revascularization by encephalo-myo-synangiosis (EMS) was performed 1 week later. During the EMS procedure, intramuscular injection of EPCs and the addition of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), and AMD3100, an SDF-1 inhibitor, were undertaken, respectively, to investigate their effects on indirect revascularization. Two weeks later, the cortical microcirculation, neuronal damage, and functional outcome were evaluated according to the microvasculature density and partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2), regional blood flow, expression of phosphorylated Tau (pTau), TUNEL staining and the rotarod performance test, respectively.ResultsThe cortical microcirculation, according to PbtO2 and regional blood flow, was impaired 3 weeks after BICAL. These impairments were improved by the EMS procedure. The regional blood flow was further increased by the addition of SDF-1 and decreased by the addition of AMD3100. Intramuscular injection of EPCs further increased the regional blood flow as compared with the EMS group. The rotarod test results showed that the functional outcome was best in the EMS combined with EPC injection group. Western blot analysis showed that the EMS combined with EPC treatment group had significantly decreased expressions of phosphorylated Tau and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (Y216 of GSK-3β). pTau and TUNEL-positive cells were markedly increased at 3 weeks after BICAL induction. Furthermore, the groups treated with EMS combined with SDF-1 or EPCs exhibited marked decreases in the pTau expression and TUNEL-positive cells, whereas AMD3100 treatment increased TUNEL-positive cells.ConclusionThe results of this study suggested that indirect revascularization ameliorated the cerebral ischemic changes. EPCs played a key role in augmenting the effect of indirect revascularization in the treatment of chronic cerebral ischemia.

Post-operative Corona Radiata Infarct in a High-flow EC-IC Bypass: Report of Unusual Complication

AbstractLong insular artery (LIA) infarct can occur after insular glioma surgery. LIA infarct after extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass is very rare, and so far, it is not reported in EC-IC bypass. Here, we report a case of high-flow EC-IC bypass, where postoperatively, the patient developed isolated LIA infarct. A 65-year-old female presented with recurrent severe headache along with altered sensorium. Computed tomography (CT) scan and CT angiography (CTA) of the brain showed ruptured large left internal carotid artery (ICA) fusiform aneurysm. She underwent left-sided, high-flow EC-IC bypass involving upper trunk of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ICA ligation at neck at its origin. Postoperatively, the patient developed right sided hemiplegia. Postoperative MRI of the brain showed left-sided external capsular infarct, extending up to the corona radiata resulted from LIA infarct. By the end of 6 months after operation, she could walk with support but her left upper limb remained more severely affected and magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) showed almost disappearance of aneurysm with functioning bypass.

Internal Carotid Artery Constriction with or without Superficial Temporal Artery–Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass for Patients with Giant Internal Carotid Aneurysms

The optimal management of giant internal carotid aneurysms (GICAs) is disputed owing to their low incidence. The aim of this study was to describe the use of internal carotid artery (ICA) constriction as therapeutic management of GICAs. This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from medical histories and follow-up of 14 patients with GICAs. Before surgery, the patients underwent balloon test occlusion and magnetic resonance perfusion evaluation. ICA constriction was considered only for patients with negative balloon test occlusion. A transverse incision of about 50% of the initial part of the ICA was done, and the free margins on both sides were sutured, causing 70%-90% stenosis. ICA constriction alone was selected (11 cases) if both anterior communicating artery and posterior communicating artery compensatory blood flow existed and magnetic resonance perfusion was ≤II1 on the affected side. If there was only 1 compensatory vessel from the anterior communicating artery and posterior communicating artery, and/or magnetic resonance perfusion was >II1, ICA constriction was combined with low-flow bypass (3 cases). The mean follow-up time of the 14 patients was 43.5 months (interquartile range: 38.8-51.3 months). Of these 14 patients, 5 achieved O'Kelly-Marotta grades C and D. Clinical improvement occurred in 12 of 14 patients. No patients experienced new-onset stroke. ICA constriction exhibits a perforator protective effect. This procedure could be a promising alternative to ICA ligation in patients with GICAs and negative balloon test occlusion.

External Carotid Artery-Related Adverse Events at Extra-Intra Cranial High Flow Bypass Surgery Using a Radial Artery Graft

Placing an extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) high-flow bypass using a radial artery (RA) graft plus internal carotid artery (ICA) trapping or ligation is an option for treating patients expected to be at high risk for complications by direct surgical treatment of the ICA. We focused on the anastomosis between the external carotid artery (ECA) and the RA graft in the cervical region and present adverse events and salvage procedures. EC-IC high-flow bypass procedures using an RA graft were performed to treat 87 consecutive patients. The ECA diameter at the midpoint of the planned ECA-RA anastomosis and the non-branched length of the ECA were measured on preoperative angiograms. To study adverse events related to ECA-RA anastomoses, we reviewed the patients' surgical records and intraoperative videos. In 11 patients (12.6%) we encountered adverse events during anastomosis between the ECA and RA. The rate of ECA dissection was significantly higher in male patients (4 of 17; 23.5%) than female patients (3 of 70; 4.3%) (P= 0.012). Logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex, individuals with diabetes mellitus, and patients whose non-branching length of the ECA was short (16.1 ± 6.7 mm) were at high risk of ECA problems. We set the cutoff point at 17.5 mm (the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.72). Our findings indicate that patients, especially male patients, treated by EC-IC high-flow bypass using an RA graft are at increased risk for adverse events when the ECA length at the site of the planned anastomosis is shorter than 17.5 mm.

Morphometric analysis of normal and variant anatomy of posterior cerebral artery and the incidence of fetal posterior cerebral artery in Uttar Pradesh region: A computed tomography angiographic study

Introduction: The aim is to study morphometric analysis of normal and variant anatomy of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and incidence of fetal PCA (FPCA) in Uttar Pradesh region. The PCA and its cortical branches supply blood to the occipital lobe, inferomedial temporal lobe, and portions of posterior inferior parietal lobe. Fetal-type PCA is a common anatomic variation of PCA that is closely associated with intracranial aneurysm. The present study provides the description of PCA regarding its normal morphology, morphometry, and variations in Uttar Pradesh region. Material and Methods: The study evaluated 100 computed tomography angiograms. Results: Among arteries that displayed normal anatomy, mean diameter of PCA was observed to be 4.29 ± 0.74 mm on the right side and 2.47 ± 0.74 mm on the left side. Mean diameter in males and in females was found to be 2.48 ± 0.73 mm and 2.47 ± 0.74 mm, respectively. In 56.5% of cases, the diameters of P1 segment of PCAs ranged from 2.1 to 3 mm whereas >3 mm diameter was observed in 18.5% cases. Nineteen percent cases showed 1.1–2 mm. In 6% cases, hypoplasia (≤1 mm) of PCA was observed. FPCA was observed in 26% cases. Unilateral observed in 17% cases and bilateral in 9% cases and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.000). Discussion and Conclusion: Anomalies of PCA may assume considerable significance in surgeries of head and neck, which require ligation of internal carotid and common carotid artery. Awareness of these anatomical variations described shall prove to be useful for any cerebrovascular procedures.

Extracranial vertebral artery to middle cerebral artery bypass in therapeutic internal carotid artery occlusion for epipharyngeal carcinoma: A technical case report.

Background: Vertebral artery (VA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass is a rarely selected technique because a complex expanded dissection is required, and often, a better donor artery than VA exists. A good indication for VA-MCA bypass is the treatment of head-and-neck malignancies with the sacrifice of the internal carotid artery (ICA) or for carotid artery rupture.Methods: A 23-year-old man with epipharyngeal carcinoma, treated by ligating the carotid artery with a VAMCA bypass before chemoradiotherapy, was reported. Radiographic findings showed that the bone of the carotid canal was dissolved, and the right ICA was engulfed by the tumor. As epipharyngeal carcinoma is hypersensitive to radiation, in cases where the tumor rapidly disappears, ICA may dangle in the pharynx and rupture may occur. In addition, to irradiate sufficiently, the ICA may become an obstacle. Hence, we decided to perform carotid ligation with a VA-MCA bypass before radiation and chemotherapy for the primary lesion. We selected the V3 portion of the VA as the donor on the ipsilateral side, as it can supply high-flow cerebral blood flow, which is not influenced by carcinoma and less influenced by irradiation for the epipharynx.Results: The VA-MCA bypass was completed without complications followed by endovascular occlusion of the ICA. Induction chemotherapy was initiated for the patient 2 weeks after surgery. The patient achieved a complete response following chemoradiotherapy.Conclusion: ICA ligation with VA-MCA high-flow bypass earlier than chemoradiotherapy is useful for epipharyngeal carcinoma as it prevents carotid artery rupture and allows radical intervention.

Bypass Surgery to Treat Giant Cavernous Carotid Artery Aneurysms.

With the development of bypass technique, more and more complex aneurysms can be treated with bypass surgery. The goal of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bypass in patients with giant cavernous carotid aneurysms (GCCAs). To further discuss the treatment of asymptomatic GCCAs. The authors retrospectively reviewed our experience of the internal carotid artery (ICA) ligation/constriction combined with high/low-flow bypass surgery in the treatment of GCCAs. Among the entire cohort, 4 patients underwent ICA ligation combined with high-flow bypass, 7 patients underwent ICA ligation/constriction combined with low-flow bypass. The postoperative symptom improvement: of 9 patients with preoperative ophthalmoplegia, the symptom resolved in 2 patients, improved in 7 patients, of 7 patients with preoperative pain, the symptom resolved in 2 patients, improved in 4 patients and was unchanged in 1 patient. The results of following-up were measured using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). During the follow-up, there were 9 patients with mRS score 0 to 1, 1 patient with mRS score 2, and 1 patient with mRS score 3. The long-term graft patency rate was 100%. All patients had no recurrence of intracranial aneurysm. Bypass surgery is a safe and effective method to treat GCCAs. Because of the risk of GCCAs and the improvement of bypass surgery technology, active surgical strategies should be adopted for asymptomatic or mild symptomatic GCCAs.

Cerebral hypoperfusion necessitating additional bypass following hunterian ligation of the internal carotid artery despite reassuring intraoperative challenges: Video case report

Background: Hunterian ligation has been adapted for complex intracranial aneurysm repair when other, more modern techniques are insufficient. Before drastic alteration of cerebral blood flow dynamics, intraoperative challenges and consideration of blood flow dynamics must be completed to ensure adequate perfusion postligation. On satisfaction, ligation may proceed; however, subtle changes related to hypoperfusion may not be immediately observed during intraoperative challenge under general anesthesia and/or before onset of the vasospasm window.Case Description: In this report, we describe a patient who presented with a Hunt-Hess Grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with a right internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and a ruptured giant left ICA aneurysm. Endovascular treatment of the aneurysm was aborted because the nominal, 9 mm diameter of the ICA was too large for any intracranial balloon or stent. Three days later, she underwent a left-sided “insurance” extracranial-tointracranial arterial bypass (EIAB) using the superficial temporal artery simultaneously with hunterian ligation of the left ICA following reassuring results on intraoperative occlusion challenge. Over several days, her neurologic condition declined concurrent with the vasospasm window, and a right-sided EIAB was required to augment vascular supply. Following a protracted hospital course, the patient became progressively more independent and is currently residing in an assisted living facility.Conclusion: We illustrate an ultimately successful microsurgical treatment option in the setting of acute SAH that highlights the importance of cerebrovascular reserve and blood flow replacement in the setting of a compromised circle of Willis, especially during the vasospasm window.

VEGF-PLGA controlled-release microspheres enhanced angiogenesis in encephalomyosynangiosis-based chronic cerebral hypoperfusion

Treatments enhancing angiogenesis for chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) are still in the research stage. Although encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) is a common indirect anastomosis for the treatment of CCH, the effectiveness to promote angiogenesis is not satisfactory. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) is a cytokine found to specifically act directly on vascular endothelial cells, promote neovascularization, and enhance capillary permeability. However, the short half life and unstable property of VEGF underlies the need to explore available delivery system. In this study, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was used to prepare VEGF controlled-release microspheres. In vitro and in vivo analysis of release kinetics showed that the microspheres could release VEGF continuously within 30 days. Then, modified chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model was established by ligation of bilateral internal carotid artery and one vertebral artery. At 14 days after ischemia, the EMS and the VEGF microspheres injection were performed. At 30 days after the injection, the result of Morris water maze displayed that combinating VEGF microspheres and EMS significantly ameliorated cognitive deficit after ischemia. We observed that combinating VEGF microspheres and EMS could further significantly increase cerebral blood flow. We speculated that this enhancement of cerebral blood flow was attributed to more angiogenesis induced by combination of VEGF microspheres and EMS, which verified by more collateral circulation with cerebral angiography and higher expression of CD31 or α-SMA. Our study demonstrated that combinating VEGF-PLGA controlled-release microspheres could significantly promote angiogenesis in EMS-based CCH rats model, providing new ideas for clinical treatment of CCH.

Analysis of the effect of one-stage revascularization with internal carotid artery resection on cervical metastatic carcinoma in advanced head and neck carcinomas

Objective:To analyze the therapeutic effect of internal carotid artery resection and one-stage revascularization in advanced cervical metastatic carcinoma. Method:Twenty-one patients with advanced head and neck malignant tumors who underwent internal carotid artery resection and one-stage revascularization were analyzed retrospectively. Among those, 11 patients suffered from hypo-pharyngeal carcinomas, 5 laryngeal carcinomas, 2 external auditory carcinomas, 1 middle ear carcinoma, and 2 parotid gland carcinomas. All patients received CT, MRI, DSA and other examinations before operation. It was found that all the internal carotid artery walls had been invaded by tumors, and there were different degrees of lumen stenosis. Autogenous saphenous vein grafts were used in 18 cases; artificial vessels were used in 3 cases. After revascularization, pedicled or free flaps were used to protect the anastomotic areas. All patients were treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy according to different situations. Result:Among the 21 cases, 16 cases underwent reconstruction of cervical segment internal carotid and 5 cases were the skull base segment internal carotid. Twenty patients were successfully reconstructed in the first stage, and no vascular reconstruction-related nervous system complications occurred after operations. Postoperative imaging showed that the reconstructed blood vessels were well recanalized, with a success rate of 95.2%（20/21）. Only 1 case received ligation of internal carotid artery after the failure of vascular reconstruction. Among all the cases, the 1-year survival rate and 3-year survival rate were 90.5% and 40.4%, respectively. Conclusion:In patients with advanced head and neck malignant tumors with cervical metastatic cancer invading the internal carotid artery, one-stage revascularization after radical resection of the tumor and the internal carotid can achieve good therapeutic effect. Careful preoperative evaluation, proficient vascular anastomosis technology, adequate risk assessment and prevention are the key to the success of the operations.

The diagnosis and treatment of vagal paraganglioma in the parapharyngeal space

Objective: To study the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of vagal paraganglioma in parapharyngeal space. Methods: Nine cases with vagal paraganglioma in parapharyngeal space were retrospectively analyzed who were diagnosed and treated between January 2006 and December 2018 in Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital and the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital. There were 6 males and 3 females, aged from 24 to 50 years old. The main symptoms in the 9 patients were hoarseness and neck mass, and the secondary symptoms were irritating cough, cough on drinking and dysphagia. The main sign was a well-circumscribed round mass, tough in texture, with or without ipsilateral lateral oropharyngeal wall uplift and vocal cord paralysis. The tumors were located between the bifurcation of the carotid artery and the jugular foramen in 7 cases and intruded into jugular fossa in 2 cases. All the 9 patients underwent head and neck enhancement CT and MRI and 7 cases received digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination and balloon occlusion test. The imaging features were tumors with rich blood supply in the parapharyngeal space of the upper neck, and the tumors were heterogeneous enhanced with contrast CT scan and enhanced MRI, which were closely related to the internal carotid artery, external carotid artery and jugular vein. Results: Among these 9 patients, 8 underwent surgical resection of tumors, including complete tumor resection in 7 cases and partial tumor resection in 2 case. One patient underwent partial tumor resection after being transferred to vascular surgery. There was no recurrence in 7 patients with complete tumor resection and slow growth was shown in 2 patients with partial tumor resection. Posterior cranial nerve injury occurred in 2 patients and stroke in 1 patient due to intraoperative ligation of internal carotid artery. Conclusions: Vagal paraganglioma in the parapharyngeal space is rich in blood supply and closely related to the internal and external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and posterior cranial nerves. Surgical resection is the first choice for treatments. Choosing a reasonable operative approach for fully exposing the operative field and completely removing the tumor while protecting the internal carotid artery are the keys to successful surgery.

Management and outcomes of wartime cervical carotid artery injury.

Cervical carotid artery injuries entail high morbidity and mortality and are technically challenging to repair. This retrospective study describes the management and outcomes of cervical carotid injuries sustained during the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Department of Defense Trauma Registry was queried to identify US military personnel who sustained battle-related cervical carotid injury between January 2002 and December 2015. Retrospective chart reviews of the military Electronic Health Record were performed on patients identified. Demographics, injury characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed to identify associations between injury and management factors, as well as stroke and mortality. In total, 67 patients (100% male; age, 25 ± 7 years) were identified with cervical carotid artery injuries. Fifty-six patients (84%) sustained a common carotid artery (CCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA) injury, and 11 patients (16%) had an isolated external carotid artery (ECA) injury. The anatomic distribution of injury was as follows: CCA, 26 (38.8%); ICA, 24 (35.8%); CCA and ICA 2 (3%); ICA and ECA 3 (4.5%); and CCA, ICA, and ECA 1 (1.5%). Of the 56 CCA or ICA injuries, 39 underwent vascular repair, 9 (16%) were managed with ligation, 1 was treated with a temporary vascular shunt but succumbed to injuries before vascular repair, and 7 (13%) were treated nonoperatively. Seven (23%) of 30 ICA injuries were ligated compared with 2 (7.7%) of 26 injuries isolated to the CCA (p = 0.02). Compared with repair, ligation of the CCA/ICA was associated with a higher rate of stroke (89% vs. 33%, p = 0.003) and increased mortality without statistical significance (22% vs. 10%, p = 0.3). Every patient who underwent ICA ligation had a stroke (7/7). There was no difference in Injury Severity Score between the ligation and repair groups (23.8 ± 10.6 vs. 24.7 ± 13.4, p = 0.9). At a mean follow-up of 34.5 months, 10 of 17 stroke survivors had permanent neurologic deficits. In modern combat, penetrating injuries involving the cervical carotid arteries are relatively infrequent. In this experience, isolated ICA injuries were three times more likely to be ligated than those involving the CCA. As a surgical maneuver, ICA ligation resulted in stroke in all cases. Retrospective cohort analysis, level III.

Extracranial-Intracranial High-Flow Bypass with Internal Carotid Artery Ligation at Neck for Giant Cavernous Internal Carotid Artery Dissecting Aneurysm in a Teen Girl with Postoperative Unusual Complication of Mono-ocular Blindness: A Case Report

AbstractExtracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) high-flow bypass with internal carotid artery (ICA) ligation at the neck is an important treatment option for giant cavernous ICA dissecting aneurysm. Such treatment may be associated with many complications. We report a case that developed postoperative mono-ocular blindness. So far to our knowledge such complication has not been reported in the literature. A 14-year-old girl presented with recent headache, eye ache, occasional double vision, and occasional right-sided visual impairment. Neurologic examination revealed no abnormality. Computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head showed a large, right parasellar, and mostly hyperdense space-occupying lesion. CT angiogram of the brain showed giant dissecting aneurysm of right-sided cavernous segment ICA. A right-sided external carotid artery–radial artery graft–middle cerebral artery (ECA-RAG-MCA [M2]) high-flow bypass was done with ligation of the right ICA in the neck. Postoperatively, the patient developed complete, mono-ocular, and permanent blindness on right side. Mono-ocular blindness is a serious complication from ophthalmic/central retinal artery thrombosis in high-flow EC-IC bypass with ICA ligation. Strategy is required to find and to set for its prevention.

Predictors of the Resolution of Cavernous Sinus Syndrome Caused by Large/Giant Cavernous Carotid Aneurysms After Parent Artery Occlusion with High-Flow Bypass

To evaluate the clinical results and factors related to the resolution of preoperative cranial neuropathy after internal carotid artery ligation with high-flow bypass in patients with symptomatic large or giant cavernous carotid aneurysms. This study included 18 consecutive patients (15 women) with cranial neuropathy. All patients underwent therapeutic internal carotid artery ligation with high-flow bypass using a radial artery graft. Patient demographics, duration of symptoms, clinical outcomes, complications, and radiographic findings were retrospectively analyzed. The mean follow-up period was 31.0 months (range: 3-74 months). Patients' mean age was 66.6 years, and the mean aneurysm size was 23.7 mm. Six patients (33%) had partially thrombosed aneurysms. Preoperatively, 16 (89%) and 8 (44%) patients presented with ophthalmoplegia and facial pain, respectively. Bypass patency was confirmed in 15 patients (83%), and obliteration of the aneurysm was confirmed in all patients at the final follow-up. Preoperative ophthalmoplegia resolved in 10 patients (63%), and trigeminal pain resolved in all patients. Postoperative resolution of patients' ophthalmoplegia was significantly associated with age (P= 0.044), symptom duration before treatment (P= 0.042), and the degree of ophthalmoplegia (P= 0.046). The degree of postoperative residual ophthalmoplegia was positively correlated with the duration of ophthalmoplegia from onset to surgery (r= 0.619; P=0.011). Preoperative trigeminal pain resolved regardless of the preoperative duration of this symptom in all patients. Early treatment is recommended when treating large or giant cavernous carotid aneurysms with cranial neuropathy. Complete resolution is possible in younger patients with partial neuropathy.

Multiple ruptured cerebral aneurysms at the National Hospital of the Kyrgyz Republic between 2008 and 2014: a departmental summary.

ABSTRACTDespite the rapid progress of vascular neurosurgery with the development of microsurgical and endovascular techniques, the optimal strategy for surgical treatment of multiple cerebral aneurysms has not yet been developed. The indications for choosing one-stage or multi-stage surgery remain unsolved. This is a summary of the departmental routine reports at the Clinic of Neurosurgery, National Hospital of the Kyrgyz Republic. Subjects were 235 patients (124 males and 111 females) with ruptured multiple cerebral aneurysms admitted to the hospital. Their ages ranged from 18 to 72 years (average and standard deviation: 44.3 ± 9.7 years) and 48.1% of patients had 3 or more aneurysms. Among aneurysms that ruptured, 20.4% were a giant aneurysm (>25 mm) and 43.0% of patients had grade IV or V according to the Hunt-Hess Scale. Among 228 patients who were operated on, 147 were treated by single-stage surgery and 81 by multi-stage surgery. Microsurgical operations with clipping of the aneurysm neck were performed in 141 (61.8%) patients (97 single-stage and 44 multi-stage), while 40 (17.5%) patients (16 single-stage and 24 multi-stage) were operated using the endovascular technique. The number of palliative surgeries (trapping, ligation of the internal carotid artery, and reinforcement of the aneurysm wall) was significantly less (p=0.011) with multi-stage surgery (9 out of 81 cases, 11.1%) than with single-stage surgery (38 out of 147 cases, 25.9%). Among 600 aneurysms, 583 (97.2%) were treated by either single-stage surgery (n=296) or multi-stage surgery (n=287). There were no differences in prognosis at discharge between single-stage and multi-stage surgery.