IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein Research Articles

Caspase-1 in Cx3cr1-expressing cells drives an IL-18-dependent T cell response that promotes parasite control during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection.

Inflammasome activation is a robust innate immune mechanism that promotes inflammatory responses through the release of alarmins and leaderless cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18. Various stimuli, including infectious agents and cellular stress, cause inflammasomes to assemble and activate caspase-1. Then, caspase-1 cleaves targets that lead to pore formation and leaderless cytokine activation and release. Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to promote inflammasome formation, but the cell types utilizing caspase-1 and the downstream effects on immunological outcomes during acute in vivo infection have not been explored. Here, using knockout mice, we examine the role of caspase-1 responses during acute T. gondii infection globally and in Cx3cr1-positive populations. We provide in vivo evidence that caspase-1 expression is critical for, IL-18 release, optimal interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, monocyte and neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection, and parasite control. Specifically, we find that caspase-1 expression in Cx3cr1-positive cells drives IL-18 release, which potentiates CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production and parasite control. Notably, our Cx3cr1-Casp1 knockouts exhibited a selective T cell defect, mirroring the phenotype observed in Il18 knockouts. In further support of this finding, treatment of Cx3cr1-Casp1 knockout mice with recombinant IL-18 restored CD4+ T cell IFN-γ responses and parasite control. Additionally, we show that neutrophil recruitment is dependent on IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP) signaling but is dispensable for parasite control. Overall, these experiments highlight the multifaceted role of caspase-1 in multiple cell populations contributing to specific pathways that collectively contribute to caspase-1 dependent immunity to T. gondii.

Efficacy and safety of the anti-IL1RAP antibody nadunolimab (CAN04) in combination with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in patients with advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Interleukin (IL)-1 pathway upregulation is implicated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression, therapy resistance, and survival. Nadunolimab is an IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP)-targeting antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity that blocks IL-1α/IL-1β signaling. We investigated efficacy and safety of nadunolimab in PDAC, in combination with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GN). Patients with previously untreated locally advanced/metastatic PDAC received nadunolimab (1.0-7.5 mg/kg) every two weeks with standard GN. The primary objective was safety; secondary objectives were anti-tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Correlations between serum and tumor biomarkers and clinical response were explored. 76 patients were enrolled, median age 63 years (range 43-89), 42% female, 97% with metastatic disease, 9% having received adjuvant chemotherapy. The most frequent Grade ≥3 adverse event was neutropenia (66%), typically during Cycle 1. Infusion-related reactions occurred in 29% (Grade 3, 3%). Only 1 of 76 patients had grade 3 or above peripheral neuropathy. No marked dose-dependent differences in safety or efficacy were observed between the four dose groups. Median OS overall was 13.2 months (95%CI 10.6-15.5) and 1-year survival was 58%. Median iPFS (iRECIST) was 7.2 months (95%CI 5.2-8.5). Treatment efficacy was higher in patients with high versus low tumor baseline IL1RAP expression (OS 14.2 vs 10.6 months, p=0.026). A reduction in serum IL-8 on treatment correlated with prolonged OS. Nadunolimab combined with GN shows promising efficacy and manageable safety in locally advanced/metastatic PDAC. Higher tumor baseline IL1RAP expression correlated with better outcome.

Combined inhibition of IL-1, IL-33 and IL-36 signalling by targeting IL1RAP ameliorates skin and lung fibrosis in preclinical models of systemic sclerosis

BackgroundThe interleukin (IL)-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) is an essential coreceptor required for signalling through the IL-1, IL-33 and IL-36 receptors. Here, we investigate the antifibrotic potential of the combined...

Circ_0003314 Combines with the miR-26b-5p/IL1RAP Axis to Inhibit HTR-8/SVneo Cell Proliferation, Migration, Invasion and Tube Formation and Promote Apoptosis.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-related syndrome that can lead to a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as impaired implantation. The pathogenesis of PE involves circular RNA (circRNA). The study aims to determine the role of a novel circRNA, circ_0003314, in trophoblast cell phenotypes. Circ_0003314, microRNA-26b-5p (miR-26b-5p) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) expression were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation was investigated by MTT assay and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay. Cell migration and invasion were investigated by transwell assay. Cell apoptotic rate and angiogenesis were investigated by flow cytometry analysis and tube formation assay, respectively. Protein expression was detected by western blotting. The binding relationship between miR-26b-5p and circ_0003314 or IL1RAP was identified using dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay. Circ_0003314 and IL1RAP expression were significantly increased, while miR-26b-5p was decreased in placental tissues of PE patients. Circ_0003314 overexpression inhibited trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis and induced cell apoptosis. Additionally, circ_0003314 acted as a sponge for miR-26b-5p, and miR-26b-5p bound to IL1RAP. Introduction of miR-26b-5p or silencing of IL1RAP attenuated the effects of circ_0003314 overexpression on trophoblast cell phenotypes. Further, circ_0003314 induced IL1RAP expression through miR-26b-5p in trophoblast cells. Circ_0003314 regulated trophoblast cell phenotypes by increasing IL1RAP expression through binding to miR-26b-5p.

IL1RAP-specific T cell engager depletes acute myeloid leukemia stem cells

BackgroundThe interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) is highly expressed on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) bulk blasts and leukemic stem cells (LSCs), but not on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), providing an opportunity to target and eliminate the disease, while sparing normal hematopoiesis. Herein, we report the activity of BIF002, a novel anti-IL1RAP/CD3 T cell engager (TCE) in AML.MethodsAntibodies to IL1RAP were isolated from CD138+ B cells collected from the immunized mice by optoelectric positioning and single cell sequencing. Individual mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced and characterized, from which we generated BIF002, an anti-human IL1RAP/CD3 TCE using Fab arm exchange. Mutations in human IgG1 Fc were introduced to reduce FcγR binding. The antileukemic activity of BIF002 was characterized in vitro and in vivo using multiple cell lines and patient derived AML samples.ResultsIL1RAP was found to be highly expressed on most human AML cell lines and primary blasts, including CD34+ LSC-enriched subpopulation from patients with both de novo and relapsed/refractory (R/R) leukemia, but not on normal HSCs. In co-culture of T cells from healthy donors and IL1RAPhigh AML cell lines and primary blasts, BIF002 induced dose- and effector-to-target (E:T) ratio-dependent T cell activation and leukemic cell lysis at subnanomolar concentrations. BIF002 administered intravenously along with human T cells led to depletion of leukemic cells, and significantly prolonged survival of IL1RAPhigh MOLM13 or AML patient-derived xenografts with no off-target side effects, compared to controls. Of note, BiF002 effectively redirects T cells to eliminate LSCs, as evidenced by the absence of disease initiation in secondary recipients of bone marrow (BM) from BIF002+T cells-treated donors (median survival not reached; all survived > 200 days) compared with recipients of BM from vehicle- (median survival: 26 days; p = 0.0004) or isotype control antibody+T cells-treated donors (26 days; p = 0.0002).ConclusionsThe novel anti-IL1RAP/CD3 TCE, BIF002, eradicates LSCs and significantly prolongs survival of AML xenografts, representing a promising, novel treatment for AML.

Impact on chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy of nadunolimab, a first-in-class monoclonal antibody against IL1RAP, in patients with pancreatic cancer, with supportive mouse model data.

4148 Background: Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the major nonhematological adverse events arising from chemotherapies. CIPN is a neuroinflammatory condition that can be driven by immune cell activation and interleukin-1 (IL-1) release. Nadunolimab is a fully humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody targeting IL1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP). Through binding IL1RAP, nadunolimab can induce ADCC of IL1RAP-expressing tumor cells and inhibits tumor-promoting signals mediated by both IL-1α and IL-1β in the tumor microenvironment. The phase I/IIa CANFOUR trial of nadunolimab in combination with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine (GN) in previously untreated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic PDAC, showed promising efficacy with median OS: 13.2 months; median iPFS: 7.2 months; 1-year survival: 58% and iORR: 33%, with a good safety profile. Notably, only 1 of 73 patients reported a grade ≥ 3 peripheral neuropathy suggesting that targeting IL1RAP may also alleviate the neuroinflammation leading to CIPN. Methods: To assess the potential neuroprotective activity of nadunolimab, we investigated the impact of nadunolimab on CIPN in the CANFOUR trial where 73 PDAC patients received nadunolimab at 1 mg/kg (n=20), 2.5 mg/kg (n=20), 5 mg/kg (n=25) or 7.5 mg/kg (n=8) in combination with GN. Adverse events were monitored at weekly to biweekly intervals. Relations between study drugs dosing and occurrence, severity and timing of adverse events indicative of CIPN were investigated using exploratory statistical analyses. In mice, CIPN was induced by i.p. administration of vincristine at 0.5 mg/kg, or nab-paclitaxel at 4 mg/kg. The effects of an anti-mouse IL1RAP surrogate antibody (i.p. at 10 mg/kg) on CIPN were evaluated using electronic von Frey apparatus, Parallel Rod Floor apparatus and grip strength meter. Results: Among the 73 PDAC patients in CANFOUR, patients in the individual 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg dose groups all had trends towards lower incidence of onset and longer time to onset of CIPN compared to the 1 mg/kg group. When pooled, patients in the 2.5-7.5 mg/kg dose groups compared to the 1 mg/kg dose group had a lower incidence of any-grade CIPN; 36% vs 60% (Chi-square test p=0.06) and a significantly longer time to onset; median not estimable vs 112 days (hazard ratio=0.48, log-rank p=0.04). In mice, vincristine and nab-paclitaxel caused long-lasting (2 weeks) CIPN. This was abrogated by co-administration of the anti-mouse IL1RAP surrogate antibody, without a negative impact on motor performance, blood values or animal body weight. Conclusions: Data from PDAC patients receiving nadunolimab + GN and experiments in preclinical models suggest that targeting IL1RAP by nadunolimab may combine antitumor activity with potent reduction of CIPN. Clinical trial information: NCT03267316 .

The role of interleukin-36 in health and disease states.

The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily upregulates immune responses and maintains homeostasis between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Within the IL-1 superfamily, IL-36 plays a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Of the four IL-36 isoforms, three have agonist activity (IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ) and the fourth has antagonist activity (IL-36 receptor antagonist [IL-36Ra]). All IL-36 isoforms bind to the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R). Binding of IL-36α/β/γ to the IL-36R recruits the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and activates downstream signalling pathways mediated by nuclear transcription factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways. Antagonist binding of IL-36Ra to IL-36R inhibits recruitment of IL-1RAcP, blocking downstream signalling pathways. Changes in the balance within the IL-36 cytokine family can lead to uncontrolled inflammatory responses throughout the body. As such, IL-36 has been implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases, notably a type of pustular psoriasis called generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a chronic, rare, potentially life-threatening, multisystemic skin disease characterised by recurrent fever and extensive sterile pustules. In GPP, IL-36 is central to disease pathogenesis, and the prevention of IL-36-mediated signalling can improve clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the literature describing the biological functions of the IL-36 pathway. We also consider the evidence for uncontrolled activation of the IL-36 pathway in a wide range of skin (e.g., plaque psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne, Netherton syndrome, atopic dermatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum), lung (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), gut (e.g., intestinal fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease and Hirschsprung's disease), kidney (e.g., renal tubulointerstitial lesions) and infectious diseases caused by a variety of pathogens (e.g., COVID-19; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae infections), as well as in cancer. We also consider how targeting the IL-36 signalling pathway could be used in treating inflammatory disease states.

Unveiling potential therapeutic targets for diabetes-induced frozen shoulder through Mendelian randomization analysis of the human plasma proteome

IntroductionThis study aimed to assess the causal relationship between diabetes and frozen shoulder by investigating the target proteins associated with diabetes and frozen shoulder in the human plasma proteome through...

Circular RNA circMAN1A2 promotes ovarian cancer progression through the microRNA-135a-3p/IL1RAP/TAK1 pathway.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal malignancy in women owing to its diagnosis only at the advanced stage. Elucidation of its molecular pathogenesis may help identify new tumor markers and targets for therapy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable, conserved, and functional biomolecules that can be used as effective biomarkers for various cancers. In this study, a potential circRNA related to early diagnosis of OC, circMAN1A2, was analyzed. Overexpression/knockdown of circMAN1A2 in OC cells was used to decipher its effects on cell proliferation with a Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), cell cycle, clone formation, and wound healing assay. RNA pull-down and Dual luciferase assay were used to explain the underlying mechanism by which circMAN1A2 regulates OC cell proliferation. In vivo, the effect of circMAN1A2 in OC was evaluated using nude mouse xenograft experiments. CircMAN1A2 was highly expressed in OC and promoted proliferation, clone formation, and tumorigenicity of OC cells. In addition, we found that circMAN1A2 acted as a sponge for microRNA (miR)-135a-3p; miR-135a-3p directly targeted the 3' untranslated region of interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) in OC cells, thereby regulating the phosphorylation of transforming growth factor-beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which resulted in promotion of OC cell growth. CircMAN1A2 promotes OC cell proliferation by inhibiting the miR-135a-3p/IL1RAP/TAK1 axis. In conclusion, circMAN1A2 may be a biomarker for early detection of OC and a target for subsequent therapy.

Antibodies targeting the shared cytokine receptor IL-1 receptor accessory protein invoke distinct mechanisms to block all cytokine signaling

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)-family cytokines are potent modulators of inflammation, coordinating a vast array of immunological responses across innate and adaptive immune systems. Dysregulated IL-1-family cytokine signaling, however, is involved in a multitude of adverse health effects, such as chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Within the IL-1 family of cytokines, six-IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ-require the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) as their shared co-receptor. Common features of cytokine signaling include redundancy of signaling pathways, sharing of cytokines and receptors, pleiotropy of the cytokines themselves, and multifaceted immune responses. Accordingly, targeting multiple cytokines simultaneously is an emerging therapeutic strategy and can provide advantages over targeting a single cytokine pathway. Here, we show that two monoclonal antibodies, CAN10 and 3G5, which target IL-1RAcP for broad blockade of all associated cytokines, do so through distinct mechanisms and provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein blockade limits the development of atherosclerosis and reduces plaque inflammation.

The interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) is a co-receptor required for signalling through the IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 receptors. Using a novel anti-IL1RAP-blocking antibody, we investigated the role of IL1RAP in atherosclerosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing data from human atherosclerotic plaques revealed the expression of IL1RAP and several IL1RAP-related cytokines and receptors, including IL1B and IL33. Histological analysis showed the presence of IL1RAP in both the plaque and adventitia, and flow cytometry of murine atherosclerotic aortas revealed IL1RAP expression on plaque leucocytes, including neutrophils and macrophages. High-cholesterol diet fed apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice were treated with a novel non-depleting IL1RAP-blocking antibody or isotype control for the last 6 weeks of diet. IL1RAP blockade in mice resulted in a 20% reduction in subvalvular plaque size and limited the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in plaques and of T cells in adventitia, compared with control mice. Indicative of reduced plaque inflammation, the expression of several genes related to leucocyte recruitment, including Cxcl1 and Cxcl2, was reduced in brachiocephalic arteries of anti-IL1RAP-treated mice, and the expression of these chemokines in human plaques was mainly restricted to CD68+ myeloid cells. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 induced CXCL1 release from both macrophages and fibroblasts, which could be mitigated by IL1RAP blockade. Limiting IL1RAP-dependent cytokine signalling pathways in atherosclerotic mice reduces plaque burden and plaque inflammation, potentially by limiting plaque chemokine production.

Abstract 5794: DX2206, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL1RAP, exhibits potent inhibition of IL-1 pathways and activities against tumors in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Background: The Interleukin-1 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL1RAP) is found on cancer cells, stromal cells, and infiltrating immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of various cancers. It plays an important role in tumor development at various stages by activating IL-1 superfamily pathway, thus become an interesting target in cancer treatment. Methods: We investigated the correlation between IL1RAP and tumor prognosis through the analysis of the public dataset. An antibody discovery campaign was performed and DX2206 was identified as the top clone against IL1RAP. Epitope of DX2206 was determined by examining the binding of DX2206 with different IL1RAP structural domains and in silico analysis. The activities of DX2206 against IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 were examined using multiple assays with HEK293-Luc reporter cells, primary HUVEC cells, and A431 human skin squamous carcinoma cells. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in a CDX model. Results: Based on public data, IL1RAP is overexpressed in various types of cancer patients compared to healthy individuals, and high expression of IL1RAP is associated with poor prognosis in multiple cancer types. Furthermore, high expression of the members of the IL-1 superfamily, such as IL1RAP, IL-1, and IL-36, are negatively correlated with pan-Cancer OS. Our epitope analysis indicated that DX2206 binds to a unique epitope within IL1RAP domain 2. In vitro assays demonstrated that DX2206 inhibited the activities of all three pathways, IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36, with sub-nanomolar IC50s. Simultaneously, it induced a potent ADCC effect in the tumor killing assay. Finally, in a CDX model, DX2206 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions: We discovered a potent antagonist antibody, DX2206, that binds to a unique epitope of IL1RAP, inhibits all three pathways of signaling, and demonstrates in vitro and in vivo activities against tumors. Considering these characteristics, DX2206 emerges as an outstanding preclinical candidate for cancer therapy. IND enabling study was ongoing to expedite the candidate into clinic. Citation Format: Qinghao Liu, Yaqi Ru, Yan Jiang, Huimin Li, Wenbo Li, Lan Yang, Qian Shi. DX2206, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL1RAP, exhibits potent inhibition of IL-1 pathways and activities against tumors in vitro and in vivo [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5794.

Abstract 2895: ILRAP blockade mediates anti-fibrotic effects in pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts

Abstract Introduction: Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) patients have poor prognosis partly due to excessive activity of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs drive the fibrosis that causes excessive type III collagen and extracellular matrix deposition that in turn reduces drug response resulting in poor survival. In support, high levels of the type III collagen serum biomarker PRO-C3 correlates with poor survival in PDAC. TGF-β is thought to be the main driver of PRO-C3 and tumor fibrosis. Cytokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL-1) play a key role in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and may play a role in tumor fibrosis as well. In this study, we first investigated the potential of IL-1 in activating fibroblasts to drive fibrosis and produce PRO-C3. Subsequently, we established a co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic CAFs to investigate the anti-fibrotic properties of nadunolimab, an antibody that blocks IL-1 signaling by targeting IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL1RAP). Nadunolimab is currently in phase I/IIa clinical development for treatment of pancreatic cancer (CANFOUR, NCT03267316). Methods: Human primary pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were cultured in Ficoll-media (Scar-in-a-jar, SiaJ) supplemented with TGF-β, IL-1α or IL-1β. The fibrotic activity of the fibroblasts was investigated by measuring the formation of type III collagen (PRO-C3) at days 3, 6, 9 and 12. Then, pancreatic cancer cells (BxPc3) and pancreatic CAFs were cultured either alone or in a co-culture. Nadunolimab or isotype control were added at the start of these cultures and supernatants were collected after three days. The level of PRO-C3 was measured by ELISA. Results: Both IL-1α or IL-1β were equipotent to TGF-β in inducing PRO-C3 in the SiaJ monoculture, indicating that IL-1 is pro-fibrotic. In addition, when cancer cells and CAFs were co-cultured, PRO-C3 levels increased compared to single-cell cultures (1.5-6-fold). When co-cultures were treated with nadunolimab, the induction of PRO-C3 was blocked to levels similar to monocultures, whereas the isotype control had no effect on PRO-C3 levels. Conclusion: IL-1 activated fibroblasts and induced type III collagen formation (PRO-C3), suggesting that IL-1 is a driver of tumor fibrosis. In support, pancreatic tumor cells induced collagen type III formation (PRO-C3) in pancreatic CAFs and blockade of IL1RAP with nadunolimab inhibited this collagen formation. Thus, nadunolimab may have anti-fibrotic properties and PRO-C3 could potentially be used for prognostic/predictive enrichment and as a pharmacodynamic marker in future studies evaluating anti-IL-1 modalities in PDAC. Citation Format: Neel I. Nissen, Nils Hansen, Elin Jaensson Gyllenbäck, Camilla R. Millrud, Marcus Järås, David Liberg, Morten A. Karsdal, Nicholas Willumsen. ILRAP blockade mediates anti-fibrotic effects in pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2895.

Different Gene Expression Patterns of IL-1 Family Members in Parkinson's Disease: Results from Bayesian Regression Model.

Parkinson's disease, the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder lacking a recognized etiology, is influenced by oxidative stress and alterations in inflammatory cytokine levels. This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of Interleukin(IL)1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP), IL1β, IL1α, IL33, and IL36 genes in blood cells and serum IL-1β levels in Parkinson's disease patients compared to healthy controls (HCs).I n this case-control study, 44 Parkinson's disease patients and 44 age- and sex-matched HCs were included. Gene expression levels were assessed using Quantitative Real-time PCR, and serum IL-1β levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Advanced statistical analyses using the Bayesian regression model in R software were employed. Parkinson's disease patients exhibited elevated expression levels of IL-1RAcP and IL1β genes but decreased levels of IL1α, IL33, and IL36 compared to HCs. Age-based differences were not significant. Regarding gender, IL33 transcript levels were significantly higher in males, and serum IL-1β levels were increased in patients. Subgroup analysis by gender indicated alterations in IL1β and IL-1RAcP expression in both genders, while IL1α, IL33, and IL36 showed reduced expression only in males. Remarkably, only female patients displayed significantly higher serum IL-1β levels than female HCs. These findings suggest that dysregulation of immune-related factors plays a crucial role in Parkinson's disease.

Immune endotyping and gene expression profile of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and the non-AERD subgroups

BackgroundChronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a paranasal sinus inflammatory disease and is divided into two subgroups defined as CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). CRSwNP displays a T helper (Th)2 biased phenotype, and based on sensitivity or tolerance to aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), is further subdivided into Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and non-AERD groups. Considering the challenge of diagnosis and treatment in patients with CRSwNP, particularly the AERD subtype, and the significance of endotyping in these patients, we examined the immune profile and endotyping based on gene expression analysis in the AERD and the non-AERD groups of patients with CRSwNP.Material and methodIn this study, 21 patients were enrolled and were categorized into AERD (N = 10) and non-AERD (N = 11) groups based on their sensitivity to aspirin. After the special washing period, nasal polyps were biopsied in both groups, and the infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes was compared between the AERD and the non-AERD groups. Also, gene expression levels of transcription factors including Tbet, GATA3, RoRγt, and FoxP3 and inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)1β, IL1RAP (IL1 receptor accessory protein), IL2, IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, IL17, TNFα, and IFNγ were investigated by quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Statistical analyses were performed using analytical tests including Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and T-test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe mean ± SD age of the studied groups was 37 ± 8.7 years old (21–50) for the AERD, and 40.4 ± 7.7 years old (31–52) for the non-AERD. LMS/EPOS/SNOT scores and pulmonary function tests showed no difference between the two groups. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were found to be higher in patients with AERD (p = 0.04), however, the peripheral blood counts of eosinophils were comparable in the two groups. In the histopathologic analysis, the AERD group showed higher percentages of eosinophils (p = 0.04), neutrophils (p = 0.04), and plasma cells (p = 0.04) than the non-AERD group. Additionally, the gene expression levels of GATA3 (p = 0.001), IL4 (p = 0.04), IL5 (p = 0.007), and IL17 (p = 0.03) were significantly higher in the AERD than the non-AERD groups.ConclusionHigher gene expression levels of GATA3, IL4, IL5, and IL17 were observed in the AERD group compared with the non-AERD group. These findings point to distinct patterns of inflammation in patients with AERD, with a predominance of Th2 inflammation.

IL1RAP Exacerbates Sepsis-Induced Pulmonary and Spleen Injury Through Regulating CD4+ T Lymphocyte Differentiation

ABSTRACT Background Complex pathophysiological the specific mechanism of sepsis on CD4+ T-cell responses is less well understood. IL1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) was found to be involved in activating host immune responses. Method Cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) was utilized to build a mouse sepsis model. The experiment was randomly divided into four groups: Sham, CLP, CLP + shNC, and CLP + shIL1RAP group. Results qRT-PCR suggested mRNA levels of IL1RAP were decreased when IL1RAP was knocked down with the mRNA levels of IL-1β, NF-κB, and p38 decreased. Histopathology showed severe pathological damage with alveolar integrity lost, red blood cells in the alveoli, massive inflammatory cell infiltration, and the alveolar wall was thickening in the CLP group. The inflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ were elevated in CLP mice by ELISA. The counts of CD4+ T cells were decreased in sepsis mice in peripheral blood, spleen, and BALF by flow cytometry. However, the above was blocked down when using shIL1RAP. Western blot suggested sh IL1RAP inhibited IL-1β, NF-κB, and p38 protein expressions. Conclusions We defined IL1RAP as a new target gene through NF-κB/MAPK pathways regulating CD4+ T lymphocyte differentiation mediated the progression of sepsis, which is potentially exploitable for immunotherapy.

Abstract C002: Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) overexpression is associated with worse prognosis in PDAC and is targetable by nadunolimab

Abstract Introduction: The pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major driver of tumor progression, chemoresistance and immune suppression, and the IL-1 axis has been implicated in tumor-promoting signaling networks. The IL1RAP-IL1R1 receptor complex is required for both IL-1α and IL-1β signaling and is expressed on tumor and stromal/immune cells. Nadunolimab is a fully humanized, ADCC-enhanced IgG1 antibody that targets IL1RAP and disrupts both IL-1α/IL-1β signaling. In the phase 1/2a trial CANFOUR (NCT03267316) in which 73 PDAC patients with previously untreated, locally advanced or metastatic PDAC received nadunolimab with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GN), encouraging preliminary data show median iPFS of 7.2 mo, median OS of 12.9 mo and 1-year survival of 58%. The present analyses investigated the correlation between IL1RAP expression and disease severity as well as therapeutic efficacy of nadunolimab/GN. Methods: Evaluable screening biopsies from 46 CANFOUR PDAC patients were stained for IL1RAP by immunohistochemistry. mRNA data was obtained from the GTEx, TCGA and Pancreatic Cancer Action Network’s Know Your Tumor (KYT) databases and correlated to patient data (TCGA, KYT) and mutational data (KYT). Results: IL1RAP expression was detected on tumor cells, fibroblasts, and infiltrating immune cells in tumor biopsies. Notably, all tumor cells expressed IL1RAP and stratification of evaluable samples into high or low tumor cell expression of IL1RAP revealed significantly prolonged median OS on nadunolimab/GN in IL1RAP high compared to IL1RAP low patients (14.2 vs 10.6 mo, p=0.017). This was also reflected in longer iPFS (8.0 vs 5.8 mo), 1-year survival (69 vs 40%) and iORR (52 vs 32%). Although varying in intensity, IL1RAP expression on stromal cells did not correlate significantly with treatment efficacy. In interrogating bulk RNA seq data from the GTEx, TCGA and KYT databases, IL1RAP was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer compared to normal tissue, with higher expression in advanced stage disease. Moreover, as KRAS mutations promote tumor inflammation and KRASG12D has been implicated in activating the IL-1 axis, we observed that KRASG12D tumors had a higher expression of IL1RAP and IL-1α, but not IL-1β, compared to KRAS-wildtype tumors. In both early and late-stage PDAC, high levels of IL1RAP strongly correlated with poor survival (both p<0.0001). Patients responding to GN tended to have lower IL1RAP levels than patients with progressive or stable disease, in stark contrast to the results with nadunolimab/GN. To understand the effects of nadunolimab/GN in the TME, spatial transcriptomics in screening and on-treatment biopsies are being analyzed with Nanostring GeoMx. Conclusion: IL1RAP is upregulated in pancreatic cancer, its expression correlates with oncogenic KRAS driver mutations and is strongly associated with poor survival. The IL1RAP-targeting antibody nadunolimab has shown promising target-dependent efficacy in combination with 1st line chemotherapy, indicating that IL1RAP is a both highly relevant and targetable protein in PDAC. Citation Format: Eric Van Cutsem, Kawther Abdilleh, Jashodeep Datta, Manuel Hidalgo, Camilla Rydberg Millrud, Petter Skoog, Annika Sanfridson, Dominique Tersago, David Liberg. Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) overexpression is associated with worse prognosis in PDAC and is targetable by nadunolimab [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Pancreatic Cancer; 2023 Sep 27-30; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(2 Suppl):Abstract nr C002.

IL-1 Receptor Dynamics in Immune Cells: Orchestrating Immune Precision and Balance.

IL-1, a pleiotropic cytokine with profound effects on various cell types, particularly immune cells, plays a pivotal role in immune responses. The proinflammatory nature of IL-1 necessitates stringent control mechanisms of IL-1-mediated signaling at multiple levels, encompassing transcriptional and translational regulation, precursor processing, as well as the involvement of a receptor accessory protein, a decoy receptor, and a receptor antagonist. In T-cell immunity, IL-1 signaling is crucial during both the priming and effector phases of immune reactions. The fine-tuning of IL-1 signaling hinges upon two distinct receptor types; the functional IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) 1 and the decoy IL-1R2, accompanied by ancillary molecules such as the IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1R3) and IL-1R antagonist. IL-1R1 signaling by IL-1β is critical for the differentiation, expansion, and survival of Th17 cells, essential for defense against extracellular bacteria or fungi, yet implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Recent investigations emphasize the physiological importance of IL-1R2 expression, particularly in its capacity to modulate IL-1-dependent responses within Tregs. The precise regulation of IL-1R signaling is indispensable for orchestrating appropriate immune responses, as unchecked IL-1 signaling has been implicated in inflammatory disorders, including Th17-mediated autoimmunity. This review provides a thorough exploration of the IL-1R signaling complex and its pivotal roles in immune regulation. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements elucidating the mechanisms governing the expression of IL-1R1 and IL-1R2, underscoring their contributions to fine-tuning IL-1 signaling. Finally, the review briefly touches upon therapeutic strategies targeting IL-1R signaling, with potential clinical applications.

Constitutive photomorphogenic protein 1 ubiquitinates interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein in human liver cancer.

Constitutive photomorphogenic protein 1 (COP1) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of several human cancers and is reported to be upregulated in liver cancer. However, the role of COP1 in human liver cancer is unclear. We analyzed the COP1 expression in normal liver and liver cancer tissue samples using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. We overexpressed and silenced COP1 in HepG2 and Huh7 cells and analyzed the effect on liver cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, COP1 was used as a bait to screen COP1-interacting proteins in a human cDNA library in a yeast two-hybrid screen and the results were confirmed with co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess co-localization. The protein levels of COP1 and mIL1RAcP were determined in clinical samples. COP1 was upregulated in liver cancer samples compared to that in normal tissue samples. COP1 overexpression promoted proliferation of liver cancer cells, while COP1 knockdown exerted the opposite effect. Yeast two-hybrid screen identified interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) as a potential COP1-interacting protein. Co-IP assays further confirmed that COP1 interacts with both preIL1RAP and membrane-bound form of IL1RAP (mIL1RAP). Furthermore, COP1 upregulated mIL1RAP protein levels and promoted nuclear translocation and activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (p50/p65) dimer. Additionally, we demonstrated that COP1 regulated mIL1RAP expression through K63-linked polyubiquitination, suggesting that COP1 plays a role in stabilizing mIL1RAP. Finally, the protein levels of COP1 and mIL1RAcP were found to be positively correlated in clinical samples. COP1 regulates IL1RAP, which in turn results in activation of the NF-κB signaling. Our findings suggest that the COP1/IL1RAP/NF-κB axis promotes proliferation of liver cancer cells and is a potential target for the treatment of liver cancer.

Prognostic and immunological roles of IL18RAP in human cancers.

Across several cancers, IL18 receptor accessory protein (IL18RAP) is abnormally expressed, and this abnormality is related to tumor immunity and heterogeneous clinical outcomes. In this study, based on bioinformatics analysis, we discovered that IL18RAP is related to the human tumor microenvironment and promotes various immune cells infiltration. Additionally, the multiple immunofluorescence staining revealed that with the increased expression of IL18RAP, the number of infiltrated M1 macrophages increased. This finding was confirmed by coculture migration analysis using three human cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, U251, and HepG2) with IL18RAP knockdown. We discovered a positive link between IL18RAP and the majority of immunostimulators, immunoinhibitors, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptor genes using Spearman correlation analysis. Additionally, functional IL18RAP's gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that it is related to a variety of immunological processes, such as positive regulation of interferon gamma production and positive regulation of NK cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, we used single-cell RNA sequencing analysis to detect that IL18RAP was mainly expressed in immune cells, and HALLMARK analysis confirmed that the INF-γ gene set expression was upregulated in CD8Tex cells. In addition, in human and mouse cancer cohorts, we found that the level of IL18RAP can predict the immunotherapy response. In short, our study showed that IL18RAP is a new tumor biomarker and may become a potential immunotherapeutic target in cancer.