Interlaced Yarns Research Articles

Effects of inter-yarn friction on responses of woven fabrics with different weaves to a low-velocity impact

Many researchers have reported that inter-yarn friction has an important effect on the response of the plain-weave fabric to an impact. However, the effects of inter-yarn friction on impact responses of woven fabrics with other weaves have not been studied in detail. In the present work, numerical analysis was utilized to study the effects of inter-yarn friction on responses of woven fabrics with different weaves (the plain weave, 2/2 twill, 2/2 basket, and 3/1 twill) to a low-velocity impact. Both inter-yarn friction and the weaves of the woven fabrics greatly influenced the responses of the fabrics to a low-velocity impact. The higher the inter-yarn friction, the higher the levels of the tensile stresses concentrated near the centers of impact of the woven fabrics, and the earlier the failures of the fabrics. In addition, the greater the inter-yarn friction, the higher the velocities of the transverse stress waves in the woven fabrics, and the more effective the distributions of impact energy from the primary yarns of the fabrics to the secondary yarns of the fabrics. Although it had the lowest velocity of the transverse stress wave, due to its firmly interlaced yarns, the plain-weave fabric had the highest total energy absorption capacity among the woven fabrics with the different weaves. On the other hand, due to its loosely interlaced yarns, the 3/1 twill fabric had the lowest total energy absorption capacity among the woven fabrics.

Recognition and analysis of fabric texture by double-sided fusion of transmission and reflection images under compound light source

Computer vision is widely used in fabric texture recognition. In this paper, a new method based on double-sided fusion of reflection image and transmission image is proposed for recognition and analysis of fabric texture. The yarn location is obtained through transmission image, and fabric texture is obtained through reflection image. The position information of weave floats obtained by gray projection on the transmission image is given to the reflection image for classification and color recognition of weave floats. In the stage of weave float classification, an improved KNN algorithm based on FCM is proposed. First, FCM is used to cluster the HOG features of the two types of floats respectively to obtain new cluster centers, and then KNN is used for classification to obtain the weave patterns. In the stage of color recognition, the K-means clustering algorithm is used on a single weave float to obtain the color pattern. Based on the two attributes of a single point obtained from the above two patterns, a system of bidirectional error correction is designed. Experimental results show that this method effectively improves the recognition accuracy of yarn-dyed fabrics which interlaced yarns are different colors without color and texture disturbed to the greatest extent.

The hybridization effect and damage sequence investigation of biaxial/unidirectional braided composite tubes by micro-CT method

Thanks to the 2D braiding manufacturing method, the hybrid braided composite composed of the biaxial and unidirectional layers is available in a mass-production manner. For enhancing the crashworthiness of braided composite tubes, the damage characteristics and energy absorption capacity of braided composite with biaxial/unidirectional hybridization structures under axial compression were studied in this work. The axial compression tests were conducted on pure biaxial and unidirectional braided tubes (BBB and UUU), and hybrid tubes with different surface and inner layers (BUB and UBU). Micro-CT was utilized to analyze the crack characteristic and propagation inside the tubes. It was found that the easily progressed intra-laminar cracks in unidirectional layers promoted splitting damage feature, leading to enhanced energy absorption capacities in hybrid tubes than pure biaxial braided tube, in which local buckling damage feature was observed attributed to interlaced yarns induced constrained intra-laminar crack propagation and tendency to delamination. In particular, the UBU tube dissipated 20.4% more crushing energy and exhibited 13.0% higher energy absorption per unit area than the BBB tube.

Effect of silk yarn parameters on the liquid transport considering yarn interlacing

Wetting and wicking are among the essential behaviors of fabric. Woven fabric is interwoven by the warp and weft yarn, and it can be considered as a yarn network. To clarify the wicking phenomenon of woven fabric and simulate its water transport, the wicking behaviors in the vertical and horizontal directions of six yarn samples were examined. The moisture movement of these interlacing silk yarns was clarified. The wicking behaviors of the silk yarn were found to increase at the first initial stage, and decrease with time until the yarn is saturated. The wicking length of the vertical direction revealed that the fiber and void areas in the silk yarn have an essential effect on water transport. Further, the wicking relationship between single and interlaced yarns was also discussed. The good relationship between the wicking length of single and interlaced yarns shows the possibility of predicting the wicking ability of the textile through the initial wicking ability of the single yarn in the future.

Investigation on the effect of interlaced yarn structures on bending properties of textile reinforced cement composite with cold plasma treated polypropylene fabric

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of yarn intermingling parameters on the bending properties of cement-based composites reinforced with polypropylene fabric treated under cold plasma. In this research, FDY (Fully drawn yarn) polypropylene yarn by three types of Heberlein intermingle jet inserts (P212, P412, S16), was subjected to entanglement process. Then, meshes were woven in plain weave design. The meshes were subjected to cold plasma jet treatment with argon and nitrogen at different exposure time. The fabric surface roughness was studied by friction test. Reinforced cement composite beams were made which after 28 days of storage in water, were subjected to 4-point bending test. The results show that the jet insert change with changing the degree of entanglement affects the toughness and bending properties. The max toughness is related to the plasma untreated fabric reinforced cement composite containing raw yarn (FDY) which is equal to 2388.875 (N.mm). Also, the max bending force is related to the fabric-reinforced sample consisting of interlaced yarn by P412 jet insert and plasma untreated fabric (1249.567 (N)).

The structural effects on the impact response of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene plain weaves

This paper investigates the penetration and energy absorption mechanisms of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene plain weaves with different fabric properties. Impact tests along with finite element (FE) analysis were used to study the impact response of the fabrics. In this research, the impacting projectile did not cause any fiber or yarn failure on the samples. It was found that structural parameters determine the yarn pull-out behavior and the softness of the resultant fabrics. Fabrics formed by loosely interlaced yarns tend to exhibit higher softness and less resistance against yarn pull-out. When the projectile velocity is not sufficient to initiate yarn pull-out, material softness determines the depth of the backface signature on the clay witness. This trend is more pronounced in a multi-ply fabric system than in a single-ply system; when yarn pull-out occurs, the projectile-slowing mechanism depends on the frictional force between the warp and weft yarns. Therefore, fabric softness becomes less important, and the yarn pull-out behavior of the fabric plays a predominant role in energy absorption. FE prediction showed that tightly woven fabrics exhibit a larger area of stress distribution and material deformation than those with severe yarn pull-out and, consequently, these tight fabrics tend to absorb more kinetic energy and sustain higher impact load from a projectile.

Micromechanical model for rapid prediction of plain weave fabric composite strengths under biaxial tension

The biaxial properties of plain weave fabric composites are important as they are more representative of the performance under complex loading conditions. Experimental determination of these properties is difficult and Finite Element Analysis provides accurate prediction but is computationally expensive and requires skilled users. To provide a simple and rapid prediction of the strength of plain weave fabric composites under biaxial tension a novel micromechanical model is proposed in this paper. To predict the biaxial tensile strengths the minimum total complementary potential energy principle is used on a micromechanical unit cell where the orthogonally interlaced yarns are idealised as curved beams. The new model is verified with a finite element method model on three warp/weft biaxial loading ratios: 1:1, 2:1 (1:2) and 3:1 (1:3) and uniaxial experimental data. The model is verified on four types of material, ranging in mechanical properties from carbon to glass fibres, and 11 yarn specifications, including five cases compared to experimental results and six cases compared to the FE model, giving a mean error of 9.85% and a maximum error of 16.74% compared to experimental results and a mean error of 10.71% and a maximum error of 14.67% compared to the FE model, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the model. The standard deviation of prediction errors among the 11 cases is 2.66%, which demonstrates the robustness of the model for a range of applications. The proposed model is able to predict the uniaxial and biaxial tensile strengths without experimental investigations at the fabric and laminate level and only requires the yarn mechanical properties and specifications.

Three-phase homogenization procedure for woven fabric composites reinforced by carbon nanotubes in thermal environment

Woven fabric reinforced materials are composite mediums commonly used in automotive industry. In this sector, high strength mechanical properties are required by the designers due to high loads during operation. Woven fabrics are modelled as orthotropic interlaced yarns within a polymeric matrix which can have additives. In this context, carbon nanotubes are considered as reinforcing additives for the polymeric matrix, thus, giving to the resulting composite improved mechanical properties. However, the modelling of such composite material configuration is not trivial and it is not generally easy to find analytical formulations which accurately fit experimental results. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to display a comparison among experimental and analytical mechanical properties predictions of carbon woven textile composites. In addition, some novel configurations have been proposed for further applications in this framework.

Research progress in damage evolution of woven composites

<p indent=0mm>Woven composites have better integrity and anti-delamination properties than laminates, due to the interlaced yarns in the woven structures. However, these structural characteristics lead to a more complex failure mechanism, which brings great challenges to the damage evolution studies of woven composites. In this paper, the research status of damage evolution of woven composites is summarized and reviewed from the aspects of experimental techniques, damage evolution model and simulation. In terms of experimental techniques, the methods to characterize the damage evolution of woven composites are summarized emphatically, including the damage characterization based on strain, acoustic emission, infrared characteristics and computed tomography (CT). The application conditions, problems and challenges of these methods are reviewed briefly. In terms of damage evolution models and numerical simulations, the typical research methods for woven composites under quasi-static load, fatigue and impact load are summarized considering the loading characteristics. On the basis of the above summaries, the future research trends of damage evolution of woven composites are put forward, including the multi-means integrated characterization of damage mechanisms, damage related tests of macro and meso basic mechanical properties, macro and meso strength criterion and strength design, simulation models combining machine learning algorithm and finite element method or more, service performance studies based on digital twin and whole life cycle under complex circumstances, etc.

That which fits the mold: a braided composite wing

In this design study, a model airplane wing, partially constructed from braided composite panels, was made for the purpose of demonstrating the applications of braided composites for aerospace components. Fibres of Kevlar® were braided together along a tubular surface, then subsequently cut and unrolled to form two planar sheets of interlaced yarns that could be laid down in a 3D printed mold to later be coated in resin. The mold consisted of four parts: two female parts to shape the composite wing panels and two male parts to compress the composite. When connected together they form a fused core. A fibre sheet was draped over each female part, and its extraneous edges were folded inward to form a second layer as reinforcement. Each sheet was then laid up with Ecopoxy® resin and allowed to cure while sandwiched between the female mold and its corresponding male component. Upon disassembly of the mold system, a braided composite wing panel had formed upon both halves of the 3D printed core. The external portion of each panel was found to be smooth with few irregularities that could potentially compromise their aerodynamic performance. The mold was constructed to facilitate the process of cold-curing rather than curing at an elevated temperature. For heated cure process, the use of metal would be recommended because it generally deforms negligibly through heating and cooling. A metal mold would also be used to ease the process of debonding from the composite materials. Care should be taken to ensure that fibre orientation is consistent. The results illustrate how a mold can be fabricated to facilitate the process of curing braided composites, and can serve to improve the quality of products that require a higher strength to weight ratio.&#x0D;

Water transport on interlaced yarns

In this study, water transport on different interlacing conditions of yarns was investigated in order to simulate the effect of yarn crimp on water migration in woven fabrics. An apparatus was designed to simulate the interlacing condition of one set of yarns, and the water transport distance versus time can be obtained. With the apparatus, the effect of twist on the water transport of interlaced cotton yarns was explored. The results showed that for higher twisted yarns, the water transport distance was shorter than that for lower twisted ones. For higher twisted yarns, in spite of the same outward appearance, the actual water transport route was longer. Moreover, with the apparatus, the interlacing angle can be changed from 0o to 180o at 20o intervals, and the effect of the interlacing angle was explored, which can be applied to simulate yarn crimp in woven fabric. The water transport at interlacing angles of 40o, 80o, 120o, and 160o was discussed, and we found that the interlacing angle decreased the water transport distance in weft yarns because of the decreased contact distance. It can be concluded that the twist and interlacing angle had an important effect on water transport in interlaced yarns. This study is a basic study for research on the mechanism of water transport, and it shows understanding of the relationship between the fabric structure and its physical property. It can be applied not only for woven fabrics, but also for knitted fabrics, braids, and some other fiber assemblies.

Lithium Ion Conductive Ceramic Fabric: Fabrication and Application

Fibrous ceramic fabrics are commercially available products in different technical fields[1]. The fabrication technologies of fibrous ceramic fabrics are mainly categorized into direct spinning process and indirect template process. Here, we employed the template process to create the proof-of-concept lithium ion conductive fibrous ceramic fabrics, which generates unique structure with fine 3D scale distribution of continues lithium ion conductive phase, high surface area/volume ratio, low gravimetric density, multi-level porosity, certain strength and flexibility. The architectural advantages may allow the fibrous ceramic fabrics to be integrated to build components of solid state lithium metal batteries, such as flexible composite polymer electrolyte and rigid electrode skeleton. Because of the simplicity, rapidity and cost saving characteristics of template method, applicable transition from laboratory scale fabrication procedure to industry scale manufacturing is potentially achievable. The generally sequential procedures of template method to prepare the fibrous ceramic fabric are: (1) Pretreating the replica template; (2) Impregnating the replica template with the precursor solution; (3) Converting the precursors into nano-sized ceramic oxide, pyrolysis of the replica template and sintering of the relic structure. Figure 1 presents the photo image of the fibrous ceramic fabrics composed of lithium ion conductive garnet phase. Different from the structure of conventional sintering of powder compact, the ceramic fabric retained the characteristic features of replica template, exhibiting complex geometric structure of woven pattern of continuous interlocked fibers and interlaced yarns. The fibrous garnet textile shows pronounced new characteristic features to tolerate certain flexural strength, geometrical tailoring and organic solvent erosion, which are distinct from the rigid appearance of typical sintered ceramic body. The chemical analysis confirmed cubic phase of the fibrous garnet fabric and homogenous distribution of the constituent elements. Figure 1. Photo image of the fibrous ceramic fabric composed of lithium ion conductive garnet phase, which essentially retained the structural characteristics of the replica template. Figure 1

3D model of intra-yarn fiber volume fraction gradients of woven fabrics

Accurate predictions of laminate strength is important for engineering. Overestimations of laminate strength can be due to variations in local fiber volume fraction. However, intra-yarn fiber volume fraction gradients (G) within laminated plain woven fabrics (PWF) have not been investigated sufficiently to consider their effect in laminated strength predictions. This study addresses this shortening by a proper determination of G in laminated PWFs and proposes a corresponding model (GM). We tested the hypothesis that G can be modeled according to analytical models of the laminates meso-level structure. All required parameters were determined from scanning electron microscopy images of laminated PWFs of different fiber volume fraction. The GM was implemented in Matlab and matches the experimental data well. In addition, finite element simulation of interlaced yarns were conducted to understand the origin of G. The proposed model is a 3D description of G in PWFs. Using this model may lead to a significantly improved prediction of the laminate strength.

Fabric fragments from Pine Island, Alabama: indicator of an evolving male costume item

ABSTRACTEuropean and indigenous artifacts from a grave near a mound on Pine Island in the Tennessee River near Guntersville, Alabama, donated to the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in 1915, included a group of fabric fragments. The fragments, which incorporate interlaced bison-hair yarns, most likely represent portions of a sash, an accessory with a long history in Mississippian iconography but with few extant archaeological examples. This paper addresses fabric attributes, comparable archaeological and historical fabrics, and the social significance of this costume item.

New concept in assessing compactness of woven structure in terms of its resistivity

The main purpose of the study is to present a new concept in assessing impact of the woven fabric on its electroconductive properties. Fabric is treated as two-component composite i.e. anisotropic medium containing empty spaces filled with air shaped anisotropic ellipsoids. The method can be also used to assess the compactness, which is one of the features of Van der Pauw structure. The method allows one to determine resistivity of material composed of interlaced yarns as the material property. Analysis of chosen woven fabric structure was conducted. Percentage surface cover of the fabric by warp and weft yarns and depolarization factor were determined. It was found the woven fabrics satisfy requirements described in Van der Pauw structure. Using Van der Pauw method resistivity of material composed of interlaced yarns as a feature of the material was calculated for all woven fabrics. Resistivity of material is one of the required parameter in multiphysics simulation software used to understand physical phenomena of the designed object.

インターレース糸生成についてのモデル実験による一考察

Interlaced yarn alternately has tangling parts and opening ones. It is produced by hitting steadily air with a fixed high-pressure on the multi-filament yarn, which runs at a fixed speed, using the air injection equipment called an interlacer. In order to clarify a mechanism of this production, we used a yarn constructed of small number of filaments with large fineness, carried out a model experiment that the resting yarn was hit at a second by high-pressure air, and tried the generation of interlaced yarn. As a result, a single-blowing experiment showed that an opening part and two tangling parts were generable at a certain probability on some conditions. Furthermore, we carried out a two-blowing experiment that the second air jet is hit on another yarn position apart from the yarn position on which the first air jet was hit. It showed that an interlaced yarn with new opening part and tangling one was generable at a certain probability.

スリット型インターレーサの寸法がインターレース糸の生成挙動に及ぼす効果の高速度ビデオ画像による解析

In order to obtain knowledge of interlacers generating a high number of tangles, the yarn motion was observed in slit-type interlacers with various sizes with high-speed video cameras. Results obtained are as follows: (1) Interlaced yarn is generated by the iteration of closed, dispersion and twisting states of running yarn independent of size of interlacer. (2) Interlacers generating a high number of tangles are supposed to have the following characteristics: Yarn passage region, where the airflow velocity is low, is small. In addition, the twin vortex has high dynamic pressure, filaments disperse to the whole yarn passage, plural twists generate in a yarn cross-section by the twisting action of the twin vortex, and a series of entanglements with different twist types occurs in the direction of yarn axis. Hence, strong entanglements between filaments are formed.

フィラメント運動の高速度ビデオ画像を用いたインターレース糸生成過程の解析

In order to make a generation mechanism of interlaced yarn clear, an air jet was blown at a second to polyurethane yarn 400tex/3f, which was fixed to chucks at both ends, in an enlarged interlacer, and motion of each filament was photographed with a high speed video camera. Then we discussed twists, which create entanglements, by using an example of braids and a generation mechanism of entanglement from an example of filament motion photographed. The generation mechanisms of twist and entanglement obtained are as follows: (1) Filaments open at the cross-section of yarn duct positioning at the center axis of air jet nozzle: an opening part of interlaced yarn is generated. A twist is formed when a filament winds around another filament with this opening of filaments. Twists of different type, which are formed one after another, generate tangling parts at both sides of the opening part. (2) A high speed air jet collides with the yarn duct wall opposite to the air jet nozzle and flows along the wall in the direction of the exit of air jet nozzle to form a twin vortex. It would be a typical pattern of twist generation that a filament with this twin vortex winds around another filament, which stays at a relatively low speed near the wall opposite to the exit of air jet nozzle.

Multiscale Simulation of Damage Progression in 5-Harness Satin Weave Composites

A multiscale finite element (FE) model is developed to predict damage and failure of 5-harness satin weave composites both at the micro-scale (fiber, matrix and interface) and meso-scale (ply). In the meso-scale damage model, specific characteristics of the 5HS, such as the yarn undulation, shape and orientation, are taken into account to characterize the failure mechanisms of the interlaced yarns. In the micro-scale damage model of the study, a micro-model including matrix, interface and fibers is considered and simplified to a two-dimensional problem in the plane of a cross-section of the yarn. In the micro-FE model, cohesive elements based on a traction–separation law have been used which allows for some detailed interpretation of the micro-mechanical interaction of fiber and matrix under unidirectional tension. The predictions based on the numerical simulations are compared to the experimental data from the literature. The results indicate that the meso-FE model accurately captures weft yarn transverse damage. Moreover, the micro-FE model shows the contributions of failure from micro-mechanisms, including the in-plane matrix cracking and interfacial debonding.

Yarn-level simulation of woven cloth

The large-scale mechanical behavior of woven cloth is determined by the mechanical properties of the yarns, the weave pattern, and frictional contact between yarns. Using standard simulation methods for elastic rod models and yarn-yarn contact handling, the simulation of woven garments at realistic yarn densities is deemed intractable. This paper introduces an efficient solution for simulating woven cloth at the yarn level. Central to our solution is a novel discretization of interlaced yarns based on yarn crossings and yarn sliding, which allows modeling yarn-yarn contact implicitly, avoiding contact handling at yarn crossings altogether. Combined with models for internal yarn forces and inter-yarn frictional contact, as well as a massively parallel solver, we are able to simulate garments with hundreds of thousands of yarn crossings at practical frame-rates on a desktop machine, showing combinations of large-scale and fine-scale effects induced by yarn-level mechanics.