Interior Heating Research Articles

Multi-objectives occupant-centric control of thermostats and natural ventilation systems in cold climate conditions using real-time occupant-related information

Recently, Occupant-Centric Controls (OCCs) have attracted great attention. Many studies have applied OCCs to mechanical ventilation systems, while natural ventilation systems have gathered much less attention. The natural ventilation effect, driven by opening windows or vents, can be effective in improving indoor air quality, however, result in a leakage of interior heating energy in winter in cold climates. Therefore, the controls of thermostats and natural ventilation systems shall be designed well so that satisfying levels of thermal comfort, air quality and energy conservation can be simultaneously guaranteed. This study proposes an OCC and applies it to thermostats and natural ventilation systems for indoor thermal comfort, air quality and heating energy management. The strategy comprises three controllers: occupancy-based on-off controller, controller of setpoint of indoor air temperature and window openness controller. First, real-time profiles of heat gains from occupants and window openness were collected by employing vision-based detection. Second, a parametric building simulation study was conducted, and then simulation data were generated to develop predictive shallow artificial neural networks for forecasting the indoor conditions and energy performance of the investigated room. Third, the performance of the proposed strategy was examined. Compared to the baselines, the control could offer a decrease in building heating loads by between 43.4% and 63.8 % and an improvement of predicted mean vote levels by 0.36–0.37. The proposed OCC could also maintain indoor CO2 concentrations below 1000 ppm for about 91 % of the studied time, while 84.2 % of the time with several peaks over 3000 ppm in the baseline cases.

MHD conjugate mixed convection along with internal heat generation and Joule heating in a closed/open cavity with rotating solid cylinder

PurposeThis study aims to investigate magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) conjugate pure mixed convection considering interior heat production and resistive heating inside a square closed/open cavity featuring a rotating cylinder for aiding (clockwise) and opposing (counterclockwise) flow configurations. Moreover, the impacts of altering cylinder size and conductivity on the system’s overall performance to determine optimum conditions are examined in this investigation.Design/methodology/approachThe closed chamber is differentially heated by keeping high and low temperatures at the vertical boundaries. In contrast, the open cavity has a heated left wall and an open right boundary. The Galerkin finite element method is used to solve the Navier–Stokes and the thermal energy equations, which construct the present study’s mathematical framework. Numerical simulations are conducted for the specified ranges of several controlling parameters: Reynolds (31.62 ≤ Re ≤ 1000), Grashof (103 ≤ Gr ≤ 106) and Hartmann numbers (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 31.62), and volumetric heat generation coefficient (Δ = 0, 3).FindingsWhen Gr, Re and Ha simultaneously increase, the average Nusselt number along the warmed boundary rises accordingly. Conversely, interior heat production lowers heat transmission within the computational domain, which is also monitored regarding mean fluid temperature, overall entropy production and thermal performance criterion. Finally, the open cavity confirms better thermal performance than the closed cavity.Originality/valueComprehending the impacts of the magnetic field, Joule heating, internal heat generation and enclosed or open boundary on pure MHD combined free-forced convective flow offers valuable understandings of temperature fluctuations, velocity propagations, heat transport and irretrievable energy loss in numerous engineering applications.

Thermal boundary conditions and rotation effects on the onset of casson fluid convection in a permeable layer produced by purely interior heating

In this work, we inspect the effect of thermal boundary conditions and rotation on the coming of Casson fluid convective motion generated by purely internal warming in a flat porous layer. Two types of thermal boundaries are utilized, namely, type (I) both boundary planes are isothermal and type (II) bottom boundary plane is insulated and top plane is isothermal. The altered Darcy model is used to characterize the rheological performance of Casson fluid movement in porous medium. The classical Horton–Rogers Lapwood stability examination is accomplished and the resultant eigenvalue problem is resolved numerically with the help of advanced-term Galerkin technique with the internal Rayleigh Darcy number as the eigenvalue. It is observed that the Taylor Darcy number has a stabilizing weight while the Casson parameter shows the dual influence on the system. The structure is more stable when both boundary planes are isothermal. The magnitude of the convection cells falls with increasing both the Taylor Darcy number and the Casson parameter. In the absence of Taylor Darcy number, the system’s stability decreases with the Casson parameter. Further, it is remarkable to observe that without rotation, the Casson parameter has no impression on the magnitude of convection cells.

Use possibility analysis for wind energy in autonomous car interior heating

Introduction. When driving cars in winter on intercity routes, problems may arise if the highways are covered with snow as a result of heavy snowfalls, which can last for several days or more, and movement during this period becomes impossible. An analysis of statistical data on weather events in winter has shown that in many regions, the closure of trails as a result of prolonged snowfalls can reach up to fifteen percent. In this case, an autonomous energy source, which it receives through the use of environmental properties, can provide significant assistance in improving the situation and increasing safety. The paper considers the technical solution and carries out a theoretical analysis of its characteristics aimed at solving the problem of autonomous power supply of the car interior in severe weather conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents a technical solution and a theoretical analysis of its characteristics aimed at solving the problem of autonomous power supply of the car interior in severe weather conditions.Results. Based on the results of the information search, the design of a compact low-power wind power plant is proposed. The calculation of the heat loss of the car interior, the characteristics of a compact wind power plant was performed and the generated power required to heat the car interior in an extreme situation was determined.Discussion and conclusions. It has been established that the presented design of a low-power wind power plant can be used as a prototype for the development of an industrial design of an autonomous energy source for heating a car in extreme conditions. Similar installations can be used in other industries, for example, tourism, agriculture, and geological exploration.

APPLICATION OF AUTOCAD SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER DESIGN IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES

Environmental protection technologies touch different issues, including modern technologies and the latest materials in the decoration of interiors and exteriors, modern equipment for ventilation, interior heating, modern lighting systems and energy-saving technologies, modern methods of project activities of an interior or exterior designer. AutoCad automated design system is a technology that allows you to ensure predictability, speed and quality of work with projects when creating and applying environmental protection and interior and exterior elements. The ability to develop accurate models and perform visualization in 3D improves the perception of what is being designed or developed.

A novel design of heating system using phase change material for passenger car cabin in cold starting conditions

In this paper, the use of exhaust waste heat energy stored in a latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system for cabin heating of a passenger car at cold climate conditions was investigated by experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A liquid circulation system was installed for this purpose, consisting of two heat exchangers, one in the passenger car's rear compartment and the other in which the phase change material (PCM) in the LHTES system was stored. Commercial RT55 paraffin wax was used as PCM, and tap water was used as heat transfer fluid (HTF). Experimental and CFD analysis studies, which started at 283 K cabin interior temperature, were continued for 1500 sec (25 min). Before the experiments, the cabin interior of the passenger car was cooled up to 283 K with the air conditioning system, and the air conditioning system was kept on at a setting where the cabin interior temperature would remain constant at 283 K during the experiments. Thus, real cold climate conditions were provided for the experimental study. As a result, it has been observed that with the new cabin heating system, thermal comfort conditions for people are provided after the first five minutes, and this temperature can be maintained throughout the experiment. So much so that the cabin temperature increased from 283 K to 295 K in five minutes and reached approximately 297 K at the end of the experiment with a slow rate of increase. Furthermore, the difference in RT55 temperatures between the experimental and CFD analysis results is less than 3% during the cabin interior heating period.

Performance assessment of Trombe wall and south façade as applications of building integrated photovoltaic systems

This paper presented an experimental study of two distinct building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) wall systems and analyzed them based on their electrical, thermal, and combined performance. Two BIPV prototypes were constructed, one as a BIPV Trombe wall (BIPVTW) and the other as a BIPV south facade (BIPVSF), and their performance was evaluated by comparing them to a reference chamber. The experimentation yielded data on electrical power output, temperatures, and irradiance, which was then analyzed. As a result of this study, both the system saved energy in terms of heat required to raise indoor temperature and electricity generation, but the overall performance of BIPVTW dominated over BIPVSF. The daily electrical power of the BIPVSF system was 38.6% more than that of BIPVTW, but the daily heat gain of the BIPVTW system was 3.2 times of the BIPVSF system. Furthermore, BIPVSF and BIPVTW systems achieved daily average combined efficiencies of 13.16% and 39.67%, respectively. Even though the electrical power output is diminished when photovoltaic is used as BIPVSF and BIPVTW, the hybrid use of both systems can furnish a decent combined efficiency. Incorporating these technologies into buildings can generate power and preserve energy for interior heating, reducing fossil fuel use and carbon emissions.

Interior Heating of Rocky Exoplanets from Stellar Flares with Application to TRAPPIST-1

Many stars of different spectral types with planets in the habitable zone are known to emit flares. Until now, studies that address the long-term impact of stellar flares and associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) assumed that the planet’s interior remains unaffected by interplanetary CMEs, only considering the effect of plasma/UV interactions on the atmosphere of planets. Here, we show that the magnetic flux carried by flare-associated CMEs results in planetary interior heating by ohmic dissipation and leads to a variety of interior–exterior interactions. We construct a physical model to study this effect and apply it to the TRAPPIST-1 star whose flaring activity has been constrained by Kepler observations. Our model is posed in a stochastic manner to account for uncertainty and variability in input parameters. Particularly for the innermost planets, our results suggest that the heat dissipated in the silicate mantle is both of sufficient magnitude and longevity to drive geological processes and hence facilitate volcanism and outgassing of the TRAPPIST-1 planets. Furthermore, our model predicts that Joule heating can further be enhanced for planets with an intrinsic magnetic field compared to those without. The associated volcanism and outgassing may continuously replenish the atmosphere and thereby mitigate the erosion of the atmosphere caused by the direct impact of flares and CMEs. To maintain consistency of atmospheric and geophysical models, the impact of stellar flares and CMEs on atmospheres of close-in exoplanetary systems needs to be studied in conjunction with the effect on planetary interiors.

The Effect of Al_2 O_3 Addition on Solidification Process of Phase Change Material: A Case Study on Heating of Automobile Cabin in Cold Climate Conditions

In this paper, an experimental investigation is revealed on the solidification process of the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system, in which the heat energy emitted into the atmosphere with the exhaust gases of ICE vehicles is stored by phase change material (PCM) enhanced with nanoparticles (Al2O3). In the study using RT55 paraffin wax as the PCM, the interior heating process of a typical sedan automobile in cold climate conditions is used as the heat release medium for the LHTES system. Experimental studies carried out in real climatic conditions were repeated for pure paraffin (RT55) and five dif-ferent Al2O3 fractions (5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 25 wt.%). Ex-periments are performed in an optical PCM container and are completed after 1200 seconds (20 minutes). The heat energy stored in the PCM container is discharged to the automobile cabin via the closed-circuit liquid circulation system by the heating radiator system in the automobile cabin. The findings showed that the solidification process is improved considerably up to 10 wt.% Al2O3 fractions compared with pure paraffin RT55, and the temperature in the cabin could be increased by approximately 29%. In addition, the Al2O3 frac-tion increased by more than 10 wt.%, which has a negative effect on the im-provement in the solidification process, but higher solidification ability and in-cabinet temperature were obtained with all Al2O3 fractions compared to pure RT55.

Thermal Evolution and Magnetic History of Rocky Planets

We present a thermal evolution model coupled with a Henyey solver to study the circumstances under which a rocky planet could potentially host a dynamo in its liquid iron core and/or magma ocean. We calculate the evolution of planet thermal profiles by solving the energy-balance equations for both the mantle and the core. We use a modified mixing length theory to model the convective heat flow in both the magma ocean and solid mantle. In addition, by including the Henyey solver, we self-consistently account for adjustments in the interior structure and heating (cooling) due to planet contraction (expansion). We evaluate whether a dynamo can operate using the critical magnetic Reynolds number. We run simulations to explore how the planet mass (M pl), core mass fraction (CMF), and equilibrium temperature (T eq) affect the evolution and lifetime of possible dynamo sources. We find that the T eq determines the solidification regime of the magma ocean, and only layers with melt fraction greater than a critical value of 0.4 may contribute to the dynamo source region in the magma ocean. We find that the mantle mass, determined by M pl and CMF, controls the thermal isolating effect on the iron core. In addition, we show that the liquid core lasts longer with increasing planet mass. For a core thermal conductivity of 40 Wm−1 K−1, the lifetime of the dynamo in the iron core is limited by the lifetime of the liquid core for 1 M ⊕ planets and by the lack of thermal convection for 3 M ⊕ planets.

Chemical Reaction and Internal Heating Effects on the Double Diffusive Convection in Porous Membrane Enclosures Soaked with Maxwell Fluid.

In this paper, the joint impact of the interior heating and chemical reaction on the double diffusive convective flow in porous membrane enclosures soaked by a non-Newtonian Maxwell fluid is investigated applying linear and nonlinear stability techniques. The porous enclosures are square, slender and rectangular. Using the linear stability analysis, the expression for the critical thermal Rayleigh–Darcy number, above which the convective movement occurs, is derived analytically in terms of associated physical parameters. A nonlinear stability examination reliant on the Fourier double series is executed to calculate the convective heat and mass transports of the arrangement. It is observed that the pattern of convective activity is oscillatory only in the occurrence of a relaxation parameter and the threshold value of the relaxation parameter for the occurrence of the oscillatory pattern depends on the other physical parameters. The onset of convective instability accelerates with the increasing chemical reacting parameter, the interior heating parameter, the solute Rayleigh–Darcy number, the Lewis number, the Vadasz number, and the relaxation parameter, while it delays with the heat capacity ratio. The convective heat and mass transfers increase with the solute Rayleigh–Darcy number, the Vadasz number, the relaxation parameter, and the aspect ratio (for rectangular enclosure), while it decreases with the heat capacity ratio and the aspect ratio (for slender enclosure). Additionally, the convective heat transfer enhances with the interior heating parameter, while the convective mass transfer enhances with the chemical reacting parameter and the Lewis number. The effects of Vadasz number, heat capacity ratio, and relaxation parameter are witnessed only on the oscillatory pattern of convection and unsteady convective heat and mass transfers. Further, some existing literature results are compared with the current findings.

Interior Heating and Its Influence on Electric Bus Consumption

This paper focuses on the statistical evaluation of various operating characteristics of electric buses. The data obtained for statistical evaluation come from practice. In this paper, we focus on electricity consumption—an important aspect of electric bus operation. The ambient temperature significantly affects electricity consumption. In this paper, we use applied mathematics—correlation analysis, we accurately identify the effect of temperature on the consumption of the electric bus. Our next goal was to define the relationship between the loss of energy from the battery and driving power. We used regression analysis to describe this relation. Our article also includes an example of the practical use of ANOVA analysis in identifying a statistically significant effect of a particular vehicle on average consumption. We also show results from previous research and compare two different types of electric buses in operation.

The environmental performance of greenhouse versus open-field cherry production systems in China

Greenhouse farming increasingly has been adopted in China to provide off-season products because fruit and vegetable crops cannot be grown year-round. Compared with conventional open-field cultivation, however, greenhouse cultivation usually requires higher energy and material inputs for facility construction and interior heating, increasing the environmental burdens associated with product provision. Thus, the cradle-to-gate “time-environmental” trade-off of off-season products should be completely quantified to guide green consumption. In this study we employed the process-based life-cycle assessment modeling approach to estimate the environmental costs of greenhouse cherry cultivation and compared these costs with the impacts of open-field cultivation. We examined 10 impact categories, including the abiotic depletion of fossil fuel potential, global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidation potential, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity potential, marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity potential, and human toxicity potential. The results show that the environmental impacts of greenhouse cherry cultivation are considerably higher (112.7% to 1672.5%) than those of open-field production, indicating significant environmental burdens associated with producing fresh cherries one to two months early. For greenhouse cherry production, interior heating was the hotspot in all impact categories, and fertilizer dominated the impacts of open-field cultivation. For greenhouse cherries, impact mitigation opportunities mainly were found in the adoption of cleaner heating fuel and animal manure use.

Experimental Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency in a Holistically Designed Building

The building sector continues to register a significant rise in energy demand and environmental impact, notably in developing countries. A considerable proportion of this energy is required during the operational phase of buildings for interior heating and cooling, leading to a necessity of building performance improvement. A holistic approach in building design and construction represents a step to moderate construction costs in conjunction with reduced long-term operating costs and a low impact on the environment. The present paper presents an experimental evaluation of the energy efficiency of a building under real climate conditions; the building, which represents a holistically designed modular laboratory, is located in a moderate continental temperate climate, characteristic of the south-eastern part of the Pannonian Depression, with some sub-Mediterranean influences. Considerations for the holistic design of the building, including multi-object optimization and integrated design with a high regard for technology and operational life are described. The paper provides a genuine overview of the energy efficiency response of the building during six months of operational use through a monitored energy management system. The energetic analysis presented in the paper represents an intermediary stage as not all the energetic users were installed nor all the energetic suppliers. However, the results showed a reliable thermal response in the behaviour of recycled-PET thermal wadding used as insulation material in the building and for the intermediary stage in which the building has only secondary energy users, the energetic balance proves its efficiency, keeping the buffer stock of energy high values over 90%.

Ефективність теплорозподільчих пристроїв системи опалення салонів автобусів

Одним із домінуючих напрямів удосконалення конструкції автобусів є роботи з підвищення ефективності функціонування їх допоміжних систем, при цьому одночасно зі зниженням ними експлуатаційних витрат енергії, тобто покращення паливної ощадливості. На паливну ощадливість автобусів істотно впливають енергетичні витрати допоміжних агрегатів і систем. Щодо автобусів будь-якого класу, то однією із найбільших споживачів енергії є система опалення пасажирського приміщення і робочого місця водія. Встановлено, що реалізація завдання зниження енергетичних витрат системою опалення салонів автобусів є важливою проблемою під час проєктування й експлуатації автобусів. Отримано результати випробувань і здійснено їх аналіз щодо доцільності використання опалювачів салону автобусів з одним вентилятором, замість двох. Практична значущість досліджень полягає у зменшенні кількості електродвигунів з вентиляторами та зниження енергоспоживання системою опалення салону автобусів. Під час експериментальних досліджень проведено випробування аеродинамічних характеристик опалювачів з двома і одним осьовим вентилятором. Випробовували продуктивність за різних значень напруги на клемах електродвигунів та теплової ефективності радіатора обігрівача – температури повітря на вході і виході з обігрівача. За результатами експерименту встановлено, що продуктивність обігрівача із двома вентиляторами є тільки на 25 % більша, ніж з одним. Це явище пояснено на основі моделювання процесу з допомогою електричної аналогії. Обґрунтовано, що за одного і того самого типу теплорозсіювального радіатора, доцільно використовувати опалювачі салону пасажирських транспортних засобів із одним вентилятором замість двох. Причиною меншої ефективності опалювачів з двома вентиляторами є насамперед те, що аеродинамічний опір на вході двох вентиляторів є удвічі більшим, ніж на одному вентиляторі. Зі збільшенням продуктивності вентилятора теплотворність радіатора зменшується. Це пов'язано з тим, що зі збільшенням повітряного потоку через серцевину радіатора, зростання зняття повітрям температури з поверхні трубок радіатора перевищує інтенсивність теплообміну між нагріваючою рідиною і внутрішньою поверхнею трубок радіатора. Для збільшення аеродинамічної ефективності опалювачів салону доцільно зменшити аеродинамічний опір на вході у вентилятор, наприклад, застосуванням вентиляторів з високими аеродинамічними характеристиками.

Efficiency of electric vehicle interior heating systems at low ambient temperatures

Abstract The electric car market is becoming more and more extensive. According to ACEA, in 2019, 549,387 full electric passenger vehicles, hybrid plug-ins and hydrogen vehicles were registered in the European Union. Thus, it is an increase of 52.9 percent compared to 2018. Germany is the leader with 108 839 registrations of vehicles (+60.9% y/y). Great Britain achieved an increase of 21.5 percent y/y and the number of registrations at 72 834 pieces. The Netherlands came next (66 957 pcs, + 146.3% y/y), France (61 356 pcs, +34.6% y/y) and Sweden (40 406 pcs, + 39.4% y/y). Registration results in Europe shows that the popularity of electric vehicles is increasing. Along with the development of this type of vehicles, the technology used in their construction also changes. The biggest calls at the moment are batteries for these vehicles, as well as their ranges on a single charge. There are already vehicles with ranges of 500 km or even 600 km. However, it turns out that these are not the only problems with electric vehicles One of the drawbacks is the way they heat their passenger cabins. There is no typical heater in an electric vehicle as in the case of a vehicle with a conventional drive. For this purpose, e.g. an electric heater with a blower is used for this purpose. For this reason, the authors of the paper decided to determine the efficiency of the heating system in an electric vehicle at low ambient temperatures. Own tests were carried out on the vehicle at temperatures of +5°C, −5°C and −10°C. Based on the research, the authors of the paper could draw conclusions on how to heat the interior in the electric vehicle under test, as well as check whether the efficiency of such a system for individual places in the car is sufficient to obtain the set temperature.

Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Benzoxazoles Derivatives

Background: Benzoxazole, containing a 1,3-oxazole system fused with a benzene ring, has a profound effect on medicinal chemistry research owing to its important pharmacological activities. On the other hand, the benzoxazole derivative has exhibited important properties in material science. Especially in recent years, microwave-assisted synthesis is a technique that can be used to increase diversity and quick research in modern chemistry. The utilization of microwave irradiation is beneficial for the synthesis of benzoxazole in recent years. In this focused review, we provide a metaanalysis of studies on benzoxazole in different reaction conditions, catalysts, and starting materials by microwave technique so far, which is different from conventional heating. Methods: Synthesis of different kind of benzoxazole derivatives have been carried out by microwave irradiation. The most used method to obtain benzoxazoles is the condensation of 2-aminophenol or its derivatives with aldehydes, carboxylic acids, nitriles, isocyanates, and aliphatic amines. Results: Benzoxazole system and its derivatives have exhibited a broad range of pharmacological properties. Thus, many scientists have remarked on the importance of the synthesis of different benzoxazole derivatives. Conventional heating is a relatively inefficient and slow method to convey energy in orientation to the reaction medium. However, the microwave-assisted heating technique is a more effective interior heating by straight coupling of microwave energy with the molecules. Conclusion: In this review, different studies were presented on the recent details accessible in the microwave- assisted techniques on the synthesis of the benzoxazole ring. It presents all examples of such compounds that have been reported from 1996 to the present. Benzoxazoles showed an extensive class of chemical substances not only in pharmaceutical chemistry but also in dyestuff, polymer industries, agrochemical, and optical brighteners. Thus the development of fast and efficient achievement of benzoxazoles with a diversity of substituents in high yield is getting more noteworthy. As shown in this review, microwave-assisted synthesis of benzoxazoles is a very effective and useful technique.

Experimental and theoretical investigation about the effect of nano-coating on heating load

Building insulators reducing the natural gas required for interior heating or heating load reduction, have a positive impact on energy saving. Paints containing nano-silica aerogel can be applied as facade coatings and building insulators. In this study, the heating load was assessed for a building in a Mediterranean climate. Acrylic paint containing nano-silica aerogel was used as facade coating. The purpose was obtaining the performance of nano-paint on the reduction of heating load for the building. A model was developed to evaluate the amount of building heating load with and without the nano-paint. Nano-coated facade showed reductions in heating load compared to that facade without nano-coating. In addition, a stable heating load requirement was obtained after applying nano-paint, despite changes in the climatic conditions. Thermal insulation and water repellent properties of the paint containing nano-silica aerogel were important to reduce heating load requirement. Therefore, nano-paint containing silica aerogel was a cost-effective modification for facade which introduced a promising passive method to reduce heating load requirement in the buildings.

Thermal Storage Using Metallic Phase Change Materials for Bus Heating—State of the Art of Electric Buses and Requirements for the Storage System

Battery-powered electric buses currently face the challenges of high cost and limited range, especially in winter conditions, where interior heating is required. To face both challenges, the use of thermal energy storage based on metallic phase change materials for interior heating, also called thermal high-performance storage, is considered. By replacing the battery capacity through such an energy storage system, which is potentially lighter, smaller, and cheaper than the batteries used in buses, an overall reduction in cost and an increase of range in winter conditions could be reached. Since the use of thermal high-performance storage as a heating system in a battery-powered electric bus is a new approach, the requirements for such a system first need to be known to be able to proceed with further steps. To find these requirements, a review of the relevant state of the art of battery-powered electric buses, with a focus on heating systems, was done. Other relevant aspects were vehicle types, electric architecture, battery systems, and charging strategies. With the help of this review, requirements for thermal high-performance storage as a heating system for a battery-powered electric bus were produced. Categories for these requirements were the thermal capacity and performance, long-term stability, mass and volume, cost, electric connection, thermal connection, efficiency, maintenance, safety, adjustment, and ecology.

Simulation of the stationary nonisothermal MHD flows of polymeric fluids in channels with interior heating elements

Simulation of the stationary nonisothermal MHD flows of polymeric fluids in channels with interior heating elements