Interglacial Sea-level Changes Research Articles

Sea-level and monsoonal control on the Maldives carbonate platform (Indian Ocean) over the last 1.3 million years

Abstract. The Maldives Archipelago (Indian Ocean), composed of two rows of atolls that enclose an inner sea, offers an excellent study site to explore the forcings of carbonate production at platforms. Glacial–interglacial sea-level changes have been claimed to be the main factor controlling the carbonate platform factories; however, climatic factors may also have an impact. In this work we used geochemical compositional records, obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core-scanning from the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1467 in the Maldives Inner Sea, to analyze the orbitally driven fluctuations on the carbonate production and export from the neritic environment into the Maldives Inner Sea over the last 1.3 million years. High Sr aragonite-rich carbonates (HSAC) from neritic settings were deposited in the Maldives Inner Sea during sea-level highstand intervals, increasing the Sr/Ca values. In contrast, low Sr/Ca values are observed coincident with sea-level lowstand periods, suggesting that large areas of the atolls were exposed or unable to grow, and therefore, there was a demise in the carbonate production and sediment export to the Maldives Inner Sea. However, comparison of the Sr/Ca values and the sea-level reconstructions for different interglacial periods before and after the mid-Brunhes event (MBE, ∼ 430 ka) indicates that sea level is not the only factor controlling the production of HSAC during sea-level highstands. The study of monsoon and primary productivity proxies (Fe-normalized, Fe/K, and Br-normalized records) from the same site suggests that the intensity of the summer monsoon and the Indian Ocean dipole probably modulated the carbonate production at the atolls. Moreover, Marine Isotope Stage 11 stands out as a period with high sea level and extraordinary carbonate production in the Maldives platform. This outstanding carbonate production in the Maldives atolls (and in other low-latitude carbonate platforms) probably contributed to the mid-Brunhes dissolution event through a strong shelf-to-basin fractionation of carbonate deposition.

The impact of 3-D Earth structure on far-field sea level following interglacial West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse

Prior to inferring ice sheet stability from past interglacial sea-level records, these records must first be corrected for the contaminating effects of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Typical GIA corrections, however, neglect variability in the signal that may be introduced by Earth's 3-D rheological structure. We predict sea-level changes due to a collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) over an idealized 6 kyr-duration interglacial using four viscoelastic Earth models. Two of these are 3-D viscosity models inferred from seismic tomography. The third is a 1-D (i.e., depth varying) viscosity model that is equivalent to the spherically averaged “background” viscosity profile adopted in both 3-D Earth models. The fourth is a 1-D model that has a higher upper mantle viscosity but still falls within the class of models inferred from independent global GIA studies. We find that the discrepancy between 3-D and 1-D Earth model calculations of sea level in the far field of the melt zone is of order 0.3 m or less, with the 1-D Earth models producing higher sea level than the 3-D simulations. This value is 10% of the global mean sea-level (GMSL) rise associated with modeled ice sheet collapse by the end of the model interglacial (∼3 m) and a similar fraction of far-field sea-level changes. However, the value is a significantly larger fraction (∼60%) of the geographically variable (i.e., non-GMSL) component of the far-field sea-level signal due to GIA associated with modeled WAIS collapse (±0.5 m). Neglecting lateral variations in Earth structure in modeling the response to excess melting of WAIS during the interglacial compounds any error introduced by neglecting such structure in predictions of interglacial sea-level change driven by the preceding glacial cycle.

Dominant Role of Sea Level on the Sedimentary Environmental Evolution in the Bohai and Yellow Seas Over the Last 1 Million Years

Transgression and regression deposits from the shallow continental margin provide information on orbital-scale variations in sea level, climate change, and local tectonics. In this study, we conduct a high-resolution chronological and sedimentological analysis of a 125-m core (NHH01) drilled in the southern Yellow Sea. We developed a high-resolution age model at the orbital timescale over the last ∼1 Myr by the astronomical tuning of the sediment grain size. Sedimentological analysis and environmental proxies reveal that the study area is characterized by cyclic alternations of neritic and littoral/fluvial deposits controlled by glacial–interglacial sea-level changes. These results confirm the earlier assumption that sea-level fluctuations play a dominant role in the sedimentary architecture of the southern Yellow Sea. Moreover, only low-frequency sea-level fluctuations (∼100 kyr) were preserved in the NHH01 sequence; however, additional high-frequency (∼40 kyr) sea-level variations were also present in the sediments of the shallower Bohai Sea. Despite the large spatial difference, this finding implies that the sedimentary environment in the eastern marginal seas of China had been influenced by the sea level as a whole over the last 1 Myr. The comparison of the sedimentary environment with other cores from the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and coastal region, as well as records from Indonesia and Japan, reveals that a consistent initiation of large-scale marine transgression occurred at ∼0.8–1 Ma. This phenomenon was likely caused by the long duration of glacio-eustatic high sea-level stands following the Middle Pleistocene transition, which is characterized by a shift in glacial cycles from 40 to 100 kyr.

Provenance, routing and weathering history of heavy minerals from coastal placer deposits of southern Vietnam

Heavy mineral rich sands along the coastal margin of southern Vietnam often contain commercial deposits of ilmenite and zircon but their origin is unknown. A multi-method approach based on petrology, geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology was used to define the provenance and transport history of these mainly Quaternary sands. A trend of progressive enrichment of ilmenite TiO2 content, from north to south, was observed. This reflects increased levels of weathering attributed to a wider coastal margin and shelf in the south combined with a succession of erosion and reburial events associated with interstadial and interglacial sea-level changes. Weathering took place during lowstands. Detrital zircon UPb age signatures collected from 25 major river outlets along the coast of Vietnam helped to locate potential sand sources. Prominent age groups spanning 90–120 Ma and 220–250 Ma with a minor group at 400–500 Ma are present in all of the detrital zircon UPb age distributions of contemporary beach sands and Quaternary coastal dune placer deposits. Proterozoic grains are also present but constitute <10% of dated grains. The main source terrain for the placer sands is southern Vietnam where there are widespread outcrops of Mesozoic magmatic rocks. Detrital zircon UPb age signatures from river sands that drain this area are identical to zircon age distributions in placer sands. River sands from northern Vietnam, the Mekong and its delta contain abundant Paleozoic and Proterozoic zircons, which are largely absent from the placer sands, and so are ruled out as primary sources.

Magnitudes of sea-level falls at lowstands of the past 900,000 years inferred from gravels underlying the Nobi Plain, central Japan

The Nobi Plain alluvial lowland is drained by the Kiso River system, which discharges large volumes of water and sediment into Ise Bay, Japan. The basin is bounded to the west by the Yoro fault and has been tilted down to the west by repetitive movement on the fault. The basin stratigraphy and its stacking patterns suggest uniform and rapid rates of subsidence and tilting in response to movement on the Yoro fault during the middle and late Quaternary. We used lithostratigraphy, tephrochronological and paleomagnetic data, facies analysis, and diatom assemblage analysis of a 601 m sediment core to identify ten marine transgression–regression sequences, characterized by basal fluvial gravel intervals formed by the Kiso River drainage system, and correlated them with glacial–interglacial sea-level changes during the past 900 ky. We inferred that the mean maximum size of clasts in the basal gravels may be proportional to the magnitude of the fall of sea level inferred from MIS curves since MIS 16; that is, clasts inferred to be deposited during MIS 12 and 16 are largest, and those deposited during MIS 14 are the smallest since MIS 16. These observations suggest that the Kiso River system has adjusted its longitudinal profile to accommodate sea-level changes and that a steeper profile was formed during periods of lower sea level. We also found that the size of gravel clasts in the present-day river is proportional to tractive force on the riverbed, which is controlled mainly by the slope of the river profile. Conversely, the facts that larger gravel clasts were deposited during MIS 20 and that gravel intervals deposited during MIS 22 were thicker than those during MIS 2, suggest that a glacio-eustatic sea-level fall comparable in magnitude to that of the Last Glacial Maximum occurred during MIS 22.

Paleoceanographic changes of surface and deep water based on oxygen and carbon isotope records during the last 130 kyr identified in MD179 cores, off Joetsu, Japan Sea

We reconstructed the paleoenvironmental history of surface and deep water over the last 130kyr from oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of planktonic and benthic foraminifera in two cores (MD179-3312 and MD179-3304) from the Joetsu Basin, eastern margin of the Japan Sea. Our data showed that paleoceanographic changes such as influx of surface currents and vertical circulation were associated with global glacial–interglacial sea level change. Surface water conditions were influenced by the influx of Tsushima Current, East China Sea coastal or off-shore waters through the Tsushima Strait during interglacial or interstadial stages, and strongly affected by freshwater input during the glacial maximum. During interglacial maximums such as Marine Isotope Stages 1 and 5e, development of well-oxygenated bottom water was indicated. A density-stratified ocean with weak ventilation was inferred from the isotopic records of benthic foraminifera during the Last Glacial Maximum. Local negative excursions in carbon isotopes during deglacial or interglacial periods may suggest the dissolution of gas hydrates or methane seep activities.

Coral reefs and sea-level change

Abstract Coral reefs provide significant evidence for former sea-level positions because of their geological preservation and suitability for dating. Interpretation of this evidence presumes an understanding of reef geomorphology, modern reef organism distributions, and environmental factors influencing them. Fossil reef terraces, formed during the last interglacial, marine oxygen isotope (MIS) substage 5e (~ 128–116 ka), are prevalent on many tropical shorelines and there has been ongoing debate as to the height reached by sea level during that highstand. Observations from numerous last interglacial sites suggest that sea level was at least 3 m above present sea level, implying less extensive icesheets than at present. An elevation of 6 m has commonly been adopted when correcting tectonically active sites for uplift. Recent compilations suggest elevations up to 8–9 m, but incorporate few observations from reefs where the last interglacial is found below sea level. Oscillation of sea level during MIS 5e has been interpreted from several sites, with recent studies inferring rapid rise of several metres at the end of the interglacial. These interpretations are at the limits to the precision with which corals can currently be dated and their palaeo-water depths inferred. It is not surprising that constraining last interglacial sea-level changes within uncertainties of less than 1–2 m remains controversial, considering sea-level variations recognised between reef sites in the Holocene, and observed geographical variation in isostatic or flexural adjustments. Fossil coral reefs on uplifting margins also provide clear evidence for MIS substages 5c and 5a, and those on Huon Peninsula indicate fluctuations related to Heinrich events (MIS 3). Interpretations show considerable variability between sites, with still greater uncertainties about sea-level timing and elevation during previous interglacials. Future study of extensive sequences of fossil reefs preserved on rapidly subsiding margins could address these uncertainties. Submerged reefs have already yielded important information about sea-level rise during the last deglaciation. Coring around Barbados and Tahiti, as well as on the Huon Peninsula, has produced a broadly consistent picture of ice melt, reflecting eustatic change since the last glacial maximum. These studies have shown the sensitivity of reefs to rapid sea-level rise associated with meltwater pulses, with some reefs drowning while others back-stepped. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expeditions to Tahiti, and recently the Great Barrier Reef, extended these records, but details of timing, nature and impact of deglacial meltwater pulses remain elusive. Studies of Holocene reefs have indicated different growth strategies; some kept up with sea level, while others caught up when sea level decelerated. Holocene sea level appears to have experienced a gradual rise up to present across the Caribbean, providing accommodation space for reefs to accrete vertically; whereas in the Indo-Pacific sea level has been near its present level since 7 ka, with many reef flats emergent following a slight fall of sea level caused by ocean siphoning. Microatolls on reef flats provide perhaps the clearest evidence of past sea-level position, but, in their absence, novel biological or other sea-level indicators are required to better constrain palaeo-water depths. There is an urgent need for further research from additional key reef locations, not only to decipher processes driving past sea-level change and its geographical variability, but also to better understand how coral reefs will respond in the context of future sea-level rise.

Interglacial sea-level change and equilibrium sea level: implications for future sea-level predictions

Interglacial sea-level change and equilibrium sea level: implications for future sea-level predictions

Cyclicity in Pleistocene upper-slope cool-water carbonates: Unravelling sedimentary dynamics in deep-water sediments, Great Australian Bight, Odp Leg 182, Site 1131A

Ocean Drilling Program Site 1131, located in the central Great Australian Bight, recovered an expanded series of Pleistocene cool-water carbonates. Three distinct facies are arranged in repeating sedimentary cycles. Omission intervals form the base of the cycles and are overlain by laminated deposits. The upper part of the cycles consists of bioturbated sediments. Facies cyclicity parallels glacial–interglacial sea-level changes. Firmground/hardground surfaces formed during latest stages of sea-level falls. Laminated sediments were deposited during later sea-level fall and/or early phases of the sea-level lowstand, and the bioturbated intervals are related to interglacial sea-level highstands. Bottom current activity is interpreted to play an important control on facies and cycle development. During the late stages of sea-level fall, upwelling currents winnowed the slope sediments, leading to hardground formation. During latest sea-level falls and early sea-level lowstands, a relative increase in the ramp sediment supply to the slope leading to the formation of the laminated facies was also a response to the continued action of the near-bottom upwelling currents that reworked previously deposited sediments along the slope. During the early sea-level rises, laminated, upwelling-influenced facies were progressively covered by the bioturbated facies. The adopted approach to decipher sedimentary cyclicity, involving the integrated use of wireline logs, geochemical data, FMS images and sedimentological analysis of the lithofacies has allowed to recognise subtle facies changes in upper-slope settings of a distally-steepened carbonate ramp and their relationship with the sea level, as well as to unravel the importance of the oceanic-current regime in the deposition style on the ramp that otherwise would remain unsolved. This integrated method could be applied to study more precisely apparently homogeneous fine-grained calcareous sediment successions of distal-ramp outcrops.

Uplift History along the Clermont Nose Traverse on the West Coast of Barbados during the Last 500,000 Years—Implications for Paleo–Sea Level Reconstructions

RADTKE, U. and SCHELLMANN, G., 2006. Uplift history along the Clermont Nose traverse on the west coast of Barbados during the last 500,000 years—implications for paleo‐sea level reconstructions. Journal of Coastal Research, 22(2), 350‐356. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Barbados is one of the few localities in the world with uplifted fossil coral reef tracts that provide detailed insights into interglacial sea level change during the Late and Middle Pleistocene. Since the late 1960s, several sea level reconstructions have been established, each contributing to the ‘‘Barbados Model’’ of sea level change. Considering the global importance of paleo‐sea level research in Barbados, it is important to note that substantial issues are still unresolved regarding the results obtained thus far. In this paper, we deal with one of the major problems of paleo‐ sea level reconstruction on Barbados—the assumption of constant uplift—which we test along the Clermont Nose traverse on the southern part of the west coast of Barbados. We demonstrate that uplift along this transect was not, in fact, constant over the last 500,000 years. The data from Clermont Nose strongly support the argument that anticlinal warped areas might have complex tectonic histories and are therefore not necessarily suitable for Pleistocene sea level reconstructions.

Tsunami deposits related to flank collapse in oceanic volcanoes: The Agaete Valley evidence, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands

Enigmatic marine conglomerates are attached at 41–188 m asl to the walls of the valley of Agaete, on the northwest coast of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). They are formed by heterogeneous, angular to rounded heterometric volcanic clasts (roundness and maximal size decreasing with altitude), and fossils (rhodolites and marine shells), never found in growth position and often broken. The deposits are internally stratified into several layers, most of them showing very poor sorting, matrix-supported and reverse grading. They present lenticular morphologies with poor lateral continuity in transversal and longitudinal sections. Slopes show values and orientations similar to those of the relief of the substratum to which they seem to adapt. Although they show clear evidence of erosive contact with the substratum (rip up clasts), they do not tend to form horizontal terraces. Soft materials (soils and colluviums) are preserved in the contact with the substratum in outcrops with deposit slopes of up to 15°. The age of the deposits is constrained between 1.75 Ma and 32 ka. Their altitude and slope distributions are not related to Pleistocene interglacial sea level changes, storm deposits or isostatic movements. All the above suggests that the Agaete marine deposits were generated by tsunami waves, the most probable source being a flank failure, at least nine major such events having occurred in the Canary Islands during the Pleistocene. The Güímar sector collapse (east coast of Tenerife,< 0.83 Ma, > 30 km 3) is the closest possible source for the tsunami and the sole flank failure that is directed towards another island in the Canaries.

Glacially-influenced late Pleistocene stratigraphy of a passive margin: New Jersey's Record of the North American ice sheet

Glacial isostasy and the sediment supply changes associated with the waxing and waning of ice sheets have dramatic effects on the stratigraphy of adjacent continental shelves. In ancient stratigraphic records, the glacial influences on such deposits could be difficult to recognize because of the removal of coeval terrestrial glacial deposits by erosion. This study illustrates the effects of the Laurentide Ice Sheet on a basin near its maximum limit, the New Jersey continental shelf. Analysis of 1600 km of Geopulse™, Uniboom™, Minisparker™ and airgun profiles reveals four depositional sequences that have a maximum thickness of ∼75 m near the shelf edge. Sequences I and IV correspond to the major glacial–interglacial sea level changes at Marine Isotope Chron (MIC) 6/5e and 2/1, whereas sequences II and III reflect smaller-scale sea-level fluctuations during chrons 4/3c and 3b/3a, respectively. Sequences I and IV are characterized by relatively thick low stand to early transgressive deposits near the shelf edge formed during times of increased sediment supply, but are thin and discontinuous across much of the shelf. Reflection horizons in these units deepen northward in the northern half of the study area due to collapse of a peripheral bulge that formed at the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Hudson River moved from a more southerly drainage pattern to the modern Hudson Shelf Valley position, possibly under the influence of the advancing peripheral bulge. Sequences II and III are largely preserved within a broad mid-shelf swale likely created by the migration of an ancestral Hudson River, and their thickness implies much higher sedimentation rates during chrons 4 and 3 than seen today. If the terrestrial glacial record was eroded, the increased rates of sedimentation during the Pleistocene, dominance of sediments derived from northern New England, and northward tilting of strata could be interpreted as a result of uplift of a northern source area. The unusually high frequency of the relative sea-level oscillations (20 kyr), the concentration of sediment supply during low stands and early transgressions, and the correspondence of sea-level change with climatic change could be used to infer their relationship to a nearby ice sheet. Geologists studying deposits formed during times of widespread continental glaciation should consider possible glacial influences on the stratigraphy of mid-latitude deposits, even in the absence of sediments directly deposited by ice.

Pleistocene river systems in the southern peribaltic area as indication of interglacial sea level changes in the Baltic Basin

The modern drainage system of central Poland developed during the Holsteinian, but it originated from the Elsterian glacial tunnel valleys and deglacial residual overflow lakes. In spite of occupation of this area by the Wartanian ice sheet and the following formation of the landscape during deglaciation, a similar river network was renewed during the Eemian. During the Weichselian the Middle Vistula valley was subjected to widespread ice-dam deposition. This resulted in rise of the base level of erosion and in westward deflection of the runoff, connected with development of the Central European spillways. The presented reconstruction of the Middle and Late Pleistocene fluvial network shows that the Holstein and Eemian sea levels were the driving force for river system development in central Poland. The Holstein and Eemian sea levels were very close to the present water level of the Baltic Sea. They made interglacial fluvial patterns roughly similar to the contemporary one, and therefore the main watersheds have been only slightly modified since that time. However, due to the considerable southward extension of the sea during the Eemian and presumably also during the Holsteinian, buried interglacial river deposits in central Poland occur at present well beneath the Holocene alluvia.

Last Interglacial Sea Level Changes Deduced from Coral Reef Terraces in Southwest Bohol, Central Philippines

High precision α-spectrometric U-series dates for fossil corals from raised marine terraces in Pamilacan Island and from the neighboring Panglao Island and Punta Cruz in southwest Bohol were combined with previous data to re-examine the sea level history during the Last Interglacial and its implications to the tectonic setting of the area. Hermatypic corals were collected at elevations between 3-6m, 9-13m, and 20-27m apmsl (above present mean sea level) from three successive terraces in Pamilacan which have maximum elevations of 6m, 13m, and 27m apmsl. The dates of these corals cluster within 79-83ky, 101-108ky, and 122-131ky (from lowest to highest terrace) which correspond respectively to the marine isotope stages (MIS) 5a, 5c, and 5e. A constant rate of tectonic uplift ranging from 0.18-0.21m/ky in the past 125ky was estimated based on the published mean sea level data of 3-6m apmsl during MIS 5e. Using these local uplift rates, the respective paleo-sea levels during 5c (105ky) and 5a (82ky) are calculated to be 9-11m and 6-9m below present, which are consistent with uplift-corrected reef data estimates from Haiti, Barbados, and Huon Peninsula. The 5a paleo-sea level also coincides closely with the results from the submerged reefs of the tectonically stable Florida margin. The substantial agreement between the Pamilacan paleo-sea levels with those from different localities worldwide support the assumption of a constant uplift rate in the past 125ky. In contrast, the altitude of the sea level indicators correlated to the MIS 5e in Panglao and Punta Cruz are much lower, ≥12m apmsl, while that of 5c are ca. 5-6m apmsl. Minimum local uplift rates since MIS 5e ranges from 0.06-0.09m/ky, three times lower than that of Pamilacan. The estimated mean sea level during 5c is only a few meters (ca. 3m) below present indicating that uplift is not constant. Significant variation in the elevations of contemporaneous terraces at the three neighboring islands may have been greatly influenced by localized tectonic activity which puts the reported relative vertical stability of the region into question.

A revised morpho- and chronostratigraphy of the Late and Middle Pleistocene coral reef terraces on Southern Barbados (West Indies)

The Barbados coral reef terraces are one of the few type localities worldwide that provide insights into interglacial sea level change during the Late and Middle Pleistocene. Several sea level estimates have been established since the late 1960s and each has contributed to the “Barbados Model” of sea level change. This paper presents new morpho- and chonostratigraphic data from the Barbados coral reef terraces developed over the last 12 years. The work is based on significant advances in Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)-dating of fossil coral, air photo interpretation, and a greatly improved geomorphic map of preserved fossil beach formations and reef terraces above present sea level. The need for a revision of past published morpho- and chronostratigraphies is best demonstrated on the southern part of the island. The morpho- and chronostratigraphic sequence in this region is both more complex and diverse than has been assumed so far. The revised morphostratigraphy presented here includes a differentiation of coral reef terraces, wave-cut platforms and other erosive features, such as notches and cliffs. Our study of these geomorphic features, combined with new numeric dating results (ESR, U/Th), enable a revised estimate of the spatial and temporal variation in tectonic uplift rate within south Barbados. These new rates are an essential requirement for more precise glacio-eustatic sea level reconstructions during the Late and Middle Pleistocene from this region.

The Last Interglacial sea level change: new evidence from the Abrolhos islands, West Australia

U-series ages measured by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) are reported for a Last Interglacial (LI) fossil coral core from the Turtle Bay, Houtman Abrolhos islands, western Australia. The core is 33.4 m long the top of which is approximately 5 m a.p.s.l. (above present sea level). From the232Th concentrations and the reliability of the U-series ages, two sections in the core can be distinguished. Calculated U/Th ages in core section I (3.3 m a.p.s.l to 11 m b.p.s.l) vary between 124±1.7 ka BP (3.3 m a.p.s.l.) and 132.5±1.8 ka (4 m b.p.s.l., i.e. below present sea level), and those of section II (11–23 m b.p.s.l.) between 140±3 and 214±5 ka BP, respectively. The ages of core section I are in almost perfect chronological order, whereas for section II no clear age-depth relationship of the samples can be recognised. Further assessments based on the ϖ234U(T) criteria reveal that none of the samples of core section II give reliable ages, whereas for core section I several samples can be considered to be moderately reliable within 2 ka. The data of the Turtle Bay core complement and extend our previous work from the Houtman Abrolhos showing that the sea level reached a height of approximately 4 m b.p.s.l at approximately 134 ka BP and a sea level highstand of at least 3.3 m a.p.s.l. at approximately 124 ka BP. Sea level dropped below its present position at approximately 116 ka BP. Although the new data are in general accord with the Milankovitch theory of climate change, a detailed comparison reveals considerable differences between the Holocene and LI sea level rise as monitored relative to the Houtman Abrolhos islands. These observation apparently add further evidence to the growing set of data that the LI sea level rise started earlier than recognised by SPECMAP chronology. A reconciliation of these contradictionary observations following the line of arguments presented by Crowley (1994) are discussed with respect to the Milankovitch theory.

The Last Interglacial sea level change: new evidence from the Abrolhos islands, West Australia

The Last Interglacial sea level change: new evidence from the Abrolhos islands, West Australia